Dual circulation
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Domestic-international dual circulation (simplified Chinese: 国内国际双循环; traditional Chinese: 國內國際雙循環; pinyin: guónèi guójì shuāng xúnhuán) is a strategy to reorient China's economy by prioritizing domestic consumption ("internal circulation") while remaining open to international trade and investment ("external circulation").[1][2] The first academic study on dual circulation defined it as "the domestic consumption-driven economic rebalancing to achieve sustainable economic development".[3]
The economic policy of dual circulation was put forward on 14 May 2020 by the Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP)[4] and later revised by CCP General Secretary Xi Jinping to stress prioritizing "internal circulation".[5] Dual circulation involves expanding domestic demand, focusing on the domestic market, improving the country's capacity for innovation, reducing dependence on foreign markets, and at the same time remaining open to the outside world.[2][6][7]
History[]
The intellectual predecessor of dual circulation was the "great international circulation", a strategy of economic growth through export-oriented production, articulated by Wang Jian during the era of former Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping.[8][9]
In 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic brought a global economic downturn and a decline in demand. Along with the China–United States trade war and American trade restrictions against Huawei and other Chinese firms, this has forced the Chinese government to adopt a domestic focus.[10]
On 14 May 2020, the CCP Politburo Standing Committee proposed a "new development program of mutual benefit through domestic-international dual circulation".[11] On 23 May 2020, at the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference 13th national committee, CCP General Secretary Xi Jinping said the country needed a development program that "takes the domestic market as the mainstay while letting internal and external markets boost each other".[7][12] On 4 November 2020, during his keynote speech by video at the opening ceremony for the third China International Import Expo, Xi said that this policy "is not any kind of closed-off domestic circulation, but rather an increasingly open domestic-international dual circulation, not just for China's own development needs, but also to benefit the people of all countries".[13] Assistant head of the CCP Central Financial and Economic Affairs Commission office said that "the proposal for a new development program that takes the domestic market as the mainstay while letting internal and external markets boost each other is the CCP's practical application of the objective laws of economic development. This is a proactive step, not a passive response; a long-term strategy, not an interim measure."[14]
Analysis[]
Some observers say the dual circulation plan is not that different from previous Chinese government efforts to refocus the economy. As early as 2006, a government work report described a "strategy of expanding domestic consumption...and strengthening the role of consumption in fueling economic development".[15][1] Julian Gewirtz suggested that the "dual circulation" slogan was introduced to "force focus, mobilization and prioritization".[1]
Analysts said that the strategy would involve supporting domestic businesses and reducing China's dependence on imports, including for energy, microchips, and other technology.[1][8] Economist Yu Yongding said that a key part of the project should be ensuring China's food and energy security.[9] Economist Yao Yang described the policy as a response to worsening China–United States relations, saying that "China needs to prepare for the worst-case scenario".[1]
Dual circulation also involves growing the Chinese middle class in order to increase domestic consumption. Economist Michael Pettis said that the plan would require transferring wealth from the government to private citizens, which would not be easy. According to the South China Morning Post, in late 2020 it remained "unclear whether China is ready to make such deep-rooted changes".[2]
The Economist summarized the strategy as "keeping China open to the world (the 'great international circulation'), while reinforcing its own market (the 'great domestic circulation')". More specifically, The Economist said that dual circulation involves making the Chinese economy more open to foreign companies in order to make them dependent on China, which in turn would give the Chinese government more geopolitical leverage.[8]
In 2021, a team of researchers at Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology presented the first academic study on "Dual Circulation".[3] It identified key factors responsible for it, and presented its first comprehensive definition.
Implementation[]
Dual circulation is part of China's 14th five-year plan (2021–2025).[16] Proposals for implementing the policy include government support for domestic technology companies and working to attract more foreign investment. Analyst of the Chongyang Institute for Financial Studies speculated that it would include government support for the service and energy sectors.[1]
See also[]
- Reform and opening up
- Xi Jinping Thought
References[]
- ^ a b c d e f Buckley, Chris (7 September 2020). "Xi's Post-Virus Economic Strategy for China Looks Inward". The New York Times. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
- ^ a b c Tang, Frank (19 November 2020). "What is China's dual circulation economic strategy and why is it important?". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 10 March 2021.
- ^ a b Javed, Saad Ahmed; Bo, Yu; Tao, Liangyan; Dong, Wenjie (2021-01-01). "The 'Dual Circulation' development model of China: Background and insights". Rajagiri Management Journal. ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print). doi:10.1108/RAMJ-03-2021-0016. ISSN 2633-0091.
- ^ "高层会议首提"国内国际双循环"新发展格局， 释放哪些重磅信号？". 第一財經. Archived from the original on 2020-10-27. Retrieved 2020-10-20.
- ^ Yao, Kevin (9 September 2020). "What we know about China's 'dual circulation' economic strategy". Reuters. Retrieved 14 March 2021.
- ^ "国际锐评丨打造"双循环"的中国经济有力回击"脱钩"谬论". 央視新聞. Archived from the original on 2020-10-24. Retrieved 2020-10-20.
- ^ a b "看习近平这几次重要讲话，弄懂"大循环""双循环"". 新华社. Archived from the original on 2020-09-24. Retrieved 2020-10-20.
- ^ a b c "China's "dual-circulation" strategy means relying less on foreigners". The Economist. 7 November 2020. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
- ^ a b Yu, Yongding (22 August 2020). "【余永定】 怎样实现从"国际大循环"到 "双循环"的转变？". Retrieved 9 March 2021.
- ^ "習近平提「雙循環」戰略：經濟重心向內轉". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2021-01-04. Retrieved 2020-10-21.
- ^ "如何理解"国内大循环""国内国际双循环"". 中国经济时报. Archived from the original on 2020-10-26. Retrieved 2020-10-20.
- ^ "Understanding 'dual circulation' and what it means for world". www.chinadaily.com.cn. Retrieved 10 March 2021.
- ^ "在第三届中国国际进口博览会开幕式上的主旨演讲". 新华每日电讯. 2020-11-05. p. 2. Retrieved 2020-11-07.
- ^ "中财办韩文秀：构建新发展格局，还要深入参与国际循环". 新浪. 2020-10-30. Archived from the original on 2020-11-03. Retrieved 2020-11-11.
- ^ "Government Work Report (2006)". China Daily. 2 March 2007. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
- ^ "Xiplomacy: Xi's vision of China's new development paradigm attracts global attention". Xinhua. 8 March 2021. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
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