Viceroy of Southern Rivers

The Viceroy of Rivers and Waterways in Jiangnan Overseeing Military Affairs, better known simply as the Viceroy of Southern Rivers or Viceroy of Southern Rivers and Waterways, was a government office in China proper during the Qing dynasty. The office was based in Qingjiangpu (清江浦), which is now a district of Huai'an City, Jiangsu Province. The Viceroy usually held the rank of a deputy first-grade official or a regular second-grade official. The Viceroy was in charge of dredging and embankment projects in the waterways of Jiangsu Province.

History[]

The office of was created in the early Qing dynasty. In 1677, during the reign of the Kangxi Emperor, (靳輔) served as the Viceroy of Rivers and Waterways and his headquarters were in Jining, Shandong Province. As Huai'an, Jiangsu Province was near the intersection of the Yellow River, Huai River and Grand Canal, the waterworks in that area became of prime importance. Since the Viceroy's office was too far away from Huai'an, the Qing government created a separate branch for the Viceroy's office at the northwest of Qingjiangpu (清江浦; a district of present-day Huai'an, Jiangsu Province) to facilitate the Viceroy's job of overseeing the waterworks.

In 1729, the Yongzheng Emperor split the Viceroy of Rivers and Waterways into the Viceroy of Southern Rivers based in Qingjiangpu, and the based in Jining. In the following year, he created the , which was then concurrently held by the Viceroy of Zhili. The Viceroy of Southern Rivers oversaw a total of four circuits, 24 subprefectures and 24 battalions of military forces.

In the early Qing dynasty, the central government provided an annual amount of 4.5 million silver taels to the Viceroy of Southern Rivers for construction and maintenance projects. When the rivers overflowed, the central government provided additional funds to the Viceroy. At the same time, numerous instances of corruption occurred when the Viceroy and his subordinates embezzled the funds and produced work of substandard quality. The area around Qingjiangpu developed rapidly and became a thriving centre of commerce, business and recreation, with dozens of streets filled with rows of shops, restaurants, teahouses, bathhouses and brothels.

In 1855, the Xianfeng Emperor ordered the Yellow River to be redirected northward from Lanyi County, Henan Province towards Changyuan County, Dongming County and Zhangqiu Town in Shandong Province, and then from the Ji River in Shandong Province towards the Bohai Sea.

In 1860, the Nian rebels attacked and captured Qingjiangpu from government forces and then burnt down the Viceroy's office and the surrounding areas. The Qing government abolished the Viceroy of Southern Rivers in the following year.

As of today, the garden of the Viceroy's office has been restored and is now known as Qing Yan Garden.

List of Viceroys of Southern Rivers[]

#	Name	Portrait	Start of term	End of term	Notes
	Yengišan 尹繼善		March 1729	April 1729	Acting Viceroy
1	孔毓珣		April 1729	May 1730	Died in office
	康弘勳		1730	1730	Acting Viceroy
	嵇曾筠		May 1730	January 1734	Acting Viceroy; left office for filial mourning
	嵇曾筠		1734	1734
2	高斌		1734	1734	Concurrently held the appointment of Salt Commissioner of the Two Huais
	趙宏恩		1735	1735	Acting Viceroy
3	高斌		January 1736	September 1741
	白鍾山		January 1735	December 1736	As Deputy Viceroy
	劉永澄		January 1735	December 1736	As Deputy Viceroy; later as acting Viceroy for a year
	德爾敏		December 1736	January 1738	As Deputy Viceroy; later as acting Viceroy for two years
	孫鈞		1740	1741	As Financial Officer of Southern Rivers
4	完顏偉		September 1741	January 1743
5	白鍾山		January 1743	April 1746
6	周學健		October 1746	August 1748
	顧琮		April 1746	October 1746	As
	高斌		August 1748	September 1753	Acting Viceroy
	張師載		1750	September 1753	Acting Viceroy
	策楞		September 1753	October 1753	Acting Viceroy
	白鍾山		1753	1754	Acting Viceroy
7	Yengišan 尹繼善		October 1753	January 1755
	白鍾山		1755	1755	As
8	富勒赫		January 1755	November 1756
9	Liu Tongxun 劉統勳		November 1756		was acting Viceroy before Liu Tongxun arrived to assume office
	莊有恭		1756	1757	As Provincial Governor of Jiangsu
10	愛必達		November 1756	February 1757
11	白鍾山		February 1757	April 1761
	嵇璜		February 1757	April 1761	As Deputy Viceroy
12	高晉		April 1761	April 1765
13	李宏		April 1765	September 1771	Died in office
14	吳嗣爵		September 1771	April 1776	Died in office
15	薩載		April 1776	February 1779
	德保		1777	1777	Acting Viceroy
	李奉翰		February 1779	March 1780	Acting Viceroy
16	陳輝祖		March 1780	January 1781
	李奉翰		January 1781	February 1781	Acting Viceroy
17	李奉翰		February 1781	March 1789
	康基田		March 1789	April 1789	Acting Viceroy
18	蘭第錫		April 1789	January 1798	Died in office
	李奉翰		January 1798	January 1798	Acting Viceroy
19	康基田		January 1798	March 1800
20	吳璥		March 1800	January 1805
21	徐端		January 1805	July 1806	Became Deputy Viceroy from July 1806
22	戴均元		July 1806	April 1808
	徐端		July 1806	April 1808	As Deputy Viceroy
	那彥成		January 1809	February 1809	As Deputy Viceroy
	徐端		April 1808	January 1809	Acting Viceroy
23	吳璥		January 1809	August 1810	Left office due to illness
	徐端		February 1809	August 1810	As Deputy Viceroy
24	徐端		August 1810	December 1810
	徐端		December 1810	August 1811	As Deputy Viceroy
25	蔣攸銛		December 1810	January 1811
	Songyun 松筠		January 1811	January 1811	Acting Viceroy
26	陳鳳翔		January 1811	September 1812
	初彭齡		September 1812	September 1812	Acting Viceroy
27	黎世序		September 1812	March 1824	Died in office
	Sun Yuting 孫玉庭		1821	1821	Acting Viceroy
	Sun Yuting 孫玉庭		1824	1824	Acting Viceroy
28	Zhang Wenhao 張文浩		March 1824	December 1824
29	嚴烺		December 1824	April 1826
30	張井		April 1826	April 1833	Left office due to illness
	潘錫恩		May 1826	May 1829	As Deputy Viceroy
31	麟慶		April 1833	September 1842	Temporarily left office for filial mourning from May to September 1833
	張井		May 1833	September 1833	Acting Viceroy in Linqing's absence
	陳鑾		1839	1839	Acting Viceroy
32	潘錫恩		September 1842	October 1848	Left office due to illness
	廖鴻荃		1842	1842	As Secretary of Works
	周天爵		1842	1842	Acting Viceroy
	李星沅		October 1848	October 1848	Acting Viceroy
33	楊以增		October 1848	February 1856	Died in office
	邵燦		February 1856	February 1856	As
34	庚長		February 1856	June 1860
	王夢齡		June 1860	July 1860	Acting Viceroy

References[]