Viceroy of Southern Rivers
Viceroy of Southern Rivers | |||||||
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Traditional Chinese | 江南河道總督 | ||||||
Simplified Chinese | 江南河道总督 | ||||||
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Viceroy of Rivers and Waterways in Jiangnan Overseeing Military Affairs (full title) | |||||||
Traditional Chinese | 總督江南河道提督軍務 | ||||||
Simplified Chinese | 总督江南河道提督军务 | ||||||
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Viceroy of Southern Rivers and Waterways (simplified title) | |||||||
Traditional Chinese | 南河河道總督 | ||||||
Simplified Chinese | 南河河道总督 | ||||||
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Viceroy of Southern Rivers (simplified title) | |||||||
Traditional Chinese | 南河總督 | ||||||
Simplified Chinese | 南河总督 | ||||||
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The Viceroy of Rivers and Waterways in Jiangnan Overseeing Military Affairs, better known simply as the Viceroy of Southern Rivers or Viceroy of Southern Rivers and Waterways, was a government office in China proper during the Qing dynasty. The office was based in Qingjiangpu (清江浦), which is now a district of Huai'an City, Jiangsu Province. The Viceroy usually held the rank of a deputy first-grade official or a regular second-grade official. The Viceroy was in charge of dredging and embankment projects in the waterways of Jiangsu Province.
History[]
The office of was created in the early Qing dynasty. In 1677, during the reign of the Kangxi Emperor, (靳輔) served as the Viceroy of Rivers and Waterways and his headquarters were in Jining, Shandong Province. As Huai'an, Jiangsu Province was near the intersection of the Yellow River, Huai River and Grand Canal, the waterworks in that area became of prime importance. Since the Viceroy's office was too far away from Huai'an, the Qing government created a separate branch for the Viceroy's office at the northwest of Qingjiangpu (清江浦; a district of present-day Huai'an, Jiangsu Province) to facilitate the Viceroy's job of overseeing the waterworks.
In 1729, the Yongzheng Emperor split the Viceroy of Rivers and Waterways into the Viceroy of Southern Rivers based in Qingjiangpu, and the based in Jining. In the following year, he created the , which was then concurrently held by the Viceroy of Zhili. The Viceroy of Southern Rivers oversaw a total of four circuits, 24 subprefectures and 24 battalions of military forces.
In the early Qing dynasty, the central government provided an annual amount of 4.5 million silver taels to the Viceroy of Southern Rivers for construction and maintenance projects. When the rivers overflowed, the central government provided additional funds to the Viceroy. At the same time, numerous instances of corruption occurred when the Viceroy and his subordinates embezzled the funds and produced work of substandard quality. The area around Qingjiangpu developed rapidly and became a thriving centre of commerce, business and recreation, with dozens of streets filled with rows of shops, restaurants, teahouses, bathhouses and brothels.
In 1855, the Xianfeng Emperor ordered the Yellow River to be redirected northward from Lanyi County, Henan Province towards Changyuan County, Dongming County and Zhangqiu Town in Shandong Province, and then from the Ji River in Shandong Province towards the Bohai Sea.
In 1860, the Nian rebels attacked and captured Qingjiangpu from government forces and then burnt down the Viceroy's office and the surrounding areas. The Qing government abolished the Viceroy of Southern Rivers in the following year.
As of today, the garden of the Viceroy's office has been restored and is now known as Qing Yan Garden.
List of Viceroys of Southern Rivers[]
# | Name | Portrait | Start of term | End of term | Notes |
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Yengišan 尹繼善 |
March 1729 | April 1729 | Acting Viceroy | ||
1 | 孔毓珣 |
April 1729 | May 1730 | Died in office | |
康弘勳 |
1730 | 1730 | Acting Viceroy | ||
嵇曾筠 |
May 1730 | January 1734 | Acting Viceroy; left office for filial mourning | ||
嵇曾筠 |
1734 | 1734 | |||
2 | 高斌 |
1734 | 1734 | Concurrently held the appointment of Salt Commissioner of the Two Huais | |
趙宏恩 |
1735 | 1735 | Acting Viceroy | ||
3 | 高斌 |
January 1736 | September 1741 | ||
白鍾山 |
January 1735 | December 1736 | As Deputy Viceroy | ||
劉永澄 |
January 1735 | December 1736 | As Deputy Viceroy; later as acting Viceroy for a year | ||
德爾敏 |
December 1736 | January 1738 | As Deputy Viceroy; later as acting Viceroy for two years | ||
孫鈞 |
1740 | 1741 | As Financial Officer of Southern Rivers | ||
4 | 完顏偉 |
September 1741 | January 1743 | ||
5 | 白鍾山 |
January 1743 | April 1746 | ||
6 | 周學健 |
October 1746 | August 1748 | ||
顧琮 |
April 1746 | October 1746 | As | ||
高斌 |
August 1748 | September 1753 | Acting Viceroy | ||
張師載 |
1750 | September 1753 | Acting Viceroy | ||
策楞 |
September 1753 | October 1753 | Acting Viceroy | ||
白鍾山 |
1753 | 1754 | Acting Viceroy | ||
7 | Yengišan 尹繼善 |
October 1753 | January 1755 | ||
白鍾山 |
1755 | 1755 | As | ||
8 | 富勒赫 |
January 1755 | November 1756 | ||
9 | Liu Tongxun 劉統勳 |
November 1756 | was acting Viceroy before Liu Tongxun arrived to assume office | ||
莊有恭 |
1756 | 1757 | As Provincial Governor of Jiangsu | ||
10 | 愛必達 |
November 1756 | February 1757 | ||
11 | 白鍾山 |
February 1757 | April 1761 | ||
嵇璜 |
February 1757 | April 1761 | As Deputy Viceroy | ||
12 | 高晉 |
April 1761 | April 1765 | ||
13 | 李宏 |
April 1765 | September 1771 | Died in office | |
14 | 吳嗣爵 |
September 1771 | April 1776 | Died in office | |
15 | 薩載 |
April 1776 | February 1779 | ||
德保 |
1777 | 1777 | Acting Viceroy | ||
李奉翰 |
February 1779 | March 1780 | Acting Viceroy | ||
16 | 陳輝祖 |
March 1780 | January 1781 | ||
李奉翰 |
January 1781 | February 1781 | Acting Viceroy | ||
17 | 李奉翰 |
February 1781 | March 1789 | ||
康基田 |
March 1789 | April 1789 | Acting Viceroy | ||
18 | 蘭第錫 |
April 1789 | January 1798 | Died in office | |
李奉翰 |
January 1798 | January 1798 | Acting Viceroy | ||
19 | 康基田 |
January 1798 | March 1800 | ||
20 | 吳璥 |
March 1800 | January 1805 | ||
21 | 徐端 |
January 1805 | July 1806 | Became Deputy Viceroy from July 1806 | |
22 | 戴均元 |
July 1806 | April 1808 | ||
徐端 |
July 1806 | April 1808 | As Deputy Viceroy | ||
那彥成 |
January 1809 | February 1809 | As Deputy Viceroy | ||
徐端 |
April 1808 | January 1809 | Acting Viceroy | ||
23 | 吳璥 |
January 1809 | August 1810 | Left office due to illness | |
徐端 |
February 1809 | August 1810 | As Deputy Viceroy | ||
24 | 徐端 |
August 1810 | December 1810 | ||
徐端 |
December 1810 | August 1811 | As Deputy Viceroy | ||
25 | 蔣攸銛 |
December 1810 | January 1811 | ||
Songyun 松筠 |
January 1811 | January 1811 | Acting Viceroy | ||
26 | 陳鳳翔 |
January 1811 | September 1812 | ||
初彭齡 |
September 1812 | September 1812 | Acting Viceroy | ||
27 | 黎世序 |
September 1812 | March 1824 | Died in office | |
Sun Yuting 孫玉庭 |
1821 | 1821 | Acting Viceroy | ||
Sun Yuting 孫玉庭 |
1824 | 1824 | Acting Viceroy | ||
28 | Zhang Wenhao 張文浩 |
March 1824 | December 1824 | ||
29 | 嚴烺 |
December 1824 | April 1826 | ||
30 | 張井 |
April 1826 | April 1833 | Left office due to illness | |
潘錫恩 |
May 1826 | May 1829 | As Deputy Viceroy | ||
31 | 麟慶 |
April 1833 | September 1842 | Temporarily left office for filial mourning from May to September 1833 | |
張井 |
May 1833 | September 1833 | Acting Viceroy in Linqing's absence | ||
陳鑾 |
1839 | 1839 | Acting Viceroy | ||
32 | 潘錫恩 |
September 1842 | October 1848 | Left office due to illness | |
廖鴻荃 |
1842 | 1842 | As Secretary of Works | ||
周天爵 |
1842 | 1842 | Acting Viceroy | ||
李星沅 |
October 1848 | October 1848 | Acting Viceroy | ||
33 | 楊以增 |
October 1848 | February 1856 | Died in office | |
邵燦 |
February 1856 | February 1856 | As | ||
34 | 庚長 |
February 1856 | June 1860 | ||
王夢齡 |
June 1860 | July 1860 | Acting Viceroy |
References[]
- Zhao, Erxun; et al. (1928). Draft History of Qing (in Chinese).
- Viceroys of Southern Rivers
- 1729 establishments in China