Holodomor in modern politics

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The Holodomor (Ukrainian: Голодомор, literal translation Death by hunger) was a famine in the Ukrainian SSR and adjacent Cossack territories between 1932 and 1933, in which millions of Ukrainians died from starvation.[1][2] Opinions and beliefs about the Holodomor vary widely among nations: the event is considered a genocide by Ukraine[3] and fifteen out of 195[4] other nations,[5] a crime against humanity by the European Parliament,[6] and part of the wider Soviet famine by the Russian Federation.[7]

Background[]

The classification of the Holodomor famine as genocide has been controversial due in part to the objection of prominent Holocaust experts who took issue with the politicization of the word "genocide". These experts emphasized that there must be an "intent to destroy a whole group of people" and instead used the term "mass extermination". Raphael Lemkin, who first coined the term 'genocide', was a featured speaker at a gathering of Ukrainian-Americans in September 1953 to mark the twentieth anniversary of the Ukrainian Famine,[8] describing the 1932–33 famine as one aspect of a genocide in Ukraine perpetrated by the Soviet authorities between 1926 and 1946.[9]

At the international conference of the Ukrainian Holodomor, which was held in October 2003 at the of Vicenza, 28 conference participants that included historians James Mace, , , , , Orest Subtelny, and Mauro Martini – endorsed a resolution addressed to the Italian government and the European Parliament with a request to recognize the Holodomor as an act of genocide against the Ukrainian people.[10][11]

Governments and parliaments of several other countries have also officially recognized the Holodomor as an act of genocide.[12][13][14][15][16]

Recognition[]

Summary[]

The following sovereign states have recognized the Holodomor as an act of genocide:[17][18] Argentina, Australia, Canada, Colombia, Ecuador, Estonia, Georgia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Ukraine, and the Vatican. (The United States Congress and Senate passed resolutions of recognition, but the executive branch has not formally stated this.) The United States does not yet officially recognize the Holodomor as genocide.[19] The Baltic Assembly—Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania collectively—has also condemned the Holodomor as genocide. See Holodomor genocide question for more on the topic.

Many countries have signed declarations in statements at the UNGA affirming that the Holodomor was as a "national tragedy of the Ukrainian people" caused by the "cruel actions and policies of the totalitarian regime".[a] Similar statements were passed as resolutions by the following international organizations:[b] the European Parliament[c], the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (PACE),[d] the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE),[20][21] and the United Nations Organization for Education, Science and Culture (UNESCO).[a]

The following countries have signed declarations for the United Nations on the Holodomor:[e][f][24][25][26] Albania,[g] Argentina,[28][29][30] Australia,[31][32][33][34][g] Austria,[g] Azerbaijan,[g] Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada,[35][36] Chile, Colombia,[37][38] Czechia[39] Croatia, Denmark, Ecuador,[40][41] Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Mexico, Moldova, Monaco, Montenegro, Paraguay, Peru, Poland,[42][43] Portugal, Slovakia,[44][45] Spain, Ukraine, United States.[46][47] The Vatican City also recognized the Holodomor as genocide.[48]

National recognition[]

Ukraine[]

During most of the Soviet period, the famine of 1932–33 was a taboo topic in Soviet Ukraine. Following the publication of Robert Conquest's 1986 The Harvest of Sorrow (and the broadcasting into Ukraine of its reading aloud on Radio Liberty) and the report of the 1988 US Commission on the Ukrainian Famine, and under the influence of the new Soviet policy of glasnost (or hlasnist, "openness"), it became acceptable to publicly broach the subject of the famine.[49] Ukrainian Communist Party head Volodymyr Shcherbytskyi gave state and party scholars access to official archives and tasked them with discrediting the allegations of an artificial cause for the famine.[49] Unexpectedly, the Soviet committee's report concluded that the famine was not an anti-Soviet fraud, nor the result of bad weather or "kulak sabotage".[49] The Ukrainian Communist Party passed a resolution blaming the "criminal course pursued by Stalin and his closest entourage".[49]

On May 15, 2003, the Ukrainian parliament of Ukraine also passed a resolution declaring the famine of 1932 and 1933 to be an act of genocide, deliberately organized by the Soviet government against the Ukrainian nation.[50]

On November 28, 2006, the parliament passed a resolution recognizing the Holodomor as an act of genocide against the "Ukrainian people" and criminalizing both Holodomor denial and Holocaust denial. Supporting the bill were BYuT (118 deputies), NSNU (79), Socialists (30), 4 independent deputies, and the Party of Regions (2). Opposing the bill were KPU. 200 deputies did not cast a vote. In all, 233 deputies supported the bill, which was more than the minimum of 226 votes required to pass it into law.[51][52][53]

In 2007, President Viktor Yushchenko declared he wanted "a new law criminalising Holodomor denial", including the designation of the Holodomor as genocide or not, but such a law has never been adopted.[54] Communist Party head Petro Symonenko accused Yushchenko of "using the famine to stir up hatred" and stated he "does not believe there was any deliberate starvation at all".[55] Few in Ukraine share Symonenko's interpretation of history and the number of Ukrainians who deny the famine or view it as caused by natural reasons is steadily falling.[56]

On 12 January 2010, the court of appeals in Kyiv opened hearings into the "fact of genocide-famine Holodomor in Ukraine in 1932–33". In May 2009, the Security Service of Ukraine started a criminal case "in relation to the genocide in Ukraine in 1932–33".[57] In a ruling of January 13, 2010, Kyiv's Court of Appeal recognized the leaders of the totalitarian Bolshevik regime as those guilty of 'genocide against the Ukrainian national group in 1932-33 through the artificial creation of living conditions intended for its partial physical destruction.'"[58] The court dropped criminal proceedings against the leaders: Stalin, Vyacheslav Molotov, Lazar Kaganovich, Stanislav Kosior, Pavel Postyshev, Vlas Chubar and others, who all had died years before. This decision became effective on 21 January 2010.[59]

Australia[]

Resolution #680 was adopted by the Australian Senate on October 30, 2003, it states,[34]

The Senate
a) Notes that 2003 is the 70th anniversary of the enforced Famine in the Ukraine caused by the deliberate actions of Stalin's communist government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics;
b) Recalls that an estimated 7 million Ukrainians starved to death as a result of Stalinist policies in 1932–33 alone, and that millions more lost their lives in the purge that ensued for the remainder of the decade;
c) Notes that this constitutes one of the most heinous acts of genocide in history;

On 22 February 2008, the Australian House of Representatives issued a statement on the 75th Anniversary of Ukrainian Famine which states,[33]

75th Anniversary of the Ukrainian Famine
That the House:
(1) notes that 2007 marks the 75th anniversary of the Great Ukrainian Famine—Holodomor of 1932–33, caused by the deliberate actions of Stalin’s communist Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics;
(2) recalls that an estimated 7 million Ukrainians starved to death as a result of Stalinist policies in 1932–33 alone, and that millions more lost their lives in the purge that ensued for the remainder of the decade;
(3) notes: (a) that this constitutes one of the most heinous acts of genocide in history; (b) that the Ukrainian Famine was one of the greatest losses of human life in one country in the 20th century; and (c) that it remains insufficiently known and acknowledged by the world community and the United Nations as an act of genocide against the Ukrainian nation and its people, but has been recognised as such by the Verkhovna Rada (Parliament of Ukraine); (4) honours the memory of those who lost their lives; (5) joins the Ukrainian people throughout the world, and particularly in Australia, in commemorating these tragic events; and (6) submits that the Australian Government support a resolution to the General Assembly of the United Nations, which may be submitted by the Government of Ukraine, that the Holodomor in Ukraine in 1932–33 be recognised as an act of genocide against the Ukrainian nation and its people.

Canada[]

The Holodomor has been recognized by the Prime Minister of Canada, Canadian Senate and House of Commons, and the government of Canada has, with the advice and consent of the Senate and House of Commons of Canada, declared that fourth Saturday in November be known the "Ukrainian Famine and Genocide ("Holodomor”) Memorial Day".[60]

The Canadian Senate unanimously adopted a motion on the recognition of the Holodomor as a "Famine-Genocide" in 2003,[36] for Canada "to condemn any attempt to deny or distort this historical truth as anything less than a genocide"[h], and called for a day of remembrance for those "those that perished during the time of the Ukrainian Famine Genocide" to be commemorated on the fourth Saturday of November,[i] and for historians, educators, and parliamentarians "to include the true facts of the Ukrainian Famine/Genocide of 1932-33 in the records of Canada and in future educational materials". The day of remembrance was adopted in 2008.[60][61][35]

The Canadian House of Commons passed with the concurrence of the Canadian Senate, "An act to establish a Ukrainian Famine and Genocide ("Holodomor") Memorial Day and to recognize the Ukrainian Famine of 1932-33 as an act of genocide". It states (in part),[60]

Whereas the Ukrainian Famine and Genocide of 1932-33 known as the Holodomor was deliberately planned and executed by the Soviet regime under Joseph Stalin to systematically destroy the Ukrainian people’s aspirations for a free and independent Ukraine, and subsequently caused the death of millions of Ukrainians in 1932 and 1933. ...

Her Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate and House of Commons of Canada, enacts as follows: 1. This Act may be cited as the Ukrainian Famine and Genocide (“Holodomor”) Memorial Day Act. 2. Throughout Canada, in each and every year, the fourth Saturday in November shall be known as "Ukrainian Famine and Genocide ("Holodomor”) Memorial Day".

Canada has also signed all four of the joint declarations by delegations at the United Nations General Assembly recognizing and condemning the Holodomor.[j]

In 2019 an official statement about the genocide was issued from the Prime Minister of Canada on Holodomor Memorial Day; it reads in part,

Today, we remember the millions of innocent people in Ukraine who suffered and died during the Holodomor. From 1932 to 1933, the totalitarian Soviet regime launched a campaign of starvation across Ukraine. Millions died, and countless others were arrested, deported, or executed in a genocide designed to break their will. In the face of these horrors, the people of Ukraine endured, protecting their language, their culture, and their identity. In 1991, after decades of Soviet rule and oppression, they gained their independence. For too many years, the perpetrators of the Holodomor denied its existence and hid the full extent of the unspeakable suffering from the international community. It falls to each one of us to ensure their stories are never erased. [62]

Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Alberta, Ontario and Quebec have also passed legislation recognizing the Holodomor similar to those on the national level.[63]

The Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan recognized the Holodomor as genocide in 2008 with the passage of The Ukrainian Famine and Genocide (Holodomor) Memorial Day Act. In 2019, the Saskatchewan legislature lit a memorial candle for the duration of Holodomor Memorial Week to commemorate and remember the victims of the famine genocide.[64] A statue titled “Bitter Memories of Childhood” was installed in the park grounds surrounding the Saskatchewan Legislative Building in 2015 to remember the victims of the Holodomor. After attending the candle lighting ceremony in the legislature, Canadian Minister Greg Ottenbreit laid a wreath at the statue.[65]

Colombia[]

The House of Representatives of Colombia passed Resolution 079 in December, 2007 recognizing the Holodomor as an act of genocide against the Ukrainian people. The resolution reads in part, "To condemn the Genocide, which became the cause of 7 million victims among children, women, men and elderly people.".[k][66]

Russian Federation[]

The Russian Federation officially says that the Holodomor is not an ethnic genocide.[citation needed]

The lower house of parliament passed a resolution in 2008 stating that the Holodomor should not be considered genocide:[67]

There is no historical proof that the famine was organized along ethnic lines. Its victims were millions of citizens of the Soviet Union, representing different peoples and nationalities living largely in agricultural areas of the country.

The Russian Federation condemned the Soviet regime's "disregard for the lives of people in the attainment of economic and political goals", along with "any attempts to revive totalitarian regimes that disregard the rights and lives of citizens in former Soviet states" yet stated that "there is no historic evidence that the famine was organized on ethnic grounds."[68]

Russian politician Mikhail Kamynin has claimed that Russia is against the politicisation of the Holodomor, and this question is for historians, not politicians.[69] Simultaneously the vice-speaker of the Russian State Duma, Lyubov Sliska, when asked in Kyiv when Russia would apologize for its part in repressions and famines in Ukraine, replied, "why always insist that Russia apologize for everything? The people whose policies brought suffering not only to Ukraine, but to Russia, Belarus, peoples of the Caucasus, and Crimean Tatars, remain only in history textbooks, secret documents and minutes of meetings."[69]

Ukrainian mass media censured Evgeny Guzeev, the Consul-General of the Russian Federation in Lviv, who stated that "the leaders of the period were sensible people, and it is impossible to imagine that this was planned."[70]

Kyiv Post believes that Russia contests the recognition of the famine as a genocide is because "as the Soviet Union's legal successor, Russia is also concerned about the possibility of legal action or having to pay reparations."[71]

On November 17, 2007 members from Aleksandr Dugin's Russian nationalist group the Eurasian Youth Union broke into the Ukrainian cultural center in Moscow and smashed an exhibition on the famine.[72]

According to a Moscow Times article: "The Kremlin argues that genocide is the killing of a population based on their ethnicity, whereas Stalin's regime annihilated all kinds of people indiscriminately, regardless of their ethnicity. But if the Kremlin really believed in this argument, it would officially acknowledge that Stalin's actions constituted mass genocide against all the people of the Soviet Union."[73]

United States[]

The United States government authorized the building of the Holodomor Memorial to Victims of the Ukrainian Famine-Genocide of 1932–1933 in Washington D.C. in 2006. [l]

The United States Senate also adopted a non-binding resolution on 3 October 2018 recognising the Holodomor as genocide. The resolution reads that the Senate "recognizes the findings of the Commission on the Ukraine Famine as submitted to Congress on April 22, 1988, including that...'Stalin and those around him committed genocide against the Ukrainians in 1932–1933'". As of January 2021, The United States Senate,[74][75][76] House of Representatives,[77][78][79] and multiple state governments[80][81][82][83] have recognized the famine as man-made and as an act of genocide.

The conference on "Recognition and Denial of Genocide and Mass Killing in the 20th Century" held at City University of New York on 13 November 1987 concluded that millions died in Soviet Ukraine during a famine in 1932–33 and that the famine was both man-made and widely known. The United States Government Commission investigating the famine concluded this was part of the central government's attack on Ukrainian nationality and culture. The United States received reports about the famine from diplomatic contacts in Europe. The conference concluded that political considerations regarding the establishment of diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union played a role in not publicly sharing the information. The conference also found that leading American journalists working in the Soviet Union knowingly distorted or omitted information about the famine.[84]

According to the US Government Commission on the Ukrainian Famine,[12] the seizure of the 1932 crop by the Soviet authorities was the main reason for the famine. The US commission stated that "while famine took place during the 1932–1933 agricultural year in the Volga Basin and the North Caucasus Territory as a whole, the invasiveness of Stalin's interventions of both the Fall of 1932 and January 1933 in Ukraine are paralleled only in the ethnically Ukrainian Kuban region of the North Caucasus".

The Holodomor Memorial
Holodomor Genocide Memorial[]

In 2006, the United States government enacted Public Law 109-340 authorizing the establishment of a memorial to victims of the "famine-genocide". The law was passed by the 109th Congress and signed into law by President George W. Bush and states, "the Government of Ukraine is authorized to establish a memorial on Federal land in the District of Columbia to honor the victims of the Ukrainian famine-genocide of 1932–1933."[l] The Holodomor Genocide Memorial was opened in Washington, D.C., on November 7, 2015.[m]

Officially named The Holodomor Memorial to Victims of the Ukrainian Famine-Genocide of 1932-1933, the memorial is a joint project between the United States and the Ukrainian government. The memorial is operated by the National Park Service. The inscription on the memorial reads, "Famine-Genocide in Ukraine. In memory of the millions of innocent victims of a man-made famine in Ukraine engineered and implemented by Stalin’s totalitarian regime."[n]

International recognition[]

United Nations[]

On 10 November 2003, the Ukrainian ambassador to the United Nations presented a Joint declaration at the United Nations in connection with 70th anniversary of the Great Famine in Ukraine 1932–1933 to the UNGA. It was signed by 25 member delegations, and by the end of the month the list of signatories grew to 36, plus the European Union.[95][96][97] The preamble:[98]

In the former Soviet Union millions of men, women and children fell victims to the cruel actions and policies of the totalitarian regime. The Great Famine of 1932–1933 in Ukraine (Holodomor), took from 7 million to 10 million innocent lives and became a national tragedy for the Ukrainian people. In this regard, we note activities in observance of the seventieth anniversary of this Famine, in particular organized by the Government of Ukraine. Honouring the seventieth anniversary of the Ukrainian tragedy, we also commemorate the memory of millions of Russians, Kazakhs and representatives of other nationalities who died of starvation in the Volga River region, Northern Caucasus, Kazakhstan and in other parts of the former Soviet Union, as a result of civil war and forced collectivisation, leaving deep scars in the consciousness of future generations.

Valeriy Kuchinsky, the chief Ukrainian representative, claimed that the declaration that the Holodomor was a result of the politics of the totalitarian Soviet regime was a compromise, between the position of the Ukrainian government to recognize the Holodomor as genocide, and the positions of the Russian, British, and American governments to not.[70]

Subsequent declarations on significant anniversary dates have recalled the 2003 statement as well as the 2007 UNESCO resolution.

The United Nations General Assembly has not recognized the Holodomor as a genocide.[99]

Joint declarations by delegations at the United Nations General Assembly

Sixty-nine states signed one or more declarations presented in plenary sessions:

  • 2003, 10 November: Joint statement on the seventieth anniversary of the Holodomor of 1932–1933 in Ukraine (signed by 36 UNGA members)[96][97][o]
  • 2008, 16 December: Declaration on the seventy-fifth anniversary of the Holodomor of 1932–1933 in Ukraine (32 members)[100][p]
  • 2013, 12 December: Joint statement on the eightieth anniversary of the Holodomor of 1932–1933 in Ukraine (32 members)[101][q]
  • 2018, 11 December: Declaration on the eighty-fifth anniversary of the Holodomor of 1932–1933 in Ukraine (38 members)[27][102][r]
UNESCO[]

At the 2007 General Conference of the UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, 193 member delegations unanimously passed a resolution "On Remembrance of Victims of the Great Famine (Holodomor) in Ukraine". The November 1 statement recalled the 2003 UN Joint Statement, expressed sympathy, welcomed and encouraged members to participate in the upcoming 75th-anniversary commemorations, and requested the Director-General to promote awareness of the Holodomor.[103][104][105]

Ukrainian World Congress[]

International Commission of Inquiry Into the 1932–33 Famine in Ukraine[]

The final report of the Ukrainian World Congress's International Commission of Inquiry Into the 1932–33 Famine in Ukraine, delivered to the United Nations Under-Secretary for Human Rights in Geneva on May 9, 1990, concluded that the famine in Ukraine was, in fact, genocide. At same time the commission majority (5 of 6) deems it plausible that the constituent elements of genocide were in existence at the time of the famine. Commission is unable to affirm the existence of a preconceived plan to organize a famine in Ukraine, in order to ensure the success of Moscow policies.[106][107]

Baltic Assembly[]

In 2007, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania, acting in the Baltic Assembly issued the statement, On Commemorating the Victims of Genocide and Political Repressions Committed in Ukraine in 1932 and 1933, condemning the genocide and political repressions committed in 1932 and 1933.[108][17] The statement reads,

The Baltic Assembly,
acknowledging that genocide and political repressions are crimes against humanity;
condemning the genocide and political repressions committed in 1932 and 1933 as a result of which the Ukrainian people experienced mental and physical sufferings;
emphasizing that the Baltic States truly understand the tragedy of the Ukrainian people because during World War II the Baltic States lost their independence, and hundreds of thousands of their permanent inhabitants were executed or deported to the remote and harsh regions of the Soviet Union;
stressing the Baltic States’ solidarity with the Ukrainian people, proposes raising public awareness, especially the awareness of the younger generation, about genocide and other crimes against humanity;
expresses the deepest sympathy to the victims of genocide and political repressions, as well as to the entire Ukrainian people who have endured these sufferings.
Riga, 24 November 2007

EU-Ukraine Parliamentary Cooperation Committee[]

On 14 November 2013, the EU-Ukraine Parliamentary Cooperation Committee agreed on and issued a joint statement, which states,

Commemorates with a sense of deep sorrow the victims of the 1932-1933 Holodomor in Ukraine and urges the EU Member States to condemn the criminal actions of the totalitarian USSR regime which orchestrated the Holodomor Ukrainian genocide and to commemorate the millions of victims of the Holodomor, particularly during formal events at the Eastern Partnership Summit in Vilnius on 28 and 29 November 2013.[109][17]

2013 EU-Ukraine Eastern Partnership Summit[]

Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe[]

On 3 July 2008 the Parliamentary Assembly of Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe passed the resolution condemning the Ukrainian famine acknowledging the direct responsibility of the Soviet action. The resolution called upon all parliaments to take measures on recognition of the fact of Holodomor in Ukraine but fell short of recognizing it as an act of genocide as requested by the document prepared by the Ukrainian delegation.[110][111]

European Parliament[]

On 23 October 2008, the European Parliament passed a resolution titled, European Parliament resolution of 23 October 2008 on the commemoration of the Holodomor, the Ukraine artificial famine (1932-1933); the resolution includes the following statements:[6][112]

"Whereas the Holodomor famine of 1932-1933, which caused the deaths of millions of Ukrainians, was cynically and cruelly planned by Stalin's regime in order to force through the Soviet Union's policy of collectivisation of agriculture against the will of the rural population in Ukraine" ...
Makes the following declaration to the people of Ukraine and in particular to the remaining survivors of the Holodomor and the families and relatives of the victims:
  • "Recognises the Holodomor (the artificial famine of 1932-1933 in Ukraine) as an appalling crime against the Ukrainian people, and against humanity;
  • Strongly condemns these acts, directed against the Ukrainian peasantry, and marked by mass annihilation and violations of human rights and freedoms;
  • Expresses its sympathy with the Ukrainian people, who suffered in this tragedy, and pays its respects to those who died as a consequence of the artificial famine of 1932-1933;
  • Calls on the countries which emerged following the break-up of the Soviet Union to open up their archives on the Holodomor in Ukraine of 1932-1933 to comprehensive scrutiny so that all the causes and consequences can be revealed and fully investigated;"

Council of Europe[]

In 2010, The Council of Europe Parliamentary Assembly approved Resolution 1723 (2010), titled Commemorating the victims of the Great Famine (Holodomor) in the former USSR, recognising and condemning the Holodomor as a "crime against humanity"[s]. The resolution reads (in part),

Section 4: Millions of innocent people in Belarus, Kazakhstan, Moldova, Russia and Ukraine, which were parts of the Soviet Union, lost their lives as a result of mass starvation caused by the cruel and deliberate actions and policies of the Soviet regime.

Section 11: It strongly condemns the cruel policies pursued by the Stalinist regime, which resulted in the death of millions of innocent people, as a crime against humanity. It resolutely rejects any attempts to justify these deadly policies, by whatever purposes, and recalls that the right to life is non-derogable.

Resolution 1723 references Resolution 1481 (2006) on the need for international condemnation of the crimes committed by communist governments and recognising other groups that were impacted by the wider famine of 1932–33.[113]

See also[]

References[]

Notes[]

  1. ^ Jump up to: a b See the United Nations for a list of resolutions with references.
  2. ^ See United Nations section for details and references.
  3. ^ See European Parliament section for text and references for European Parliament resolution of 23 October 2008 on the commemoration of the Holodomor, the Ukraine artificial famine.
  4. ^ See Council of Europe for details and references.
  5. ^ For details on recognition, see National recognition.
  6. ^ For a list of nations which were co-author sponsors of the UN Declaration on 85th anniversary of Holodomor, see [22][23]
  7. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Nation has signed the United Nations Declaration on the Eighty-Fifth Anniversary of the Holodomor of 1932-1933 in Ukraine.[27]
  8. ^ Bold type was used in the official press release from the Canadian Senate regarding the passing of the resolution on the Famine Genocide.
  9. ^ The fourth Saturday of November is the day the Ukraine remembers the Holodomor.
  10. ^ See footnotes and references in the United Nations section.
  11. ^ English translation of text from the Holodomor Museum.
  12. ^ Jump up to: a b See 120 STAT. 1864 PUBLIC LAW 109–340—OCT. 13, 2006.[85][86][87][88]
  13. ^ For information about the design and opening of the memorial, see [89][90][91]
  14. ^ For more information about the design and operation of the memorial, see [92][93][94]
  15. ^ Nations signing the Joint Statement on the Seventieth Anniversary of the Great Famine of 1932-1933 in Ukraine (Holodomor): Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Belarus, Benin, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Canada, Egypt, Georgia, Guatemala, Islamic Republic of Iran, Jamaica, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Nauru, Nepal, Pakistan, Peru, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Tajikistan, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, the Republic of Korea, the Republic of Moldova, the Russian Federation, the Sudan, the Syrian Arab Republic, the United Arab Emirates, the United States of America, Timor-Leste, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan.
  16. ^ Nations signing the Declaration on the Seventy-Fifth Anniversary of the Holodomor of 1932-1933 in Ukraine: Albania, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belgium, Canada, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxemburg, Malta, Monaco, Norway, Poland, Saint Lucia, Spain, Sweden, Ukraine, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and the United States of America.
  17. ^ Nations signing the Joint Statement on the Eightieth Anniversary of the Holodomor of 1932-1933 in Ukraine: Albania, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belgium, Canada, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Moldova, Monaco, Norway, Poland, Spain, Sweden, Ukraine, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and the United States of America.
  18. ^ Nations signing the Declaration on the Eighty-Fifth Anniversary of the Holodomor of 1932-1933 in Ukraine: Albania, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Monaco, Montenegro, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, the United Kingdom, and the United States.[27]
  19. ^ See Section 11, Resolution 1723, Council of Europe.[113]

Citations[]

  1. ^ Jones, Adam (2016). Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction (3rd ed.). London: Routledge. p. 90. Holodomor – the Ukrainian “famine-extermination” of 1932–1933 at the hands of Stalin’s Soviet regime (Chapter 5); "a compound word combining the root holod ‘hunger’ with the verbal root mor 'extinguish', 'exterminate' (Lubomyr Hajda, Harvard University).
  2. ^ - "The famine of 1932–33", Encyclopædia Britannica. Quote: "The Great Famine (Holodomor) of 1932–33—a man-made demographic catastrophe unprecedented in peacetime. Of the estimated six to eight million people who died in the Soviet Union, about four to five million were Ukrainians... Its deliberate nature is underscored by the fact that no physical basis for famine existed in Ukraine... Soviet authorities set requisition quotas for Ukraine at an impossibly high level. Brigades of special agents were dispatched to Ukraine to assist in procurement, and homes were routinely searched and foodstuffs confiscated... The rural population was left with insufficient food to feed itself."
  3. ^ "Holodomor, Genocide & Russia: the great Ukrainian challengeEuromaidan Press". Euromaidanpress.com. Retrieved 6 February 2021.
  4. ^ Shtohrin, Iryna (23 November 2019). "Holodomor, Genocide & Russia: the great Ukrainian challenge". Euromaiden Press. Archived from the original on 26 February 2021. Retrieved 27 May 2021. Out of 195 countries, 16 UN countries and Vatican City recognize the Holodomor as genocide on the state level: Australia, Canada, Colombia, Ecuador, Estonia, Georgia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Ukraine, USA, and the Vatican.
  5. ^ Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty (7 November 2019). "Holodomor: How Millions Of Ukrainians Died of Starvation During Stalin-Era Mass Famine". YouTube. Retrieved 6 February 2021.
  6. ^ Jump up to: a b "Parliament recognises Ukrainian famine of 1930s as crime against humanity". European Parliament. 23 October 2008. Archived from the original on 9 July 2011. Retrieved 31 January 2021.
  7. ^ "Russia's denying Holodomor as genocide same as committing this crime - Ukrainian Foreign Ministry". Ukrimform. Retrieved 6 February 2021.
  8. ^ Bilinsky, Yaroslav (1999). "Was the Ukrainian Famine of 1932–1933 Genocide?". Journal of Genocide Research. 1 (2): 147–156. doi:10.1080/14623529908413948. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 October 2019. Retrieved 18 January 2021.
  9. ^ Lemkin, Rafael (8 April 2009). "Lemkin on Genocide of Nations" (PDF). Journal of International Criminal Justice. 7 (1): 123–130. doi:10.1093/jicj/mqp002.
  10. ^ "Convegno internazionale di studi: La grande carestia, la fame e la morte della terra nell'Ucraina del 1932–33" [International conference: A great famine, starvation and death in the land of Ukraine in 1932–33] (PDF) (in Italian). Italian Association of Ukrainian Studies (AISU). October 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 February 2005.
  11. ^ James Mace (21 October 2003). "The Great Famine-Genocide in Soviet Ukraine (Holodomor): Intellectual Europe on Ukrainian Genocide". The Day Weekly Digest. artukraine.com. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 26 February 2016.
  12. ^ Jump up to: a b "U. S. Commission on the Ukraine Famine, Report to Congress: Findings". U.S. Commission on the Ukraine Famine. faminegenocide.com. 19 April 1988. Archived from the original on 4 June 2011. Retrieved 26 February 2016.
  13. ^ "US House of Representatives Authorizes Construction of Ukrainian Genocide Monument in Washington, D.C." UCCA. 16 November 2005. Archived from the original on 25 November 2005.
  14. ^ "Statement by Pope John Paul II on the 70th anniversary of the Famine". skrobach.com. 2007. Archived from the original on 30 June 2007.
  15. ^ HR356 "Expressing the sense of the House of Representatives regarding the man-made famine that occurred in Ukraine in 1932–1933" Archived 2008-06-15 at the Wayback Machine, United States House of Representatives, Washington, D.C., October 21, 2003
  16. ^ Countries whose governments recognize Holodomor as genocide are Argentina [1], Australia [2] [3], Azerbaijan [4], Belgium [5], Canada [6], Estonia [7], Georgia [8], Hungary [9], Italy [10], Latvia [11], Lithuania [12], Moldova [13], Poland [14] Archived 2008-10-28 at the Wayback Machine, United States [15] and the Vatican [16]
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