Spanish West Indies
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Spanish West Indies Las Antillas Occidentales Antillas Españolas | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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1492–1898 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Anthem: Marcha Real "Royal March" | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
![]() Spanish West Indies | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Status | Colony of Spain (Territory of the Viceroyalty of New Spain from 1492 to 1898) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Capital | Santo Domingo (1511–1764) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Common languages | Spanish | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Religion | Roman Catholicism | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Monarch | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• 1492–1504 | Ferdinand II | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• 1492–1504 | Isabella I | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• 1896–1898 | Alfonso XIII | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Historical era | Spanish colonization | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• Established | 1492 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• Treaty of Paris | 1898 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Currency | Spanish colonial real | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
ISO 3166 code | ES | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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The Spanish West Indies or the Spanish Antilles (also known as "Las Antillas Occidentales" or simply "Las Antillas Españolas" in Spanish) were Spanish colonies in the Caribbean. In terms of governance of the Spanish Empire, The Indies was the designation for all its overseas territories and was overseen by the Council of the Indies, founded in 1524 and based in Spain.[1] When the crown established the Viceroyalty of New Spain in 1535, the islands of the Caribbean came under its jurisdiction.
The islands ruled by Spain were chiefly the Greater Antilles such as Hispaniola (inclusive of modern-day Haiti and the Dominican Republic), Cuba, Jamaica, and Puerto Rico. The majority of the indigenous populations on these islands had been exterminated by 1520.[2] Spain also claimed the Lesser Antilles (such as Guadalupe and the Cayman Islands) but the Carib peoples who inhabited those territories offered more effective resistance to Spanish attempts at conquest and maintained their independence until conquered in the late 17th and early 18th century by other European nations.
The islands that became the Spanish West Indies were the focus of the voyages of the Spanish expedition of Christopher Columbus in America. Largely due to the familiarity that Spaniards gained from Columbus's voyages, the islands were also the first lands to be permanently colonized by Spanish in the Americas. The Spanish West Indies were also the most enduring part of Spain's American Empire, only being surrendered in 1898 at the end of the Spanish–American War. For over three centuries, Spain controlled a network of ports in the Caribbean including Havana (Cuba), San Juan (Puerto Rico), Cartagena de Indias also known as , New Granada, then part of Panama (Colombia), Veracruz (Mexico), and Portobelo, Panama, which were connected by galleon routes.
Some smaller islands were seized or ceded to other European powers as a result of war, or diplomatic agreements during the 17th and 18th centuries. Others such as Dominican Republic gained their independence in the 19th century.
Change of sovereignty or independence[]
- The Bay Islands were ceded to England in 1643 and then to Honduras in 1861.
- Colony of Santiago—Jamaica was captured by England in 1655, confirmed in the Treaty of Madrid (1670).
- The Cayman Islands were ceded to England in the Treaty of Madrid (1670).
- Haiti (western Hispaniola) was ceded to France in the Treaty of Ryswick in 1697 (Saint-Domingue).
- Trinidad was captured by Britain during the invasion of Trinidad, confirmed in the Treaty of Amiens in 1802.
- Captaincy General of Santo Domingo (eastern Hispaniola) was ceded to France during the War of the First Coalition. It would later be returned to Spain, and gained its independence from Spain as Spanish Haiti in 1821, then from Haiti as the Dominican Republic, and again from Spain at the end of the Dominican Restoration War in 1865, when the second Dominican Republic was proclaimed.[3]
- Captaincy General of Cuba was lost to the United States in 1898, after the Spanish–American War concluded by the 1898 Treaty of Paris.
- Captaincy General of Puerto Rico was lost to the United States in 1898, after the Spanish–American War concluded by the 1898 Treaty of Paris.
Spanish Caribbean[]
Today, the term Spanish Caribbean or Hispanophone Caribbean refers to the Spanish-speaking areas in the Caribbean Sea, chiefly Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico.[4] An even broader definition can include the Caribbean coasts of Mexico, Central America (Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, & Panama), and South America (Colombia and Venezuela), however aside from Panama, Venezuela, and parts of Colombia, most of these countries share little with the Spanish speaking Caribbean islands culturally.[5] It includes regions where Spanish is the main language, and where the legacy of Spanish settlement and colonization influences culture, through religion, language, cuisine, and so on. The varieties of Spanish that predominate in this region are known collectively as Caribbean Spanish.
The Spanish Caribbean (Cuba, Dominican Republic, and Puerto Rico) can be considered a separate subregion of Latin America, culturally distinct from both continental Spanish speaking countries and the non-Spanish speaking Caribbean. Apart from culture, the Spanish Caribbean is different racially as well. In comparison to the predominantly black majority of the Non-Hispanic Caribbean, but with similarities to the multi-racial continental areas of Latin America, mixed-race people are most dominant in this region. However, like the majority of the Caribbean, there are still large populations of unmixed Black people and extremely large amounts of undeniable African cultural influences. The Spanish Caribbean also has higher Canarian influence compared to continental Latin America, making them the primary European ancestral group. And more French ancestry, due to white French fleeing Haiti after independence to the surrounding Hispanic Caribbean, around 18% of surnames in the Spanish Caribbean are of French origin, second highest after Spanish. This mixture of European (especially Canarian), West African, and Taino, is heavily reflected in the culture.
The term is used in contrast to Anglophone Caribbean, French Caribbean, and Dutch Caribbean, which are other modern linguistic divisions of the Caribbean region. The Hispanophone Caribbean is a part of the wider Hispanic America, which includes all the Spanish-speaking countries in the Americas. Historically, coastal areas of Spanish Florida and the Caribbean South America (cf. the Spanish Main) were closely tied to the Spanish Caribbean. During the period of Spanish settlement and colonization of the New World, the Spanish West Indies referred to those settlements in islands of the Caribbean Sea under political administration of Spain, as in the phrase "a 1765 cedula authorized seven sea ports, in addition to the port of San Juan, to trade with the Spanish Caribbean."[6] Until the early 19th century these territories were part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain.
In a modern sense, the Caribbean islands of Colombia could be included in the Hispanophone Caribbean as well, due to the fact they are located in the Caribbean, but not in the Antilles.
Islands[]
Below is a list of islands belonging geographically to the Greater and Lesser Antilles and that were under Spanish rule in various stages of history, until it became independent from Spain. Several islands which were previously largely under Spanish rule, but since they were passed into the domain of France, England or the Netherlands, are no longer considered part of the Spanish Caribbean.[7][8]
In addition, the Colombian islands of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina are located in the Caribbean, but are not part of the Antilles. Under intermittent periods of Spanish rule, these islands were administered as part of the Spanish Main (initially Guatemala, later New Granada).
Political entity | Islands of the West Indies | Status |
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Isla de Cuba — Isla de la Juventud — Sabana-Camagüey Archipelago — Cayo Blanco del Sur — Cayo Levisa — — Cayo Largo del Sur — Jardines de la Reina — Cayo Guillermo — Cayo Coco — Cayo Romano — Cayo Guajaba — Cayo Sabinal — Cayo Santa María — — Colorados Archipelago — Cayo Saetía — Cayo Blanco | Independent republic from Spain since 1898 |
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Eastern Hispaniola — Saona — Beata — Catalina — Alto Velo — Cayo Levantado | Independent republic from Haiti since 1821, independent from Spain since 1844 |
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Isla de Puerto Rico — Culebra — Vieques — Mona — Monito — Desecheo — Caja de Muertos — Isla de Cabras — Cayo Batata — Isla Cardona — Cayos de Caña Gorda — Culebrita — Icacos — Cayo Luis Peña — Isla Magueyes — Cayo Norte — Isla Palominos — Isla de Ratones — Isleta de San Juan — Cayo Santiago — Spanish Virgin Islands | Commonwealth of the United States, independent from Spain since 1898 |
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Isla de Margarita — Coche — Cubagua (form the state of Nueva Esparta) Los Monjes — Las Aves — Los Roques (Gran Roque, Francisquí, , , Madrisquí, , , , Cayo de Agua, Dos Mosquises, , ) — Los Hermanos — Los Frailes — Aves — La Sola — La Tortuga ( — ) — La Orchila — La Blanquilla — Los Testigos — Patos (ceded from British Trinidad in 1942,[9] form the Federal Dependencies of Venezuela) | Independent republic from Spain since 1811, recognized by Spain in 1845 |
See also[]
- Antillean Confederation
- British West Indies
- Danish West Indies
- Dutch West Indies
- French West Indies
- New Spain
- Population history of American indigenous peoples
- Province of Tierra Firme
- Spanish colonization of the Americas
- Spanish East Indies
- Voyages of Christopher Columbus
- Culture of Cuba
- Culture of Dominican Republic
- Culture of Puerto Rico
References[]
- ^ Mark A. Burkholder, "Council of the Indies" in Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture, vol. 2, p. 293. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons 1996.
- ^ Reséndez, Andrés (2017). The other slavery: The uncovered story of Indian enslavement in America. ISBN 978-0-544-94710-8.
- ^ Douglas A. Phillips; Charles F. Gritzner (2010). The Dominican Republic. Infobase Publishing. pp. 36–. ISBN 978-1-60413-618-0.
- ^ Romaine, Suzanne (2013). "Caribbean". In Strazny, Philipp (ed.). Encyclopedia of Linguistics. New York: Taylor & Francis. p. 176. ISBN 978-1-135-45522-4.
- ^ David L. McKee; Don E. Garner; Yosra AbuAmara McKee (1998). Accounting Services and Growth in Small Economies: Evidence from the Caribbean Basin. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 51. ISBN 978-1-56720-138-3.
- ^ Luis F. Pumarada O'Neill (July 31, 1994), National Register of Historic Places Multiple Property Documentation: Historic Bridges of Puerto Rico MPS (pdf), National Park Service
- ^ Simon Collier, "The non-Spanish Caribbean islands to 1815" in The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Latin America and the Caribbean, 2nd edition. New York: Cambridge University Press 1992, pp. 212-217.
- ^ "Las Antillas". Digital Library of the Caribbean (in Spanish). Librería de Antonio J. Bastinos. Retrieved 28 June 2019.
- ^ González, Hermann; Donis Ríos, Manuel Alberto (1989). Historia de las fronteras de Venezuela. Caracas: Lagoven.
External links[]
- (in English and Spanish) "Method of Securing the Ports and Populations of All the Coasts of the Indies" was written in 1694 and discusses the Spanish West Indies
- Spanish West Indies
- Colonial government in the West Indies
- Spanish Caribbean
- Former colonies in North America
- Former countries in the Caribbean
- Former Spanish colonies
- History of the Caribbean
- History of New Spain
- Spanish colonization of the Americas
- Spanish-speaking countries and territories
- Latin America
- New Spain
- States and territories established in 1492
- States and territories disestablished in 1898
- 1492 establishments in the Spanish West Indies
- 1898 disestablishments in the Spanish West Indies
- 1492 establishments in North America
- 1892 disestablishments in North America
- 1492 establishments in the Spanish Empire
- 1898 disestablishments in the Spanish Empire