Voiced uvular plosive

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Voiced uvular plosive
ɢ
IPA Number112
Encoding
Entity (decimal)ɢ
Unicode (hex)U+0262
X-SAMPAG\
Braille⠔ (braille pattern dots-35)⠛ (braille pattern dots-1245)
Audio sample
0:00
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The voiced uvular plosive or stop is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɢ⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is G\.

[ɢ] is a rare sound, even compared to other uvulars. Vaux (1999)[1] proposes a phonological explanation: uvular consonants normally involve a neutral or a retracted tongue root, whereas voiced stops often involve an advanced tongue root: two articulations that cannot physically co-occur. This leads many languages of the world to have a voiced uvular fricative [ʁ] instead as the voiced counterpart of the voiceless uvular plosive. Examples are Inuit; several Turkic languages such as Uyghur and Yakut; several Northwest Caucasian languages such as Abkhaz; several Mongolic languages such as Mongolian language and Kalmyk language as well as several Northeast Caucasian languages such as Ingush.

There is also the voiced pre-uvular plosive[2] in some languages, which is articulated slightly more front compared with the place of articulation of the prototypical uvular plosive, though not as front as the prototypical velar plosive. The International Phonetic Alphabet does not have a separate symbol for that sound, though it can be transcribed as ⟨ɢ̟⟩ (advanced ⟨ɢ⟩), ⟨ɡ̠⟩ or ⟨ɡ˗⟩ (both symbols denote a retracted ⟨ɡ⟩). The equivalent X-SAMPA symbols are G\_+ and g_-, respectively.

Features[]

Features of the voiced uvular stop:

  • Its manner of articulation is occlusive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Since the consonant is also oral, with no nasal outlet, the airflow is blocked entirely, and the consonant is a plosive.
  • Its place of articulation is uvular, which means it is articulated with the back of the tongue (the dorsum) at the uvula.
  • Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
  • It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
  • It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
  • The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.

Occurrence[]

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Arabic Sudanese بقرة‎ [bɑɢɑrɑ] 'cow' Corresponds to /q/ in Standard Arabic. See Arabic phonology
Yemeni[3] قات‎ About this sound[ɢɑːt] (help·info) 'Khat' Some dialects.[3] Corresponds to /q/ in Standard Arabic. See Arabic phonology
English Australian[4] gaudy [ˈɡ̠oːdɪi̯] 'gaudy' Pre-uvular; allophone of /ɡ/ before /ʊ oː ɔ oɪ ʊə/.[4] See Australian English phonology
Ket[5] báŋquk [baŋ˩˧ɢuk˧˩] 'cave in the ground'

Allophone of /q/ after /ŋ/.[5]

Kwak'wala ǥilakas'la [ɢilakasʔla] 'thank you'
Lishan Didan Urmi Dialect בקא‎/baqqa [baɢːɑ] 'frog' Allophone of /q/ when between a vowel/sonant and a vowel.
Mongolian Монгол
ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ		 [mɔŋɢɔ̆ɮ] 'Mongolian'
Nivkh ньыӈ ӷан [ɲɤŋ ɢæn] 'our dog' Allophone of /q/.
Persian Iranian قهوه [ɢæhˈve] 'coffee' See Persian phonology.
Somali Muqdisho [muɢdiʃɔ] 'Mogadishu' Allophone of /q/. See Somali phonology
Tabasaran дугу [d̪uɢu] 'he' (ergative)
Tlingit ghooch [ɢuːt͡ʃʰ] 'hill' In American orthography, the 'g' is underlined; in Canadian, it is followed by an 'h'. See Tlingit phonology
Tsakhur къгяйэ [ɢajɛ] 'stone'
Turkmen gar [ɢɑɾ] 'snow' An allophone of /ɡ/ next to back vowels
!Xóõ [nǀɢɑɑ̃] 'to be spread out'
Xumi Lower[6] [ᴿɢʶo][clarification needed] 'to stew' Slightly affricated; occurs only in a few words.[7] Corresponds to the cluster /Nɡ/ in Upper Xumi.[8]
Yanyuwa[9] [ɡ̠uɟ̠uɭu] 'sacred' Pre-uvular.[9] Contrasts plain and prenasalized versions

See also[]

Notes[]

  1. ^ Vaux, Bert (1999). "A Note on Pharyngeal Features". Harvard Working Papers in Linguistics.
  2. ^ Instead of "pre-uvular", it can be called "advanced uvular", "fronted uvular", "post-velar", "retracted velar" or "backed velar". For simplicity, this article uses only the term "pre-uvular".
  3. ^ Jump up to: a b Watson (2002), p. 13.
  4. ^ Jump up to: a b Mannell, Cox & Harrington (2009).
  5. ^ Jump up to: a b Georg (2007), pp. 49, 67 and 77.
  6. ^ Chirkova & Chen (2013), p. 365.
  7. ^ Chirkova & Chen (2013), pp. 365–366.
  8. ^ Chirkova, Chen & Kocjančič Antolík (2013), pp. 383, 387.
  9. ^ Jump up to: a b Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), pp. 34-35.

References[]

External links[]

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