Viceroy of Shaan-Gan

Map of viceroys in Qing Dynasty of China

The Viceroy of Shaan-Gan, fully referred to in Chinese as the Governor-General of Shaanxi and Gansu Provinces and the Surrounding Areas; Overseeing Military Affairs and Food Production, Manager of Waterways, Director of Civil Affairs, was one of eight regional viceroys in China proper during the Qing dynasty. The Viceroy of Shaan-Gan had jurisdiction over Shaanxi and Gansu provinces (hence the name "Shaan(xi)-Gan(su)"), as well as western Inner Mongolia.

History[]

Ming dynasty[]

The office of Viceroy of Shaan-Gan originated in the early Ming dynasty with the garrisoning of military forces in three towns along the northern border of Shaanxi Province. The three garrisons were called "Xunfu of Yansui" (延綏巡撫), "Xunfu of Ningxia" (寧夏巡撫) and "Xunfu of Gansu" (甘肅巡撫), respectively.

In 1497, when the Mongols of the Northern Yuan dynasty made intrusions across the border, the Hongzhi Emperor put Wang Yue (王越) in charge of coordinating military actions in Shaanxi, Yansui, Ningxia and Gansu.

In the early reign of the Zhengde Emperor (r. 1505–1521), the Mongols invaded Guyuan. The general Cao Xiong (曹雄) rejected external help from reinforcements. Yang Yiqing (楊一清) led lightly armed cavalry to launch a surprise attack on the Mongols and succeeded in driving them back. After this incident, Yang Yiqing realized that military operations in Yansui, Ningxia and Gansu had to be better coordinated, hence he urged the imperial court to appoint a viceroy to oversee the three areas. (劉大夏) nominated Yang Yiqing for that position.

The office of the viceroy was created in 1525, during the reign of the Jiajing Emperor, under the name "tidu of military affairs" (提督軍務). The office was renamed to "zongzhi" (總制) in 1528, and to "zongdu" (總督) in 1540. The headquarters were located at Huamachi (花馬池; present-day Yanchi County, Ningxia).

Qing dynasty[]

The office was recreated in 1645, during the reign of the Shunzhi Emperor, as "Viceroy of the Three Borders in Shaanxi" (陝西三邊總督), with the headquarters at Guyuan. In 1653, the Viceroy's jurisdiction expanded to include Sichuan Province, hence the office was renamed "Viceroy of (Si)Chuan and the Three Borders in Shaanxi" (川陝三邊總督). In 1656, the office was renamed "Viceroy of (Si)Chuan-Shaan(xi)" (川陝總督) and its headquarters were relocated to Hanzhong. In 1661, the office changed its name to "Viceroy of Shaanxi" (陝西總督) after Sichuan was removed from its jurisdiction.

In 1666, during the reign of the Kangxi Emperor, the Viceroy's jurisdiction expanded to include Shanxi Province, hence it was renamed "Viceroy of Shan(xi)-Shaan(xi)" (山陝總督), with its headquarters in Xi'an. Shanxi was removed in 1672, and Sichuan was added again in 1680.

In 1723, the Yongzheng Emperor ordered that all Viceroys who also held the position of Secretary of War (兵部尚書) would concurrently be appointed as Right Censor-in-Chief (右都御史) of the Detection Branch (都察院) in the Censorate. Those Viceroys who did not hold the position of Secretary of War would be concurrently appointed as Right Vice Secretary of War (兵部右侍郎) and Right Vice Censor-in-Chief (右副都御史). In 1725, Yue Zhongqi (岳鍾琪) became the first Han Chinese outside of the Han Military Eight Banners to become a Viceroy when he was appointed as Viceroy of Chuan-Shaan. In 1731, the office was renamed "Viceroy of Shaanxi" (陝西總督) and its jurisdiction covered Shaanxi and Gansu; a separate Viceroy of Sichuan was created for Sichuan.

In 1736, the Qianlong Emperor abolished the Viceroy of Sichuan and recreated the office of Viceroy of Chuan-Shaan. In 1748, he split the Viceroy of Chuan-Shaan into Viceroy of Sichuan and Viceroy of Shaan-Gan, but reversed the changes again in 1759 and established a separate Viceroy of Gansu, with its headquarters in Suzhou (肅州; present-day Suzhou District, Jiuquan, Gansu). In 1760, the Qianlong Emperor abolished the Viceroy of Gansu and restored the two offices of Viceroy of Sichuan and Viceroy of Shaan-Gan. The Viceroy of Shaan-Gan was headquartered in Lanzhou and concurrently held the appointment of a Provincial Governor.

In 1882, during the reign of the Guangxu Emperor, the newly established Xinjiang Province was included under the jurisdiction of the Viceroy of Shaan-Gan.

List of Viceroys of Shaan-Gan[]

Ming dynasty[]

#	Name	Portrait	Start of term	End of term	Notes
1	王越		1474	1498	As "Zongzhi of Military Affairs at the Three Borders" (總制三邊軍務) in 1474, then "Zongzhi and Xunfu of Affairs in Gan, Liang and the Borders" (總制甘、涼邊務兼巡撫) from 1497 to 1498
2	Qin Hong 秦紘		1501	1504	As "Zongzhi of Military Affairs at the Three Borders" (總制三邊軍務)
3	李鉞		1522	1523	As "Zongzhi of Military Affairs in Shaanxi and the Three Borders" (總制陝西三邊軍務)
4	Yang Yiqing 楊一清		1525	1525
5	王憲		1525	1528	As "Supervisor of Military Affairs in Shaanxi and the Three Borders" (督陝西三邊軍務)
6	Wang Qiong 王瓊		1528	1532
7	李汶		1535
8	Zeng Xian 曾銑		1546	1548	As "Viceroy of Military Affairs in Shaanxi and the Three Borders" (總督陝西三邊軍務)
9	顧其志		1610
10	黃嘉善
11	劉敏寬
12	張鶴鳴
13	楊應聘
14	祁光宗		1615		As "Viceroy of Military Affairs in Gan, Liang and the Three Borders" (總督甘、涼三邊軍務)
15	李起元				As "Viceroy of Military Affairs in Shaanxi and the Three Borders" (總督陝西三邊軍務)
16	武之望		1628
17	楊鶴		1629
18	Hong Chengchou 洪承疇		1631
19	鄭崇儉		1639
20	丁啟睿		1640

Qing dynasty[]

#	Name	Portrait	Start of term	End of term	Notes
Viceroy of Shaanxi and the Three Borders (1645–1653)
1	王文奎		1645
2	孟喬芳		1645	1653
Viceroy of Chuan-Shaan and the Three Borders (1653–1656)
3	孟喬芳		1653	1654
4	金礪		1654	1656
Viceroy of Chuan-Shaan (1656–1661)
5	金礪		1656	1656
6	馬之先		1656	1657
7	李國英		1657	1661
Viceroy of Shaanxi (1661–1666)
8	白如梅		1661	1666
Viceroy of Shan-Shaan (1666–1672)
9	白如梅		1666	1666
10	盧崇峻		1666	1667
11	莫洛		1668	1670
12	羅多		1671	1672
13	鄂善		1672	1672
Viceroy of Shan-Shaan (excluding Shanxi) (1672–1680)
14	鄂善		1672	1673
15	哈占		1673	1680
Viceroy of Shan-Shaan (including Sichuan) (1680–1731)
16	哈占		1680	1683
17	禧佛		1683	1686
18	圖納		1686	1688
19	葛思泰		1688	1692
20	佛倫		1692	1694
21	吳赫		1694	1699
	席爾達		1699	1701	Acting Viceroy
22	覺羅華顯		1701	1704
23	博霽		1704	1708
24	齊世武		1708	1709
25	殷泰		1709	1713
26	鄂海		1713	1718
27	Nian Gengyao 年羹堯		1719	1725
28	Yue Zhongqi 岳鍾琪		1725	1729
	Tulišen 圖理琛		1725	1725	Acting Viceroy
29	Yue Zhongqi 岳鍾琪		1729	1732
	查郎阿		1729	1731	Acting Viceroy
Viceroy of Shaanxi (1731–1736)
30	查郎阿		1731	1732
	劉於義		1732	1735	Acting Viceroy
Viceroy of Chuan-Shaan (1736–1748)
31	查郎阿		1736	1738
	劉於義		1736	1737	Acting Viceroy
32	鄂彌達		1738	1740
33	Yengišan 尹繼善		1740	1742
	馬爾泰		1742	1743	Acting Viceroy
34	慶復		1743	1747
35	張廣泗		1747	1748
	黃廷桂		1747		Acting Viceroy
	傅爾丹		1748		Acting Viceroy
	Fuheng 傅恆		1748		Acting Viceroy
36	策楞		1748
	Yengišan 尹繼善		1748		Acting Viceroy
Viceroy of Shaan-Gan (excluding Sichuan) (1748–1759)
37	Yengišan 尹繼善		1748	1749
38	瑚寶		1749	1749
39	Yengišan 尹繼善		1750	1751
40	黃廷桂		1751	1753
	Yengišan 尹繼善		1753	1753	Acting Viceroy
41	永常		1753	1754
	Liu Tongxun 劉統勛		1754	1755	Acting Viceroy
42	黃廷桂		1755	1759
43	吳達善		1759	1759
Viceroy of Shaan-Gan (1760–1911)
44	楊應琚		1760	1766	Started his term as Viceroy of Gansu in 1759, then as Viceroy of Shaan-Gan from 1760 onwards
45	吳達善		1766	1768
46	明山		1769	1771
47	吳達善		1771	1771
48	文綬		1771	1772
49	海明		1772	1772
	勒爾謹		1772	1772	Acting Viceroy
50	勒爾謹		1772	1776
	畢沅		1776	1776	Acting Viceroy
51	勒爾謹		1776	1781
52	李侍堯		1781	1784
	畢沅		1783	1783	Acting Viceroy
53	Fuk'anggan 福康安		1784	1787
	慶桂		1785	1785	Acting Viceroy
	永保		1786	1786	Acting Viceroy
	勒保		1787	1787	Acting Viceroy
54	勒保		1788	1795
55	宜綿		1795	1796
	��有仁		1796	1797	Acting Viceroy
	英善		1797	1797	Acting Viceroy
56	宜綿		1797	1799
	恆瑞		1799	1799	Acting Viceroy
57	Songyun 松筠		1799	1800
58	長麟		1800	1801
59	惠齡		1801	1804
	那彥成		1804	1804	Acting Viceroy
60	倭什布		1804	1806
61	全保		1806	1807
	方維甸		1806	1806	Acting Viceroy
62	Changling 長齡		1807	1809
	蔡廷衡		1807	1807	Acting Viceroy
	和寧		1809	1809
63	Songyun 松筠		1809	1809
64	那彥成		1810	1813
65	Changling 長齡		1813	1814
66	先福		1814	1817
	高杞		1814	1814	Acting Viceroy
	和寧		1817	1817	Acting Viceroy
67	Changling 長齡		1817	1822
	朱勳		1821	1821	Acting Viceroy
68	那彥成		1822	1825
69	Changling 長齡		1825	1825
	鄂山		1825	1825	Acting Viceroy
	楊遇春		1825	1826	Acting Viceroy
	鄂山		1826	1826	Acting Viceroy
70	楊遇春		1827	1835
	鄂山		1830	1830	Acting Viceroy
71	瑚松額		1835	1840
72	Nergingge 訥爾經額		1840	1840
	瑚松額		1840	1840	Acting Viceroy
	恩特亨額		1840	1841	Acting Viceroy
73	恩特亨額		1841	1842
74	富呢揚阿		1842	1845
75	惠吉		1845	1845
	Deng Tingzhen 鄧廷楨		1845	1845	Acting Viceroy
76	布彥泰		1845	1849
	Lin Zexu 林則徐		1845	1845	Acting Viceroy
	楊以增		1847	1847	Acting Viceroy
	Qishan 琦善		1849	1849	Acting Viceroy
77	Qishan 琦善		1849	1851
	薩迎阿		1851	1851	Acting Viceroy
78	裕泰		1851	1851
	舒興阿		1851	1851	Acting Viceroy
79	舒興阿		1851	1853
	易棠		1853	1853	Acting Viceroy
80	易棠		1854	1856
81	樂斌		1856	1860
	常績		1856	1856	Acting Viceroy
	林揚祖		1859	1860	Acting Viceroy
	福濟		1860	1860	Acting Viceroy
82	樂斌		1860	1861
83	麟魁		1862	1862
	沈兆霖		1862	1862	Acting Viceroy
	恩麟		1862	1862	Acting Viceroy
84	熙麟		1862	1864
85	楊岳斌		1864	1866
	都興阿		1864	1864	Acting Viceroy
	恩麟		1864	1864	Acting Viceroy
85	Zuo Zongtang 左宗棠		1866	1866
	穆圖善		1866	1866	Acting Viceroy
86	穆圖善		1867	1869
87	Zuo Zongtang 左宗棠		1869	1880
88	Yang Changjun 楊昌濬		1880	1881
89	Zeng Guoquan 曾國荃		1881	1881
90	Tan Zhonglin 譚鍾麟		1881	1888
91	Yang Changjun 楊昌濬		1888	1895
	陶模		1895	1895	Acting Viceroy
92	陶模		1896	1899
	Wei Guangtao 魏光燾		1899	1899	Acting Viceroy
93	Wei Guangtao 魏光燾		1900	1900
94	崧蕃		1900	1905
	何福堃		1900	1901	Acting Viceroy
	李廷簫		1900	1900	Acting Viceroy
95	升允		1905	1909
96	長庚		1909	1911

References[]

• Zhao, Erxun (1928). Draft History of Qing (Qing Shi Gao) (in Chinese). Vol. Volumes 197–199. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help)