1970 in the United Kingdom

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1970 in the United Kingdom
Other years
1968 | 1969 | 1970 (1970) | 1971 | 1972
Constituent countries of the United Kingdom
| Northern Ireland | Scotland | Wales
Popular culture

Events from the year 1970 in the United Kingdom.

Incumbents[]

  • Monarch – Elizabeth II
  • Prime Minister
    • Harold Wilson (Labour) (until 19 June)
    • Edward Heath (Conservative) (starting 19 June)
  • Parliament
    • 44th (until 29 May)
    • 45th (starting 29 June)

Events[]

January[]

  • 1 January
    • The age of majority for most legal purposes was reduced from 21 to 18 under terms of the Family Law Reform Act 1969.[1]
    • The half crown coin ceased to be legal tender.[2]
    • The National Westminster Bank began trading following merger of National Provincial Bank and Westminster Bank.[3]
    • Control of London Transport passed from the London Transport Board (reporting to the Minister of Transport) to the London Transport Executive of the Greater London Council, except for country area (green) buses which passed to London Country Bus Services, a subsidiary of the National Bus Company.[4]
  • 18 January – The grave of Karl Marx at Highgate Cemetery in London was vandalised.
  • 21 January – Fraserburgh life-boat Duchess of Kent, on service to the Danish fishing vessel Opal, capsized with the loss of five of the six crew.
  • 22 January – A Boeing 747 landed at Heathrow Airport, the first jumbo jet to land in Britain.[5]
  • 26 January – Rolling Stone frontman Mick Jagger was fined £200 for possession of cannabis.

February[]

  • February – Chrysler UK launched its new Hillman Avenger small family car, which would be built at the Ryton plant near Coventry and compete with the likes of the Ford Escort and Vauxhall Viva.
  • 13 February
    • Garden House riot, Cambridge: a demonstration at the Garden House Hotel by Cambridge University students against the Greek military junta led to police intervention; eight students subsequently received custodial sentences for their part in the affair.[6]
    • English band Black Sabbath released their self titled debut album in the UK, credited as the first major album in the heavy metal genre.[7]
  • 19 February – The Prince of Wales joined the Royal Navy.
  • 23 February – Rolls Royce asked the government for £50,000,000 towards the development of the RB 211-50 Airbus jet engine.
  • 27 February – 1 March – First National Women's Liberation Conference held, at Ruskin College, Oxford.[8]

March[]

  • 2 March – Rhodesian Prime Minister Ian Smith declared Rhodesia a republic, breaking all ties with the British Crown; four years after the declaration of independence. The Government refused to recognise the new state as long as the Rhodesian Government opposed majority rule.[9]
  • 6 March – The importation of pets was banned after an outbreak of rabies in Newmarket, Suffolk.[10]
  • 12 March – The quarantine period for cats and dogs was increased to one year as part of the government's anti-rabies measures.
  • 13 March – The Bridgwater by-election became the first election in which eighteen-year-olds were entitled to vote. Tom King of the Conservative Party was elected.[11]
  • 17 March – Martin Peters, who scored for England in their 1966 World Cup final win, became the nation's first £200,000 footballer in his transfer from West Ham United to Tottenham Hotspur.[12]
  • 23 March – Eighteen victims of thalidomide were awarded a total of nearly £370,000 in compensation.

April[]

  • 1 April – Everton won the Football League First Division title.[13]
  • 10 April
    • Paul McCartney publicly announced that he had left The Beatles in a press release, written in mock-interview style, included in promotional copies of his first solo album and headlined in the Daily Mirror newspaper.[14]
    • The Elton John album is released, the second album by Elton John, but the first to be released in the United States.
  • 11 April – Chelsea and Leeds United drew 2–2 in the FA Cup final at Wembley Stadium, forcing a replay.
  • 16 April – Dr. Ian Paisley entered the Parliament of Northern Ireland after winning the Bannside By-election.[15]
  • 18 April – British Leyland announces that the Morris Minor, its longest-running model which had been in production since 1948, would be discontinued at the start of next year and be replaced with a new larger car available as a four-door saloon and three-door fastback coupe, and possibly a five-door estate by 1975.
  • 21 April – The moderate Alliance Party was formed in Northern Ireland, which was initially a platform for liberal Unionists and pro-O'Neill voters. From the outset though, it declared as neither Unionist nor Nationalist, instead declaring as 'Other'.
  • 29 April – David Webb scored the winning goal as Chelsea defeated Leeds United 2–1 in the FA Cup final replay at Old Trafford, gaining them the trophy for the very first time. Last year's winners Manchester City clinched the European Cup Winners' Cup with a 2–1 win over Górnik Zabrze of Poland in Vienna, Austria.[16]

May[]

  • 19 May – The government made a £20,000,000 loan available to help save the financially troubled luxury car and aircraft engine manufacturer Rolls Royce.
  • 22 May – A tour by the South African cricket team was called off after several African and Asian countries threaten to boycott the Commonwealth Games.[17]
  • 24 May – The Britannia Bridge, carrying the railway across the Menai Strait, was badly damaged by fire.[2]
  • 28 May – Bobby Moore, captain of the England national football team, was arrested and released on bail in Bogotá, Colombia, on suspicion of stealing a bracelet in the Bogotá Bracelet incident.
  • 29 May – Law Reform (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act abolished actions for breach of promise and the right of a husband to claim damages for adultery with his wife.[18]

June[]

  • 1 June – Prime Minister Harold Wilson is hit in the face with an egg thrown by Richard Ware, a Young Conservative demonstrator.[19]
  • 2 June – Cleddau Bridge, in Pembrokeshire, collapsed during erection, killing four, leading to introduction of new standards for box girder bridges.[20][21]
  • 4 June – Tonga became independent from the UK.[2]
  • 10 June – Just a few months after the Conservatives had enjoyed opinion poll leads of more than 20 points, opinion polls were showing Labour several points ahead of the Conservatives with eight days to go before the general election. If Labour won the election, it would be a record third consecutive general election win for the party and would probably result in the end of Edward Heath's five-year reign as Conservative leader.[22]
  • 13 June – Actor Laurence Olivier was made a life peer in the Queen's Birthday Honours list. He was the first actor to be made a lord.[23]
  • 14 June – England's defence of the FIFA World Cup ended when they lost 3–2 to West Germany at the quarter final in Mexico.
  • 17 June
    • The bodies of two children were found buried in shallow graves in woodland at Waltham Abbey, Essex. They were believed to be those of Susan Blatchford (11) and Gary Hanlon (12), who were last seen alive near their homes in North London on 31 March this year. This became known as the "Babes in the wood" case[24]
    • British Leyland created a niche in the four-wheel drive market by launching its luxury Range Rover, which was to be marketed as a more upmarket and urban alternative to the utilitarian Land Rover that had been in production since 1948.[25]
    • David Storey's Home premiered at the Royal Court Theatre.
  • 18 June – The 1970 general election is held, the first in which eighteen-year-olds were entitled to vote. Opinion polls point towards a third consecutive victory for the Labour Government led by Harold Wilson.
  • 19 June – The general election results are announced and Edward Heath's Conservative Party wins with a majority of 30 seats,[26] a major surprise as most of the opinion polls had shown that Harold Wilson's Labour were likely to stay in power.[27] Among the new Members of Parliament are: future party leaders Neil Kinnock and John Smith for Labour, and Kenneth Clarke, Kenneth Baker, Norman Fowler and Geoffrey Howe for the Conservatives.[28]
  • 21 June – British golfer Tony Jacklin won the U.S. Open.[2]
  • 22 June – The Methodist Church allowed women to become full ministers for the first time.
  • 26 June – Riots broke out in Derry over the arrest of Mid-Ulster MP Bernadette Devlin.[29]
  • 29 June – Caroline Thorpe, 32-year-old wife of Liberal Party leader Jeremy Thorpe and mother of their two-year-old son Rupert, dies in a car crash.

July[]

  • 3 July
    • Three civilians were killed and 10 troops injured when British Army soldiers battled with IRA troops in Belfast.
    • Dan-Air Flight 1903: 112 were killed when a Manchester to Barcelona flight crashed in the mountains of Northern Spain, with no survivors.[30]
  • 8 July – Roy Jenkins became Deputy Leader of the Labour Party.
  • 12 July – Jack Nicklaus won the Open Golf Championship at St Andrews, defeating fellow American Doug Sanders in an eighteen-hole play-off.
  • 14 July – 5 speedway riders die in Lokeren, Belgium when a minibus carrying members of the West Ham speedway team crashed into a petrol tanker after a brief tour. One of those killed was Phil Bishop, a founding member of the West Ham speedway team from before WW2.
  • 15 July – Dockers voted to strike leading to the docks strike of 1970.[31]
  • 16 July – A state of emergency was declared to deal with the dockers' strike.[31]
  • 16–25 July – The British Commonwealth Games were held in Edinburgh.
  • 17 July – Lord Pearson proposed settlement of docks strike.[31]
  • 23 July
    • Two "tear gas" (CS gas) canisters were thrown into the House of Commons chamber.
    • 1970 Omani coup d'état with covert British support.
  • 30 July – The docks strike was settled.[31]
  • 31 July – The last issue of grog in the Royal Navy was distributed.[32]

August[]

  • 9 August – Police battled with black rioters in Notting Hill, London.
  • 20 August – England national football team captain Bobby Moore was cleared of stealing a bracelet while on World Cup duty in Colombia.[33]
  • 21 August – The moderate Social Democratic and Labour Party was established in Northern Ireland.[34]
  • 26–31 August – Third Isle of Wight Festival attracted over 500,000 pop music fans, with appearances by Jimi Hendrix, The Who, The Doors and Joan Baez.[35]
  • 27 August – The Royal Shakespeare Company's revolutionary production of Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream, directed by Peter Brook, opened at Stratford.[36]

September[]

  • 9 September – BOAC Flight 775 was hijacked by the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine after taking off from Bahrain—the first time a British plane had been hijacked.[2]
  • 18 September – American rock star Jimi Hendrix, 27, died in London from a suspected drug-induced heart attack.[37]
  • 19 September – The first Glastonbury Festival was held,[2] as the Worthy Farm Pop Festival. Tyrannosaurus Rex (replacing The Kinks) headlined and about 1500 attended.
  • September – The album musical Jesus Christ Superstar, by Andrew Lloyd Webber and Tim Rice, was released.

October[]

  • 3 October – Tony Densham, driving the "Commuter" dragster, set a British land speed record at Elvington, Yorkshire, averaging 207.6 mph over the flying kilometre course.[38]
  • 5 October – BBC Radio 4 first broadcast consumer affairs magazine programme You and Yours; it would still be running forty years later.
  • 12 October – After a debacled launch only eighteen months previously, British Leyland announce a much improved Austin Maxi featuring a new gearchange, increased engine size and much improved trim, answering many of the critical points raised by the motoring press at the car's original launch.
  • 15 October
    • The government created the Department of Trade and Industry and the Department of the Environment.
    • Thames sailing barge Cambria, the last vessel trading under sail alone in British waters, loaded her last freight, at Tilbury.[39]
    • The last narrowboats to carry long-distance freight commercially on the canals of the United Kingdom arrived with their last load, coal from Atherstone for a West London jam factory.[40]
  • 19 October – British Petroleum discovered a large oil field in the North Sea.[41]
  • 23 October – The Mark III Ford Cortina went on sale.[42] At launch a full range of models are offered including two-door and estate variants. Unlike previous models, this Cortina was developed as a Ford Europe model sharing the floor-pan with the similar German
  • 25 October – The Canonization of the Forty Martyrs of England and Wales by Pope Paul VI took place.

November[]

  • 17 November – The first Page Three girl appeared in The Sun.[2]
  • 20 November – The ten shilling note ceased to be legal tender.[43]
  • 27 November – The Gay Liberation Front organised its first march in London.[44]

December[]

  • 10 December – Bernard Katz won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine jointly with Ulf von Euler and Julius Axelrod "for their discoveries concerning the humoral transmittors in the nerve terminals and the mechanism for their storage, release and inactivation".[45]
  • 26 December – Athlete Lillian Board, 22, died in Munich, West Germany, after a three-month battle against cancer.
  • 31 December – Paul McCartney filed a lawsuit against the other members of The Beatles to dissolve their partnership, effectively ending the band.[46]

Undated[]

  • Richard Branson started the Virgin Group with discounted mail-order sales of popular records.[47]
  • The last forced child migration to Australia took place.[48]
  • Nijinsky became the first horse for 35 years to win the English Triple Crown by finishing first in the Epsom Derby, 2,000 Guineas and St Leger.
  • Mathematician Alan Baker won a Fields Medal.[49]
  • Trade union membership now accounts for nearly 50% of the workforce.[50]

Publications[]

  • Agatha Christie's novel Passenger to Frankfurt.
  • Len Deighton's 1943-set novel Bomber (the first written on a word processor).[51]
  • Lawrence Durrell's novel Nunquam, second in The Revolt of Aphrodite pair.
  • J. G. Farrell's novel Troubles.
  • Germaine Greer's book The Female Eunuch.
  • Ted Hughes' poetry collection Crow.
  • Bernice Rubens' novel The Elected Member.
  • Mary Wilson's Selected Poems.[52]
  • The complete New English Bible (the New Testament having been published in 1961).
  • The Ecologist magazine founded by Edward Goldsmith (July).[53]

Births[]

January – March[]

  • 7 January – Andy Burnham, politician
  • 8 January – Nick Miller, weather forecaster
  • 19 January – Tim Foster, rower
  • 20 January – Mitch Benn, comedian and songwriter
  • 24 January – Maria Balshaw, art curator
  • 31 January – Minnie Driver, actress
  • 10 February – Rob Shearman, television and radio scriptwriter
  • 14 February – Simon Pegg, comedian, writer and actor
  • 25 February – Ian Walker, sailboat racer
  • 1 March – Tina Cullen, field hockey player
  • 2 March – James Purnell, politician

April – June[]

  • 27 April – Kylie Travis, actress and model
  • 6 May – Chris Adams, cricketer
  • 17 May – Jeremy Browne, politician, Minister of State for Foreign Affairs
  • 20 May – Louis Theroux, television personality and author
  • 21 May – Jason Lee, field hockey player and coach
  • 22 May – Naomi Campbell, model and actress
  • 27 May – Joseph Fiennes, actor
  • 19 June – MJ Hibbett, singer-songwriter
  • 20 June – Russell Garcia, field hockey player
  • 22 June – Christine Cook, field hockey player
  • 24 June – David May, footballer
  • 25 June – Lucy Benjamin, actress

July – September[]

  • 2 July – Steve Morrow, footballer
  • 6 July – Martin Smith, singer and songwriter
  • 7 July – Wayne McCullough, boxer
  • 10 July
    • Jason Orange, singer
    • John Simm, actor
  • 11 July – Saj Karim, politician
  • 29 July – Andi Peters, television presenter and producer
  • 30 July – Christopher Nolan, writer and director
  • 31 July – Ben Chaplin, actor
  • 13 August – Alan Shearer, footballer
  • 27 August – Peter Ebdon, snooker player
  • 18 September – Darren Gough, cricketer
  • 21 September – Samantha Power, United States Ambassador to the United Nations
  • 29 September – Emily Lloyd, actress

October – December[]

  • 4 October
  • 5 October – Tasmina Ahmed-Sheikh, SNP politician and Member of Parliament[54]
  • 8 October – Sadiq Khan, Mayor of London
  • 10 October – Sir Matthew Pinsent, Olympic winning rower
  • 11 October – Andy Marriott, footballer
  • 7 November – Neil Hannon, chamber pop musician (The Divine Comedy)
  • 12 November – Harvey Spencer Stephens, child actor
  • 13 November – Verity Snook-Larby, race walker
  • 22 November – Stel Pavlou, novelist and screenwriter
  • 23 November – Zoe Ball, television and radio presenter
  • 17 December – Stella Tennant, model (died 2020)
  • 29 December – Aled Jones, singer and television presenter
  • 31 December – Louise Rickard, Welsh rugby union player

Undated[]

  • Helen Cammock, artist
  • Pat McGrath, make-up artist
  • Alison Phillips, newspaper editor

Deaths[]

January – March[]

  • 7 January – Allan Wilkie. English Shakespearean actor of Scottish descent noted for his career in Australia (born 1878)
  • 13 January – Jimmy Hanley, actor (born 1918)
  • 23 January – Ifan ab Owen Edwards, founder of the Urdd (born 1895)
  • 26 January – Albert Evans-Jones (Cynan), poet (born 1895)
  • 29 January – Basil Liddell Hart, military historian (born 1895)
  • 2 February – Bertrand Russell, logician and philosopher, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Literature (born 1872)
  • 14 February – Herbert Strudwick, cricketer (born 1880)
  • 15 February – Hugh Dowding, commander of RAF Fighter Command during the Battle of Britain (born 1882)
  • 28 February – Arthur Henry Knighton-Hammond, painter (born 1875)

April – June[]

  • 20 April – Thomas Iorwerth Ellis, academic (born 1899)
  • 7 May – Jack Jones, novelist (born 1884)
  • 20 May – Sir John Whiteley, general (born 1896)
  • 7 June – E. M. Forster, novelist (born 1879)
  • 15 June – Robert Morrison MacIver, Scottish-born sociologist (born 1882)
  • 27 June – Edwin La Dell, artist (born 1914)
  • 30 June – Githa Sowerby, dramatist (born 1876)

July – September[]

  • 7 July – Allen Lane, publisher (born 1902)
  • 20 July – Iain Macleod, politician (born 1913)
  • 29 July – John Barbirolli, conductor (born 1899)
  • 5 September – Jesse Pennington, footballer (born 1883)

October – December[]

  • 8 November – Alasdair Mackenzie, Liberal MP (born 1903)
  • 13 November – Bessie Braddock, Labour MP (born 1899)
  • 29 November – Irfan Orga, Ottoman-born airman and author (born 1908)
  • 14 December – William Slim, Field Marshal (born 1891)
  • 26 December
  • 31 December – Cyril Scott, composer and writer (born 1879)

See also[]

References[]

  1. ^ "The Key of the Door". The Times. 31 December 1969.
  2. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Penguin Pocket On This Day. Penguin Reference Library. 2006. ISBN 0-14-102715-0.
  3. ^ National Westminster Bank Act 1969 and National Westminster Bank Act 1969 (Appointed Day) Order 1969; registered in England and Wales under the Companies Act 1985, No. 929027
  4. ^ Baker, Michael H. C. (1997). London Transport since 1963. Shepperton: Ian Allan. ISBN 0-7110-2481-2.
  5. ^ "Heathrow welcomes first 'jumbo jet'". BBC News. 22 January 1970. Archived from " the original on 16 January 2008. Retrieved 2 February 2008.
  6. ^ Bevan, William Ham (2010). "Riot aGarden House". Cam. University of Cambridge. 61: 22–7.
  7. ^ "Black Sabbath Biography". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Retrieved 13 February 2014.
  8. ^ Cochrane, Kira (26 February 2010). "Forty years of women's liberation". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 6 April 2016.
  9. ^ "Ian Smith declares Rhodesia a republic". BBC News. 2 March 1970. Archived from the original on 7 March 2008. Retrieved 2 February 2008.
  10. ^ "Rabies ban on British pet imports". BBC News. 6 March 1970. Archived from the original on 6 March 2008. Retrieved 2 February 2008.
  11. ^ "Conservative victory in first teen election". BBC News. 13 March 1970. Archived from the original on 25 February 2008. Retrieved 2 February 2008.
  12. ^ Smith, Tony. "Martin Peters". www.sporting-heroes.net. Retrieved 18 September 2012.
  13. ^ [1]. Everton F.C. Archived 24 September 2010 at the Wayback Machine
  14. ^ Schaffner, Nicholas (1977). The Beatles Forever. New York: Cameron House. p. 135.
  15. ^ "Paisley victory rattles NI parliament". BBC News. 16 April 1970. Archived from the original on 7 March 2008. Retrieved 2 February 2008.
  16. ^ "Malcolm Allison". Mirror Football. Retrieved 13 February 2014.
  17. ^ "South Africa cricket tour called off". BBC News. 22 May 1970. Archived from the original on 7 March 2008. Retrieved 2 February 2008.
  18. ^ Participation, Expert. "Law Reform (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1970". www.legislation.gov.uk.
  19. ^ "British Prime Minister hit by flying egg". BBC News. 1 June 1970. Archived from the original on 7 March 2008. Retrieved 2 February 2008.
  20. ^ Department of the Environment (Merrison Committee of Inquiry) (1973). Inquiry into the Basis of Design and Method of Erection of Steel Box Girder Bridges. London: HMSO.
  21. ^ "How safe are our bridges?". BBC News Online. BBC. 3 August 2007. Retrieved 30 January 2008.
  22. ^ Lipton, Marvin (10 June 1970). "Public opinion polls show greater influence in Britain". The Star-Phoenix. Saskatoon. p. 25. Retrieved 13 February 2014.
  23. ^ "Laurence Olivier Attains Peerage; Burton Honored". The Palm Beach Post-Times. 3 (42). Florida. 13 June 1970. p. A3. Retrieved 13 February 2014.
  24. ^ "1970: 'Babes in the wood' bodies found". BBC News. 17 June 1970. Archived from the original on 7 March 2008. Retrieved 13 February 2008.
  25. ^ "The History of the Range Rover Marque". Land Rover Centre. Archived from the original on 3 March 2006. Retrieved 19 July 2010.
  26. ^ "1970 General election results summary". UK Political Info. Retrieved 1 September 2011.
  27. ^ "Shock election win for Heath". BBC News. 19 June 1970. Archived from the original on 7 March 2008. Retrieved 2 February 2008.
  28. ^ "BBC Politics 97". BBC News. Retrieved 11 September 2011.
  29. ^ "Violence flares as Devlin is arrested". BBC News. 26 June 1970. Archived from the original on 2 September 2007. Retrieved 2 February 2008.
  30. ^ "1970: Holiday jet goes missing over Spain". BBC News. 3 July 1970. Archived from the original on 4 February 2008. Retrieved 2 February 2008.
  31. ^ Jump up to: a b c d "1970: State of emergency called over dock strike". On this Day. BBC. 16 July 1978. Archived from the original on 8 April 2008. Retrieved 9 April 2008.
  32. ^ Pack, A. J. (1982). Nelson's Blood: the story of naval rum. Havant: K. Mason. ISBN 0-85937-279-0.
  33. ^ "1970: Bobby Moore cleared of stealing". BBC News. 20 August 1970. Archived from the original on 8 February 2008. Retrieved 2 February 2008.
  34. ^ Palmer, Alan; Veronica (1992). The Chronology of British History. London: Century Ltd. pp. 430–431. ISBN 0-7126-5616-2.
  35. ^ "The Isle of Wight festivals 1968–70". 2009. Archived from the original on 29 September 2010. Retrieved 12 November 2010.
  36. ^ Barnes, Clive (28 August 1970). "Historic Staging of Dream". The New York Times. Retrieved 23 June 2010.
  37. ^ "1970: Rock legend Hendrix dies after party". BBC News. 18 September 1970. Archived from the original on 2 February 2008. Retrieved 2 February 2008.
  38. ^ The Guardian, 5 October 1970, p. 6; The Times, 5 October 1970.
  39. ^ Durham, Dick (1989). The Last Sailorman. Lavenham: Terence Dalton. p. 142. ISBN 0-86138-067-3.
  40. ^ Oates, Peter (January 2010). "The Jam 'Ole Run" (PDF). Southampton Canal Society Newsletter (444). Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 December 2013. Retrieved 11 June 2012.
  41. ^ "1970: Large oil field found in North Sea". BBC News. 19 October 1970. Archived from the original on 15 February 2008. Retrieved 13 February 2008.
  42. ^ McClaren, J. B. (23 October 1970). "Strike may put brake on Cortinas". The Herald. Glasgow. Retrieved 11 June 2012.
  43. ^ Codgers, Old (1976). The Daily Mirror Old Codgers Little Black Book Number Two. p. 167. ISBN 0-85939-076-4.
  44. ^ "Your London". Retrieved 2 April 2008.[dead link]
  45. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1970". Retrieved 2 February 2008.
  46. ^ "Paul McCartney files a lawsuit to dissolve The Beatles' partnership". The Beatles Bible. 31 December 1970. Retrieved 19 January 2019.
  47. ^ Branson, Richard (1998). Losing My Virginity: the autobiography. London: Virgin. ISBN 1-85227-684-3.
  48. ^ Beattie, Jason (16 November 2009). "UK apologises for forced migration of 150,000 children". Daily Mirror. Retrieved 15 June 2010.
  49. ^ The Hutchinson Factfinder. Helicon. 1999. ISBN 1-85986-000-1.
  50. ^ "Britain Since 1948". Retrieved 13 February 2014.
  51. ^ Kirschenbaum, Matthew (1 March 2013). "The Book-Writing Machine: What was the first novel ever written on a word processor?". Slate. Retrieved 21 February 2016.
  52. ^ Britannica Book of the Year. Encyclopædia Britannica. 1971. p. 460.
  53. ^ "Goldsmith: CV". Edwardgoldsmith.com. Archived from the original on 22 August 2009. Retrieved 21 January 2011.
  54. ^ "Tasmina Sheikh". politics.co.uk.

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