Together with the Babylonians, Cyaxares the Great captures the Assyrian capital Nineveh, which leads to the eventual collapse of the Neo-Assyrian empire.[1]
Darius III, the last Achaemenid emperor is killed, bringing an end to the Achaemenid empire.
330 BC
Persepolis, the capital of the Persian Achaemenid Empire is destroyed by Alexander III of Macedon.
323 BC
10/11 June
Alexander III dies in Babylon, triggering a division of his empire among his generals in a treaty known as the Partition of Triparadisus.
312 BC
Seleucus I Nicator, establishes the Seleucid Empire in the Persian territories of the erstwhile Macedonian Empire.
3rd century BC[]
Year
Date
Event
247 BC
Arsaces I establishes the Parthian Empire (also known as the Arsacid Empire) in present-day north-eastern Iran.[1][3]
2nd century BC[]
This section is empty. You can help by . (March 2013)
1st century BC[]
Year
Date
Event
94 BC
The Parthian Empire reaches its peak, stretching from the northern reaches of the Euphrates, in what is now central-eastern Turkey, to present-day Afghanistan and western Pakistan.
Battle of Samarra (363) between the Roman Empire and the Sasanian Empire, in which Roman emperor Julian is wounded, and subsequently dies of his wounds.
Khosrow II becomes ruler of the Sasanian Empire. During his rule till 628, Egypt, Jordan, Palestine and Lebanon are annexed into the Sasanian Empire
7th century[]
Year
Date
Event
620
Sasanian Empire reaches its greatest height, encompassing all of present-day Iran and Iraq and stretching from the eastern Mediterranean (including Anatolia and Egypt) to Pakistan, and from parts of southern Arabia to the Caucasus and Central Asia.
Arab invasion brings end of Sassanid dynasty and start of Islamic rule.[5]
636
16–19 November
Rashidun Caliphate defeats the Sasanian Empire in the Battle of al-Qadisiyyah, takes control of present day Iraq.
637
Destruction of the Ctesiphon library by Arabs of the Rashidun Caliphate.[6]
642
Rashidun Caliphate defeats the Sasanian Empire in the Battle of Nahavand, resulting in the near collapse of the Sasanian Empire.
644
3 November
The second Rashidun caliph Umar ibn al-Khattab (r. 634–644) is assassinated by the Persian slave Abu Lu'lu'a Firuz.
644
6 November
Uthman ibn Affan becomes the third Rashidun Caliph. During his reign, almost the whole of the former Sassanid empire's territories rebel from time to time, with major rebellions in Armenia, Azerbaijan, Fars, Sistan (in 649), Khorasan (651), and Makran (650).
Yazdegerd III, the last Sassanid emperor, is killed near Merv putting an end to both his dynasty and to organized Persian resistance to Arab conquest.
8th century[]
Year
Date
Event
716–717
Farrukhan the Great, ruler of Tabaristan in present-day Mazandaran Province defeats the Muslim invasion under Yazid ibn al-Muhallab.
761
Tabaristan falls to Muslim invasion and becomes a province of the Abbasid Caliphate.
767
Ustadh Sis, Persian Zoroastrian revolutionary leader launches a rebellion, occupies Herat and Sistan before marching towards Merv. He initially defeats an Abbasid army under the command of al-Ajtham of Merv, but is himself defeated in a bloody battle against an army led by Muhammad ibn Abdallah.
9th century[]
Year
Date
Event
816-835
Babak Khorramdin a Persian Zoroastrian revolutionary leader of the Khorram-Dīnân movement defeats successive Arab generals of the Abbasid Caliphate.
821
Tahir ibn Husayn, an Iranian general under the Abbasid Caliphate, declared the establishment of the independent Tahirid Dynasty.
Zoroastrian commander Mardavij establishes the Ziyarid dynasty and briefly conquers much of northern Persia before being betrayed and killed in 935 CE. The Ziyarid dynasty continued to rule over much of Tabaristan until its demise in 1090 CE.
934
The Buyid dynasty was founded.
11th century[]
Year
Date
Event
1010
The poet Ferdowsi finished writing the epic poem Shahnameh, a touchstone of the modern Persian language.
Death of Rashid al-Din Vatvat, a secretary, poet, philologist in the Khwarazmian Empire.[10]
1189
Third Crusade: Teutonic Knights destroyed several cities of the Middle East. As a result of the conflict, the safety of both Christian and Muslim unarmed pilgrims is guaranteed throughout the Levant.
The Mongol conquest of Khwarezmia begins after two diplomatic missions to Khwarezm sent by Genghis Khan are massacred. In 1220 and 1221, Bukhara, Samarkand, Herat, Tus and Nishapur were razed, and the whole populations were slaughtered.
1220
Pursued by Mongol forces, Shah Muhammad II of Khwarezm dies on an island off the Caspian coast.
14th century[]
This section is empty. You can help by . (November 2015)
15th century[]
This section is empty. You can help by . (November 2015)
16th century[]
Year
Date
Event
1501
Ismail I established himself in Tabriz and declared himself the king (shah) of Iran.
1514
23 August
Battle of Chaldiran: The Ottoman Empire inflicted a severe defeat on a numerically inferior Persian force, opening the northwestern Iranian Plateau to their occupation.
7 September
The Ottoman sultan entered Tabriz.
A mutiny in the Ottoman army forced the sultan to withdraw.
1524
23 May
Ismail died. He was succeeded by his son Tahmasp I.
1590
21 May
The Treaty of Istanbul (1590) was signed between Safavid Empire and the Ottoman Empire ending the Ottoman–Safavid War (1578–1590), under which Safavid Empire ceded the Caucasus and western Iranian territories, for several years.
17th century[]
Year
Date
Event
1609
November
Battle of DimDim: The Persian army laid siege to a Kurdish fortress on the banks of Lake Urmia.
1610
Battle of DimDim: The fortress was taken, and its occupants were massacred.
1629
19 January
Abbas I of Persia died. His grandson Safi of Persia succeeded him.
1639
The Treaty of Zuhab was signed between Persia and the Ottoman Empire, decisively partitioning the Caucasus between the two (with the greater part remaining Iranian,) and establishing what remains the border between Iran, Turkey, and Iraq.
1642
Safi died. He was succeeded by Abbas II of Persia.
1666
Abbas died. He was succeeded by Suleiman I of Persia.
18th century[]
Year
Date
Event
1709
21 April
Mirwais Khan Hotak, the leader of the Ghilzai clan and mayor of Kandahar, killed the Persian-appointed governor George XI of Kartli and declared himself King of Persia.
1722
July
Russo-Persian War (1722-1723): A Russian military expedition sailed to prevent the territories in disintegrating neighboring Safavid Iran fall into Ottoman hands.
1723
12 September
Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1723): The envoy of the shah signed a peace treaty ceding the cities of Derbent and Baku and the provinces of Shirvan, Guilan, Mazandaran and Astrabad to the Russian Empire.
1746
4 September
The Treaty of Kerden was signed between the Ottoman Empire and Iran, reaffirming the border drawn in the Treaty of Zuhab and allowing Iranian pilgrims to visit Mecca.
1795
11 September
Battle of Krtsanisi: The Persian army demolished the armed forces of Kartl-Kakheti, captured Tbilisi, and reconquered eastern Georgia, which comprised the territories of the Kartli-Kakheti.
1796
April
Persian Expedition of 1796: The tsarina of Russia launched a military expedition to punish Persia for its incursion into the Russian protectorate of Kartl-Kakheti.
19th century[]
Year
Date
Event
1804
Russo-Persian War (1804-1813): Russian forces attacked the Persian settlement Ganja.
1813
24 October
Russo-Persian War (1804–1813): According to the Treaty of Gulistan, the Persian Empire ceded all its North Caucasian and swaths of its Transcaucasian territories to Russia, comprising modern-day Dagestan, eastern Georgia, and most of the contemporary Republic of Azerbaijan.
1826
16 July
Russo-Persian War (1826-1828): The Persian army invaded the recently Russian-annexed territories in order to reclaim the lost regions.
1828
21 February
Russo-Persian War (1826–1828) Facing the possibility of a Russian conquest of Tehran and with Tabriz already occupied, Persia signed the Treaty of Turkmenchay; decisive and final cession of the last Caucasian territories of Iran comprising modern-day Armenia, the remainder of the Azerbaijan Republic that was still in Iranian hands, and Igdir (modern-day Turkey).
1881
21 September
Persia officially recognized Russia's annexation of Turkmenistan in the Treaty of Akhal.
20th century[]
This section needs expansion. You can help by . (February 2017)
Mohammad Mosaddegh is overthrown in a coup engineered by the British and American intelligence services. Fazlollah Zahedi is proclaimed as prime minister and the Shah returns.[12]
1979
11 February
Iranian Revolution: The Iranian Monarchy collapsed in a popular revolution.
Iraq launched a full-scale invasion of Iran. The Iran–Iraq War would last until August 1988. The tactics used by both sides were similar to those used during World War I,[13] including large-scale trench warfare with barbed wire stretched across trenches, manned machine-gun posts, bayonet charges, human wave attacks across a no-man's land, and extensive use of chemical weapons such as mustard gas by the Iraqi government against Iranian troops, civilians, and Iraqi Kurds.
1988
20 August
The Iran–Iraq War ends in a stalemate. The Iran–Iraq War was the deadliest conventional war ever fought between regular armies of developing countries.[14]
My Stealthy Freedom, an online movement in which women in Iran post photos of themselves without hijabs, as a protest against the compulsory hijab laws in the country.
2015
14 July
Signing of Iran nuclear deal between Iran and the P5+1 (the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council— China, France, Russia, United Kingdom, United States—plus Germany).
2018
8 May
United States withdraws from the Iran nuclear deal
Self immolation of women's rights activist Sahar Khodayari over six month prison sentence for attempting to enter a public stadium to watch a football game, against the national ban against women at such events. Leads to widespread protests, and on 10 October 2019, more than 3,500 women attend the Azadi Stadium for a World Cup qualifier against Cambodia.
^Abrahamian, Ervand (2008). A History of Modern Iran (3rd print ed.). Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. ISBN978-0521528917.
^Fürtig, Henner (2012). "Den Spieß umgedreht: iranische Gegenoffensive im Ersten Golfkrieg" [Turning of the Tables: the Iranian counter-offensive during the first Gulf War]. Damals (in German). No. 5. pp. 10–13.
Bibliography[]
The examples and perspective in this section may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may , discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new section, as appropriate.(January 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Bosworth, C.E. (1993). "Muḥammad b. Waṣīf". In Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W. P. & Pellat, Ch. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume VII: Mif–Naz. Leiden: E. J. Brill. ISBN978-90-04-09419-2.
Dandamayev, Muhammad A. (1990). "Cambyses II". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. IV, Fasc. 7. pp. 726–729.
Paul, Ludwig (2000). "PERSIAN LANGUAGE i. Early New Persian". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica, Online Edition. New York: Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation.
Shahbazi, A. Sh. (1986). "Arsacids i. Origins". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume II/5: Armenia and Iran IV–Art in Iran I. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. p. 525. ISBN978-0-71009-105-5.