Disdyakis triacontahedron

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Disdyakis triacontahedron
Disdyakis triacontahedron
(rotating and 3D model)
Type Catalan
Conway notation mD or dbD
Coxeter diagram CDel node f1.pngCDel 5.pngCDel node f1.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node f1.png
Face polygon DU28 facets.png
scalene triangle
Faces 120
Edges 180
Vertices 62 = 12 + 20 + 30
Face configuration V4.6.10
Symmetry group Ih, H3, [5,3], (*532)
Rotation group I, [5,3]+, (532)
Dihedral angle 164° 53' 17

arccos(-179-24√5/241)

Dual polyhedron Polyhedron great rhombi 12-20 max.png
truncated
icosidodecahedron
Properties convex, face-transitive
Disdyakis triacontahedron
net

In geometry, a disdyakis triacontahedron, hexakis icosahedron, decakis dodecahedron or kisrhombic triacontahedron[1] is a Catalan solid with 120 faces and the dual to the Archimedean truncated icosidodecahedron. As such it is face uniform but with irregular face polygons. It slightly resembles an inflated rhombic triacontahedron—if one replaces each face of the rhombic triacontahedron with a single vertex and four triangles in a regular fashion one ends up with a disdyakis triacontahedron. That is, the disdyakis triacontahedron is the Kleetope of the rhombic triacontahedron. It also has the most faces among the Archimedean and Catalan solids, with the snub dodecahedron, with 92 faces, in second place.

If the bipyramids, the gyroelongated bipyramids, and the trapezohedra are excluded, the disdyakis triacontahedron has the most faces of any other strictly convex polyhedron where every face of the polyhedron has the same shape.

Projected into a sphere, the edges of a disdyakis triacontahedron define 15 great circles. Buckminster Fuller used these 15 great circles, along with 10 and 6 others in two other polyhedra to define his 31 great circles of the spherical icosahedron.

Faces[]

The faces of a disdyakis triacontahedron are scalene triangles. If is the golden ratio then their angles are equal to , and .

Symmetry[]

The edges of the polyhedron projected onto a sphere form 15 great circles, and represent all 15 mirror planes of reflective Ih icosahedral symmetry. Combining pairs of light and dark triangles define the fundamental domains of the nonreflective (I) icosahedral symmetry. The edges of a compound of five octahedra also represent the 10 mirror planes of icosahedral symmetry.

Disdyakis 30.png
Disdyakis
triacontahedron 		Disdyakis 30 in deltoidal 60.png
Deltoidal
hexecontahedron 		Disdyakis 30 in rhombic 30.png
Rhombic
triacontahedron 		Disdyakis 30 in Platonic 12.png
Dodecahedron 		Disdyakis 30 in Platonic 20.png
Icosahedron 		Disdyakis 30 in pyritohedron.png
Pyritohedron

Orthogonal projections[]

The disdyakis triacontahedron has three types of vertices which can be centered in orthogonally projection:

Orthogonal projections
Projective
symmetry 		[2] [6] [10]
Image Dual dodecahedron t012 f4.png Dual dodecahedron t012 A2.png Dual dodecahedron t012 H3.png
Dual
image 		Dodecahedron t012 f4.png Dodecahedron t012 A2.png Dodecahedron t012 H3.png

Uses[]

Big Chop puzzle

The disdyakis triacontahedron, as a regular dodecahedron with pentagons divided into 10 triangles each, is considered the "holy grail" for combination puzzles like the Rubik's cube. This unsolved problem, often called the "big chop" problem, currently has no satisfactory mechanism. It is the most significant unsolved problem in mechanical puzzles.[2]

This shape was used to make d120 dice using 3D printing.[3] Since 2016, the Dice Lab has used the disdyakis triacontahedron to mass market an injection moulded 120 sided die.[4] It is claimed that the d120 is the largest number of possible faces on a fair die, aside from infinite families (such as right regular prisms, bipyramids, and trapezohedra) that would be impractical in reality due to the tendency to roll for a long time.[5]

A disdyakis tricontahedron projected onto a sphere is used as the logo for Brilliant, a website containing series of lessons on STEM-related topics.[6]

Related polyhedra and tilings[]

Conway polyhedron m3I.png Conway polyhedron m3D.png
Polyhedra similar to the disdyakis triacontahedron are duals to the Bowtie icosahedron and dodecahedron, containing extra pairs of triangular faces.[7]
Family of uniform icosahedral polyhedra
Symmetry: [5,3], (*532) [5,3]+, (532)
Uniform polyhedron-53-t0.svg Uniform polyhedron-53-t01.svg Uniform polyhedron-53-t1.svg Uniform polyhedron-53-t12.svg Uniform polyhedron-53-t2.svg Uniform polyhedron-53-t02.png Uniform polyhedron-53-t012.png Uniform polyhedron-53-s012.png
CDel node 1.pngCDel 5.pngCDel node.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node.png CDel node 1.pngCDel 5.pngCDel node 1.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node.png CDel node.pngCDel 5.pngCDel node 1.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node.png CDel node.pngCDel 5.pngCDel node 1.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node 1.png CDel node.pngCDel 5.pngCDel node.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node 1.png CDel node 1.pngCDel 5.pngCDel node.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node 1.png CDel node 1.pngCDel 5.pngCDel node 1.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node 1.png CDel node h.pngCDel 5.pngCDel node h.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node h.png
{5,3} t{5,3} r{5,3} t{3,5} {3,5} rr{5,3} tr{5,3} sr{5,3}
Duals to uniform polyhedra
Icosahedron.jpg Triakisicosahedron.jpg Rhombictriacontahedron.jpg Pentakisdodecahedron.jpg Dodecahedron.jpg Deltoidalhexecontahedron.jpg Disdyakistriacontahedron.jpg Pentagonalhexecontahedronccw.jpg
V5.5.5 V3.10.10 V3.5.3.5 V5.6.6 V3.3.3.3.3 V3.4.5.4 V4.6.10 V3.3.3.3.5

It is topologically related to a polyhedra sequence defined by the face configuration V4.6.2n. This group is special for having all even number of edges per vertex and form bisecting planes through the polyhedra and infinite lines in the plane, and continuing into the hyperbolic plane for any n ≥ 7.

With an even number of faces at every vertex, these polyhedra and tilings can be shown by alternating two colors so all adjacent faces have different colors.

Each face on these domains also corresponds to the fundamental domain of a symmetry group with order 2,3,n mirrors at each triangle face vertex. This is *n32 in orbifold notation, and [n,3] in Coxeter notation.

*n32 symmetry mutations of omnitruncated tilings: 4.6.2n
  • v
Sym.
*n32
[n,3] 		Spherical Euclid. Compact hyperb. Paraco. Noncompact hyperbolic
*232
[2,3] 		*332
[3,3] 		*432
[4,3] 		*532
[5,3] 		*632
[6,3] 		*732
[7,3] 		*832
[8,3] 		*∞32
[∞,3] 		 
[12i,3] 		 
[9i,3] 		 
[6i,3] 		 
[3i,3]
Figures Spherical truncated trigonal prism.png Uniform tiling 332-t012.png Uniform tiling 432-t012.png Uniform tiling 532-t012.png Uniform polyhedron-63-t012.png Truncated triheptagonal tiling.svg H2-8-3-omnitruncated.svg H2 tiling 23i-7.png H2 tiling 23j12-7.png H2 tiling 23j9-7.png H2 tiling 23j6-7.png H2 tiling 23j3-7.png
Config. 4.6.4 4.6.6 4.6.8 4.6.10 4.6.12 4.6.14 4.6.16 4.6.∞ 4.6.24i 4.6.18i 4.6.12i 4.6.6i
Duals Spherical hexagonal bipyramid.png Spherical tetrakis hexahedron.png Spherical disdyakis dodecahedron.png Spherical disdyakis triacontahedron.png Tiling Dual Semiregular V4-6-12 Bisected Hexagonal.svg H2checkers 237.png H2checkers 238.png H2checkers 23i.png H2 checkers 23j12.png H2 checkers 23j9.png H2 checkers 23j6.png H2 checkers 23j3.png
Config. V4.6.4 V4.6.6 V4.6.8 V4.6.10 V4.6.12 V4.6.14 V4.6.16 V4.6.∞ V4.6.24i V4.6.18i V4.6.12i V4.6.6i

References[]

  1. ^ Conway, Symmetries of things, p.284
  2. ^ Big Chop
  3. ^ Kevin Cook's Dice Collector website: d120 3D printed from Shapeways artist SirisC
  4. ^ The Dice Lab
  5. ^ "This D120 is the Largest Mathematically Fair Die Possible | Nerdist". Archived from the original on 2016-05-03.
  6. ^ "Brilliant | Learn to think". brilliant.org. Retrieved 2020-02-01.
  7. ^ Symmetrohedra: Polyhedra from Symmetric Placement of Regular Polygons Craig S. Kaplan
  • Williams, Robert (1979). The Geometrical Foundation of Natural Structure: A Source Book of Design. Dover Publications, Inc. ISBN 0-486-23729-X. (Section 3-9)
  • Wenninger, Magnus (1983), Dual Models, Cambridge University Press, doi:10.1017/CBO9780511569371, ISBN 978-0-521-54325-5, MR 0730208 (The thirteen semiregular convex polyhedra and their duals, Page 25, Disdyakistriacontahedron)
  • The Symmetries of Things 2008, John H. Conway, Heidi Burgiel, Chaim Goodman-Strass, ISBN 978-1-56881-220-5 [1] (Chapter 21, Naming the Archimedean and Catalan polyhedra and tilings, page 285, kisRhombic triacontahedron)

External links[]

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