Voiced dental and alveolar lateral fricatives

Voiced alveolar lateral fricative
Voiced alveolar lateral fricative
ɮ
IPA Number	149
Encoding
Entity (decimal)	ɮ
Unicode (hex)	U+026E
X-SAMPA	K\
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The voiced alveolar lateral fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents voiced dental, alveolar, and postalveolar lateral fricatives is ⟨ɮ⟩ (sometimes referred to as lezh), and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is K\.

Features[]

Features of the voiced alveolar lateral fricative:

Its manner of articulation is fricative, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.
Its place of articulation is alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
It is a lateral consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream over the sides of the tongue, rather than down the middle.
The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.

Occurrence[]

Dental or denti-alveolar[]

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Amis	Kangko accent				Interdental [ɮ̪͆]

Alveolar[]

Language	Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Adyghe	къалэ	[qaːɮa] (help·info)	'town'	Can also be pronounced as [l]
Bura^[1]	^{[example needed]}			Contrasts with [ɬ] and [ʎ̝̊].^[1]
Kabardian	блы	[bɮə] (help·info)	'seven'	Can also be pronounced as [l]
Ket	^{[example needed]}
Mongolian	монгол	[mɔŋɢɔ̆ɮ]	'Mongol'	Sometimes realized as [ɬ]
Sassarese	caldhu	[ˈkaɮdu] (help·info)	'hot'
Tera^[2]	dlepti	[ɮè̞pti]	'planting'
Zulu^[3]	indlala	[ínˈɮàlà]	'hunger'

In addition, a pharyngealized voiced alveolar lateral fricative [ɮˤ] (help·info) is reconstructed to be the ancient Classical Arabic pronunciation of Ḍād; the letter is now pronounced in Modern Standard Arabic as a pharyngealized voiced coronal stop, as alveolar [dˤ] or denti-alveolar [d̪ˤ].

Notation[]

Former IPA symbol for the voiced alveolar lateral fricative

In 1938, a symbol shaped similarly to heng ⟨ꜧ⟩ was approved as the official IPA symbol for the voiced alveolar lateral fricative, replacing ⟨ɮ⟩. It was suggested at the same time, however, that a compromise shaped like something between the two may also be used at the author's discretion. It was this compromise version that was included in the 1949 Principles of the International Phonetic Association and the subsequent IPA charts, until it was replaced again by ⟨ɮ⟩ at the 1989 Kiel Convention.^[4] Despite the Association's prescription, ⟨ɮ⟩ is nonetheless seen in literature from the 1960s to the 1980s.^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9]

Notes[]

^ Jump up to: ^a ^b Grønnum (2005), pp. 154–155.
^ Tench (2007), p. 228.
^ Ladefoged (2005), p. 170.
^ Wells, John (3 November 2006). "The symbol ɮ". John Wells’s phonetic blog. Department of Phonetics and Linguistics, University College London. Retrieved 1 February 2018.
^ Newman, Paul (1964). "A word list of Tera". Journal of West African Languages. 1 (2): 33–50.
^ Catford, J. C.; Ladefoged, Peter (1968). Working Papers in Phonetics 11: Practical Phonetic Exercises. University of California, Los Angeles.
^ Brosnahan, L. F.; Malmberg, Bertil (1970). Introduction to Phonetics. Cambridge University Press. p. 105. ISBN 0-521-21100-X.
^ Ladefoged, Peter (1971). Preliminaries to Linguistic Phonetics. University of Chicago Press. p. 54. ISBN 0-226-46787-2.
^ MacKay, Ian (1987). Phonetics: The Science of Speech Production (2nd ed.). Little, Brown and Company. p. 106. ISBN 0-316-54238-5.

References[]

Grønnum, Nina (2005), Fonetik og fonologi, Almen og Dansk (3rd ed.), Copenhagen: Akademisk Forlag, ISBN 87-500-3865-6
Ladefoged, Peter (2005), Vowels and Consonants (2nd ed.), Blackwell
Tench, Paul (2007), "Tera", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 37 (1): 228–234, doi:10.1017/s0025100307002952

External links[]

List of languages with [ɮ] on PHOIBLE

[FOOTNOTEGrønnum2005154–155-1] Jump up to: ^a ^b Grønnum (2005), pp. 154–155.

[FOOTNOTETench2007228-2] Tench (2007), p. 228.

[FOOTNOTELadefoged2005170-3] Ladefoged (2005), p. 170.

[4] Wells, John (3 November 2006). "The symbol ɮ". John Wells’s phonetic blog. Department of Phonetics and Linguistics, University College London. Retrieved 1 February 2018.

[5] Newman, Paul (1964). "A word list of Tera". Journal of West African Languages. 1 (2): 33–50.

[6] Catford, J. C.; Ladefoged, Peter (1968). Working Papers in Phonetics 11: Practical Phonetic Exercises. University of California, Los Angeles.

[7] Brosnahan, L. F.; Malmberg, Bertil (1970). Introduction to Phonetics. Cambridge University Press. p. 105. ISBN 0-521-21100-X.

[8] Ladefoged, Peter (1971). Preliminaries to Linguistic Phonetics. University of Chicago Press. p. 54. ISBN 0-226-46787-2.

[9] MacKay, Ian (1987). Phonetics: The Science of Speech Production (2nd ed.). Little, Brown and Company. p. 106. ISBN 0-316-54238-5.

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