ISO 639 macrolanguage

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A macrolanguage is a book-keeping mechanism for the ISO 639 international standard for language codes. Macrolanguages are established to assist mapping between different sets of ISO language codes. Specifically, there may be a many-to-one correspondence between ISO 639-3, intended to identify all the thousands of languages of the world, and either of two other sets, ISO 639-1, established to identify languages in computer systems, and ISO 639-2, which encodes a few hundred languages for library cataloguing and bibliographic purposes. When such many-to-one ISO 639-2 codes are included in an ISO 639-3 context, they are called "macrolanguages" to distinguish them from the corresponding individual languages of ISO 639-3.^[1] According to the ISO,

Some existing code elements in ISO 639-2, and the corresponding code elements in ISO 639-1, are designated in those parts of ISO 639 as individual language code elements, yet are in a one-to-many relationship with individual language code elements in [ISO 639-3]. For purposes of [ISO 639-3], they are considered to be macrolanguage code elements.

— ISO 639-3: Relationship between ISO 639-3 and the other parts of ISO 639^[2]

ISO 639-3 is curated by SIL International, ISO 639-2 is curated by the Library of Congress (USA).

The mapping often has the implication that it covers borderline cases where two language varieties may be considered strongly divergent dialects of the same language or very closely related languages (dialect continuums); it may also encompass situations when there are language varieties that are considered to be varieties of the same language on the grounds of ethnic, cultural, and political considerations, rather than linguistic reasons. However, this is not its primary function and the classification is not evenly applied.

For example, Chinese is a macrolanguage encompassing many languages that are not mutually intelligible, but the languages "Standard German", "Bavarian German", and other closely related languages do not form a macrolanguage, despite being more mutually intelligible. Other examples include Tajiki not being part of the Persian macrolanguage despite sharing much lexicon, and Urdu and Hindi not forming a macrolanguage despite forming a mutually intelligible dialect continuum. Even all dialects of Hindi are considered as separate languages. Basically, ISO 639-2 and ISO 639-3 use different criteria for dividing language varieties into languages, 639-2 uses shared writing systems and literature more whereas 639-3 focuses on mutual intelligibility and shared lexicon. The macrolanguages exist within the ISO 639-3 code set to make mapping between the two sets easier.

The use of macrolanguages was applied in Ethnologue, starting in the 16th edition.^[3] As of 2020, there are fifty-eight language codes in ISO 639-2 that are counted as macrolanguages in ISO 639-3,^[4] but new macrolanguages are no longer being created, as current databases are sufficient to indicated the relationships between codes.

Some of the macrolanguages had no individual language (as defined by 639-3) in ISO 639-2, e.g. "ara" (Arabic), but ISO 639-3 recognizes different varieties of Arabic as separate languages under some circumstances. Others, like "nor" (Norwegian) had their two individual parts (nno Nynorsk, nob Bokmål) already in 639-2. That means some languages (e.g. "arb" Standard Arabic) that were considered by ISO 639-2 to be dialects of one language ("ara") are now in ISO 639-3 in certain contexts considered to be individual languages themselves. This is an attempt to deal with varieties that may be linguistically distinct from each other, but are treated by their speakers as forms of the same language, e.g. in cases of diglossia. For example,

• Generic Arabic, 639-2^[5]
• Standard Arabic, 639-3^[6]

ISO 639-2 also includes codes for collections of languages; these are not the same as macrolanguages. These collections of languages are excluded from ISO 639-3, because they never refer to individual languages. Most such codes are included in ISO 639-5.

Types of macrolanguages[]

• elements that have no ISO 639-2 code: 4 (bnc, hbs, kln, luy)
• elements that have no ISO 639-1 code: 29
• elements that do have ISO 639-1 codes: 33
• elements whose individual languages have ISO 639-1 codes: 4
  • aka – tw
  • hbs – bs, hr, sr
  • msa – id
  • nor – nb, nn

List of macrolanguages[]

This list only includes official data from https://iso639-3.sil.org/code_tables/macrolanguage_mappings/data.

ISO 639-1	ISO 639-2	ISO 639-3	Number of individual languages	Name of macrolanguage
ak	aka	aka	2	Akan language
ar	ara	ara	29 + retired 1	Arabic language
ay	aym	aym	2	Aymara language
az	aze	aze	2	Azerbaijani language
(-)	bal	bal	3	Baluchi language
(-)	bik	bik	8 + retired 1	Bikol language
(-)	(-)	bnc	5	Bontok language
(-)	bua	bua	3	Buriat language
(-)	chm	chm	2	Mari language (Russia)
cr	cre	cre	6	Cree language
(-)	del	del	2	Delaware language
(-)	den	den	2	Slavey language (Athapascan)
(-)	din	din	5	Dinka language
(-)	doi	doi	2	Dogri language
et	est	est	2	Estonian language
fa	fas/per	fas	2	Persian language
ff	ful	ful	9	Fulah language
(-)	gba	gba	6 + retired 1	Gbaya language (Central African Republic)
(-)	gon	gon	3 + retired 1	Gondi language
(-)	grb	grb	5	Grebo language
gn	grn	grn	5	Guaraní language
(-)	hai	hai	2	Haida language
(-)[7]	(-)	hbs	4	Serbo-Croatian
(-)	hmn	hmn	25 + retired 1	Hmong language
iu	iku	iku	2	Inuktitut language
ik	ipk	ipk	2	Inupiaq language
(-)	jrb	jrb	5	Judeo-Arabic languages
kr	kau	kau	3	Kanuri language
(-)	(-)	kln	9	Kalenjin languages
(-)	kok	kok	2	Konkani language
kv	kom	kom	2	Komi language
kg	kon	kon	3	Kongo language
(-)	kpe	kpe	2	Kpelle language
ku	kur	kur	3	Kurdish language
(-)	lah	lah	7 + retired 1	Lahnda language
lv	lav	lav	2	Latvian language
(-)	(-)	luy	14	Luyia language
(-)	man	man	6 + retired 1	Manding languages
mg	mlg	mlg	11 + retired 1	Malagasy language
mn	mon	mon	2	Mongolian language
ms	msa/may	msa	36 + retired 1	Malay language
(-)	mwr	mwr	6	Marwari language
ne	nep	nep	2	Nepali language
no	nor	nor	2	Norwegian language
oj	oji	oji	7	Ojibwa language
or	ori	ori	2	Oriya language
om	orm	orm	4	Oromo language
ps	pus	pus	3	Pashto language
qu	que	que	43 + retired 1	Quechua language
(-)	raj	raj	6	Rajasthani language
(-)	rom	rom	7	Romany language
sq	sqi/alb	sqi	4	Albanian language
sc	srd	srd	4	Sardinian language
sw	swa	swa	2	Swahili language
(-)	syr	syr	2	Syriac language
(-)	tmh	tmh	4	Tuareg languages
uz	uzb	uzb	2	Uzbek language
yi	yid	yid	2	Yiddish language
(-)	zap	zap	57 + retired 1	Zapotec language
za	zha	zha	16 + retired 2	Zhuang languages
zh	zho/chi	zho	16	Chinese language
(-)	zza	zza	2	Zaza language
33	58	62	440 + retired 13	total codes
ISO 639-1	ISO 639-2	ISO 639-3	Number of individual languages	Name of macrolanguage

List of macrolanguages and the individual languages[]

This is a complete list of the individual language codes that comprise the macrolanguages in the ISO 639-3 code tables as of 30 January 2020.^[8]

aaa–ezz[]

aka[]

aka is the ISO 639-3 language code for Akan. Its ISO 639-1 code is ak. There are two individual language codes assigned:

• fat – Fante
• twi – Twi

ara[]

ara is the ISO 639-3 language code for Arabic. Its ISO 639-1 code is ar. There are twenty-nine individual language codes assigned:

• aao – Algerian Saharan Arabic
• abh – Tajiki Arabic
• abv – Baharna Arabic
• acm – Mesopotamian Arabic
• acq – Ta'izzi-Adeni Arabic
• acw – Hijazi Arabic
• acx – Omani Arabic
• acy – Cypriot Arabic
• adf – Dhofari Arabic
• aeb – Tunisian Arabic
• aec – Saidi Arabic
• afb – Gulf Arabic
• ajp – South Levantine Arabic
• apc – North Levantine Arabic
• apd – Sudanese Arabic
• arb – Standard Arabic
• arq – Algerian Arabic
• ars – Najdi Arabic
• ary – Moroccan Arabic
• arz – Egyptian Arabic
• auz – Uzbeki Arabic
• avl – Eastern Egyptian Bedawi Arabic
• ayh – Hadrami Arabic
• ayl – Libyan Arabic
• ayn – Sanaani Arabic
• ayp – North Mesopotamian Arabic
• pga – Sudanese Creole Arabic
• shu – Chadian Arabic
• ssh – Shihhi Arabic

The following codes were previously part of ara:

• bbz – Babalia Creole Arabic (Non-existent; Code retired 23 January 2020)

aym[]

aym is the ISO 639-3 language code for Aymara. Its ISO 639-1 code is ay. There are two individual language codes assigned:

• ayr – Central Aymara
• ayc – Southern Aymara

aze[]

aze is the ISO 639-3 language code for Azerbaijani. Its ISO 639-1 code is az. There are two individual language codes assigned:

• azj – North Azerbaijani
• azb – South Azerbaijani

bal[]

bal is the ISO 639-3 language code for Baluchi. There are three individual language codes assigned:

• bgp – Eastern Balochi
• bcc – Southern Balochi
• bgn – Western Balochi

bik[]

bik is the ISO 639-3 language code for Bikol. There are eight individual language codes assigned:

• bcl – Central Bikol
• bto – Rinconada Bikol
• cts – Northern Catanduanes Bikol
• bln – Southern Catanduanes Bikol
• fbl – West Albay Bikol
• lbl – Libon Bikol
• rbl – Miraya Bikol
• ubl – Buhi'non Bikol

The following code was previously part of bik:

• bhk – Albay Bicolano (Split into Buhi'non Bikol [ubl], Libon Bikol [lbl], Miraya Bikol [rbl], and West Albay Bikol [fbl] on 18 January 2010)

bnc[]

bnc is the ISO 639-3 language code for Bontok. There are five individual language codes assigned:

• ebk – Eastern Bontok
• lbk – Central Bontok
• obk – Southern Bontok
• rbk – Northern Bontok
• vbk – Southwestern Bontok

bua[]

bua is the ISO 639-3 language code for Buriat. There are three individual language codes assigned:

• bxu – China Buriat
• bxm – Mongolia Buriat
• bxr – Russia Buriat

chm[]

chm is the ISO 639-3 language code for Mari, a language located in Russia. There are two individual language codes assigned:

• mhr – Eastern Mari
• mrj – Western Mari

cre[]

cre is the ISO 639-3 language code for Cree. Its ISO 639-1 code is cr. There are six individual language codes assigned:

• crm – Moose Cree
• crl – Northern East Cree
• crk – Plains Cree
• crj – Southern East Cree
• csw – Swampy Cree
• cwd – Woods Cree

In addition, there are six closely associated individual codes:

• nsk – Naskapi (part of the Cree language group but not included under the cre macrolanguage designation)
• moe – Montagnais (part of the Cree language group but not included under the cre macrolanguage designation)
• atj – Atikamekw (part of the Cree language group but not included under the cre macrolanguage designation)
• crg – Michif language (Cree-French mixed language with strong influences from Ojibwe language group and not included under the cre macrolanguage designation)
• ojs – Ojibwa, Severn (Ojibwa, Northern) (part of the Ojibwa language group with strong influences from the Cree language group and not included under the cre macrolanguage designation)
• ojw – Ojibwa, Western (part of the Ojibwa language group with strong influences from the Cree language group and not included under the cre macrolanguage designation)

In addition, there is one other language without individual codes closely associated, but not part of, this macrolanguage code:

• Bungee language (mixed language of Cree, Ojibwa, French, English, Assiniboine and Scottish Gaelic)

del[]

del is the ISO 639-3 language code for Delaware. There are two individual language codes assigned:

• umu – Munsee
• unm – Unami

den[]

den is the ISO 639-3 language code for Slave. There are two individual language codes assigned:

• scs – North Slavey
• xsl – South Slavey

din[]

din is the ISO 639-3 language code for Dinka. There are five individual language codes assigned:

• dip – Northeastern Dinka
• diw – Northwestern Dinka
• dib – South Central Dinka
• dks – Southeastern Dinka
• dik – Southwestern Dinka

doi[]

doi is the ISO 639-3 language code for Dogri. There are two individual language codes assigned:

• dgo – Dogri (individual language)
• xnr – Kangri

est[]

est is the ISO 639-3 language code for Estonian. Its ISO 639-1 code is et. There are two individual language codes assigned:

• ekk – Estonian (Standard Estonian)
• vro – Võro

faa–jzz[]

fas[]

fas is the ISO 639-3 language code for Persian. Its ISO 639-1 code is fa. There are two individual language codes assigned:

• prs – Dari Persian
• pes – Western Persian

ful[]

ful is the ISO 639-2 and ISO 639-3 language code for Fulah (also spelled Fula). Its ISO 639-1 code is ff. There are nine individual language codes assigned for varieties of Fulah:

• fub – Adamawa Fulfulde
• fui – Bagirmi Fulfulde
• fue – Borgu Fulfulde
• fuq – Central-Eastern Niger Fulfulde
• ffm – Maasina Fulfulde
• fuv – Nigerian Fulfulde
• fuc – Pulaar
• fuf – Pular
• fuh – Western Niger Fulfulde

gba[]

gba is the ISO 639-3 language code for Gbaya located in the Central African Republic. There are six individual language codes assigned:

• bdt – Bokoto
• gbp – Gbaya-Bossangoa
• gbq – Gbaya-Bozoum
• gmm – Gbaya-Mbodomo
• gya – Northwest Gbaya
• gso – Southwest Gbaya

The following code was previously part of gba:

• mdo – Southwest Gbaya (Split into Southwest Gbaya [gso] (new identifier) and Gbaya-Mbodomo [gmm] on 14 January 2008)

gon[]

gon is the ISO 639-3 language code for Gondi. There are three individual language codes assigned:

• esg – Aheri Gondi
• gno – Northern Gondi
• wsg – Adilabad Gondi

The following code was previously part of gon:

• ggo – Southern Gondi (Split into [esg] Aheri Gondi and [wsg] Adilabad Gondi on 15 January 2016)

grb[]

grb is the ISO 639-3 language code for Grebo. There are five individual language codes assigned:

• gry – Barclayville Grebo
• grv – Central Grebo
• gec – Gboloo Grebo
• gbo – Northern Grebo
• grj – Southern Grebo

grn[]

grn is the ISO 639-3 language code for Guarani. Its ISO 639-1 code is gn. There are five individual language codes assigned:

• nhd – Chiripá
• gui – Eastern Bolivian Guaraní
• gun – Mbyá Guaraní
• gug – Paraguayan Guaraní
• gnw – Western Bolivian Guaraní

hai[]

hai is the ISO 639-3 language code for Haida. There are two individual language codes assigned:

• hdn – Northern Haida
• hax – Southern Haida

hbs[]

hbs is the ISO 639-3 language code for Serbo-Croatian. There are four individual language codes assigned:

• bos – Bosnian
• hrv – Croatian
• cnr – Montenegrin
• srp – Serbian

hmn[]

hmn is the ISO 639-3 language code for Hmong. There are twenty-five individual language codes assigned:

• hmc – Central Huishui Hmong
• hmm – Central Mashan Hmong
• cqd – Chuanqiandian Cluster Miao
• hme – Eastern Huishui Hmong
• hmq – Eastern Qiandong Miao
• muq – Eastern Xiangxi Miao
• hmj – Ge
• mww – Hmong Daw
• hnj – Hmong Njua
• hrm – Horned Miao
• hmd – Large Flowery Miao
• hml – Luopohe Hmong
• huj – Northern Guiyang Hmong
• hmi – Northern Huishui Hmong
• hmp – Northern Mashan Hmong
• hea – Northern Qiandong Miao
• sfm – Small Flowery Miao
• hmy – Southern Guiyang Hmong
• hma – Southern Mashan Hmong
• hms – Southern Qiandong Miao
• hmg – Southwestern Guiyang Hmong
• hmh – Southwestern Huishui Hmong
• hmw – Western Mashan Hmong
• hmz – Hmong Shua
• mmr – Western Xiangxi Miao

The following code was previously part of hmn:

• blu – Hmong Njua (Split into Hmong Njua [hnj] (new identifier), Chuanqiandian Cluster Miao [cqd], Horned Miao [hrm], and Small Flowery Miao [sfm] on 14 January 2008)

iku[]

iku is the ISO 639-3 language code for Inuktitut. Its ISO 639-1 code is iu. There are two individual language codes assigned:

• ike – Eastern Canadian Inuktitut
• ikt – Inuinnaqtun

ipk[]

ipk is the ISO 639-3 language code for Inupiaq. Its ISO 639-1 code is ik. There are two individual language codes assigned:

• esi – North Alaskan Inupiatun
• esk – Northwest Alaska Inupiatun

jrb[]

jrb is the ISO 639-3 language code for Judeo-Arabic. There are five individual language codes assigned:

• yhd – Judeo-Iraqi Arabic
• aju – Judeo-Moroccan Arabic
• yud – Judeo-Tripolitanian Arabic
• ajt – Judeo-Tunisian Arabic
• jye – Judeo-Yemeni Arabic

kaa–ozz[]

kau[]

kau is the ISO 639-2 and ISO 639-3 language code for the Kanuri. Its ISO 639-1 code is kr. There are three individual language codes assigned in ISO 639-3 for varieties of Kanuri:

• knc – Central Kanuri
• kby – Manga Kanuri
• krt – Tumari Kanuri

There are two other related languages that are not considered part of the macrolanguage under ISO 639:

• bms – Bilma Kanuri
• kbl – Kanembu

kln[]

kln is the ISO 639-3 language code for Kalenjin. There are nine individual language codes assigned:

• eyo – Keiyo
• sgc – Kipsigis
• enb – Markweeta
• niq – Nandi
• oki – Okiek
• pko – Pökoot
• spy – Sabaot
• tec – Terik
• tuy – Tugen

kok[]

kok is the ISO 639-3 language code for Konkani (macrolanguage). There are two individual language codes assigned:

• gom – Goan Konkani
• knn – Konkani (individual language)

Both languages are referred to as Konkani by their respective speakers.

kom[]

kom is the ISO 639-3 language code for Komi. Its ISO 639-1 code is kv. There are two individual language codes assigned:

• koi – Komi-Permyak
• kpv – Komi-Zyrian

kon[]

kon is the ISO 639-3 language code for Kongo. Its ISO 639-1 code is kg. There are three individual language codes assigned:

• kng – Koongo
• ldi –
• kwy – San Salvador Kongo

kpe[]

kpe is the ISO 639-3 language code for Kpelle. There are two individual language codes assigned:

• gkp – Guinea Kpelle
• xpe – Liberia Kpelle

kur[]

kur is the ISO 639-3 language code for Kurdish. Its ISO 639-1 code is ku. There are three individual language codes assigned:

• ckb – Central Kurdish
• kmr – Northern Kurdish
• sdh – Southern Kurdish

lah[]

lah is the ISO 639-3 language code for Lahnda. There are seven individual language codes assigned.

• jat – Jakati
• xhe – Khetrani
• hno – Northern Hindko
• phr – Pahari-Potwari
• skr – Saraiki
• hnd – Southern Hindko
• pnb – Western Panjabi

Note that lah does not include Panjabi/Punjabi (pan).

The following code was previously part of lah:

• pmu – Mirpur Panjabi (Moved to code "phr" on 12 January 2015)

lav[]

lav is the ISO 639-3 language code for Latvian. Its ISO 639-1 code is lv. There are two individual language codes assigned:

• ltg – Latgalian
• lvs – Standard Latvian

luy[]

luy is the ISO 639-3 language code for Luyia. There are fourteen individual language codes assigned:

• bxk – Bukusu
• nle – East Nyala
• ida – Idakho-Isukha-Tiriki
• lkb – Kabras
• lko – Khayo
• lks – Kisa
• rag – Logooli
• lri – Marachi
• lrm – Marama
• nyd – Nyore
• lsm – Saamia
• lts – Tachoni
• lto – Tsotso
• lwg – Wanga

man[]

man is the ISO 639-3 language code for Mandingo. There are six individual language codes assigned:

• emk – Eastern Maninkakan
• mwk – Kita Maninkakan
• mku – Konyanka Maninka
• mnk – Mandinka
• msc – Sankaran Maninka
• mlq – Western Maninkakan

The following codes were previously part of man:

• myq – Forest Maninka (Non-existent; Code retired 23 January 2013)

mlg[]

mlg is the ISO 639-3 language code for Malagasy. Its ISO 639-1 code is mg. There are eleven individual language codes assigned:

• xmv – Antankarana Malagasy
• bhr – Bara Malagasy
• msh – Masikoro Malagasy
• bmm – Northern Betsimisaraka Malagasy
• plt – Plateau Malagasy
• skg – Sakalava Malagasy
• bzc – Southern Betsimisaraka Malagasy
• tkg – Tesaka Malagasy
• tdx – Tandroy-Mahafaly Malagasy
• txy – Tanosy Malagasy
• xmw – Tsimihety Malagasy

The following codes were previously part of mlg:

• bjq – Southern Betsimisaraka Malagasy (Split into Southern Betsimisaraka [bzc] and Tesaka Malagasy [tkg] on 18 May 2011)

mon[]

mon is the ISO 639-3 language code for Mongolian. Its ISO 639-1 code is mn. There are two individual language codes assigned:

• khk – Halh Mongolian
• mvf – Peripheral Mongolian

msa[]

msa is the ISO 639-3 language code for Malay (macrolanguage). Its ISO 639-1 code is ms. There are thirty-six individual language codes assigned:

• btj – Bacanese Malay
• mfb – Bangka
• bjn – Banjar
• bve – Berau Malay
• kxd – Brunei
• bvu – Bukit Malay
• pse – Central Malay
• coa – Cocos Islands Malay
• liw – Col
• dup – Duano
• hji – Haji
• ind – Indonesian
• jak – Jakun
• jax – Jambi Malay
• vkk – Kaur
• meo – Kedah Malay
• kvr – Kerinci
• mqg – Kota Bangun Kutai Malay
• kvb – Kubu
• lce – Loncong
• lcf – Lubu
• zlm – Malay (individual language)
• xmm – Manado Malay
• min – Minangkabau
• mui – Musi
• zmi – Negeri Sembilan Malay
• max – North Moluccan Malay
• orn – Orang Kanaq
• ors – Orang Seletar
• mfa – Pattani Malay
• pel – Pekal
• msi – Sabah Malay
• zsm – Standard Malay
• tmw – Temuan
• vkt – Tenggarong Kutai Malay
• urk – Urak Lawoi'

The following code was previously part of msa:

• mly – Malay (individual language) (Split into Standard Malay [zsm], Haji [hji], Papuan Malay [pmy], and Malay [zlm] on 18 February 2008)

mwr[]

mwr is the ISO 639-3 language code for Marwari. There are six individual language codes assigned:

• dhd – Dhundari
• rwr – Marwari (India)
• mve – Marwari (Pakistan)
• wry – Merwari
• mtr – Mewari
• swv – Shekhawati

nep[]

nep is the ISO 639-3 language code for Nepali (macrolanguage). Its ISO 639-1 code is ne. There are two individual language codes assigned:

• dty – Dotyali
• npi – Nepali (individual language)

nor[]

nor is the ISO 639-3 language code for Norwegian. Its ISO 639-1 code is no. There are two individual language codes assigned:

• nob – Norwegian Bokmål
• nno – Norwegian Nynorsk

oji[]

oji is the ISO 639-3 language code for Ojibwa. Its ISO 639-1 code is oj. There are seven individual language codes assigned:

• ciw – Chippewa
• ojb – Northwestern Ojibwa
• ojc – Central Ojibwa
• ojg – Eastern Ojibwa
• ojs – Severn Ojibwa
• ojw – Western Ojibwa
• otw – Ottawa

In addition, there are three closely associated individual codes:

• alq – Algonquin language (part of the Ojibwe language group but not included under the oji macrolanguage designation)
• pot – Potawatomi language (formerly part of the Ojibwe language group and not included under the oji macrolanguage designation)
• crg – Michif language (Cree-French mixed language with strong influences from Ojibwe language group and not included under the oji macrolanguage designation)

In addition, there are two other languages without individual codes closely associated, but not part of, this macrolanguage code:

• Broken Ojibwa (pidgin language used until the end of the 19th century)
• Bungee language (mixed language of Cree, Ojibwa, French, English, Assiniboine and Scottish Gaelic)

ori[]

ori is the ISO 639-3 language code for Oriya (macrolanguage). Its ISO 639-1 code is or. There are two individual language codes assigned:

• ory – Odia
• spv – Sambalpuri

orm[]

orm is the ISO 639-3 language code for Oromo. Its ISO 639-1 code is om. There are four individual language codes assigned:

• gax – Borana-Arsi-Guji Oromo
• hae – Eastern Oromo
• orc – Orma
• gaz – West Central Oromo

paa–zzz[]

pus[]

pus is the ISO 639-3 language code for Pushto. Its ISO 639-1 code is ps. There are three individual language codes assigned:

• pst – Central Pashto
• pbu – Northern Pashto
• pbt – Southern Pashto

que[]

que is the ISO 639-3 language code for Quechua. Its ISO 639-1 code is qu. There are forty-three individual language codes assigned:

• qva – Ambo-Pasco Quechua
• qxu – Arequipa-La Unión Quechua
• quy – Ayacucho Quechua
• qvc – Cajamarca Quechua
• qvl – Cajatambo North Lima Quechua
• qud – Calderón Highland Quichua
• qxr – Cañar Highland Quichua
• quk – Chachapoyas Quechua
• qug – Chimborazo Highland Quichua
• qxc – Chincha Quechua
• qxa – Chiquián Ancash Quechua
• qwc – Classical Quechua
• qwa – Corongo Ancash Quechua
• quz – Cusco Quechua
• qve – Eastern Apurímac Quechua
• qub – Huallaga Huánuco Quechua
• qvh – Huamalíes-Dos de Mayo Huánuco Quechua
• qwh – Huaylas Ancash Quechua
• qvw – Huaylla Wanca Quechua
• qvi – Imbabura Highland Quichua
• qxw – Jauja Wanca Quechua
• quf – Lambayeque Quechua
• qvj – Loja Highland Quichua
• qvm – Margos-Yarowilca-Lauricocha Quechua
• qvo – Napo Lowland Quechua
• qul – North Bolivian Quechua
• qvn – North Junín Quechua
• qxn – Northern Conchucos Ancash Quechua
• qvz – Northern Pastaza Quichua
• qvp – Pacaraos Quechua
• qxh – Panao Huánuco Quechua
• qxp – Puno Quechua
• qxl – Salasaca Highland Quichua
• qvs – San Martín Quechua
• qxt – Santa Ana de Tusi Pasco Quechua
• qus – Santiago del Estero Quichua
• qws – Sihuas Ancash Quechua
• quh – South Bolivian Quechua
• qxo – Southern Conchucos Ancash Quechua
• qup – Southern Pastaza Quechua
• quw – Tena Lowland Quichua
• qur – Yanahuanca Pasco Quechua
• qux – Yauyos Quechua

The following code was previously part of que:

• cqu – Chilean Quechua (Moved to code "quh" on 15 January 2016)

raj[]

raj is the ISO 639-3 language code for Rajasthani. There are six individual language codes assigned:

• bgq – Bagri
• gda – Gade Lohar
• gju – Gujari
• hoj – Hadothi
• mup – Malvi
• wbr – Wagdi

rom[]

rom is the ISO 639-3 language code for Romany. There are seven individual language codes assigned:

• rmn – Balkan Romani
• rml – Baltic Romani
• rmc – Carpathian Romani
• rmf – Kalo Finnish Romani
• rmo – Sinte Romani
• rmy – Vlax Romani
• rmw – Welsh Romani

In addition, there are nine individual codes not part of this macrolanguage but they are categorized as mixed languages:

• emx – Erromintxela
• rge – Romano-Greek
• rmd – Traveller Danish
• rme – Angloromani
• rmg – Traveller Norwegian
• rmi – Lomavren
• rmr – Caló
• rmu – Tavringer Romani
• rsb – Romano-Serbian

sqi[]

sqi is the ISO 639-3 language code for Albanian. Its ISO 639-1 code is sq. There are four individual language codes assigned:

• aae – Arbëreshë Albanian
• aat – Arvanitika Albanian
• aln – Gheg Albanian
• als – Tosk Albanian

srd[]

srd is the ISO 639-3 language code for Sardinian. Its ISO 639-1 code is sc. There are four individual language codes assigned:

• sro – Campidanese Sardinian
• sdn – Gallurese Sardinian
• src – Logudorese Sardinian
• sdc – Sassarese Sardinian

swa[]

swa is the ISO 639-3 language code for Swahili (macrolanguage). Its ISO 639-1 code is sw. There are two individual language codes assigned:

• swc – Congo Swahili
• swh – Swahili (individual language)

syr[]

syr is the ISO 639-3 language code for Syriac. There are two individual language codes assigned:

• aii – Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
• cld – Chaldean Neo-Aramaic

tmh[]

tmh is the ISO 639-3 language code for Tamashek. There are four individual language codes assigned:

• thv – Tahaggart Tamahaq
• taq – Tamasheq
• ttq – Tawallammat Tamajaq
• thz – Tayart Tamajeq

uzb[]

uzb is the ISO 639-3 language code for Uzbek. Its ISO 639-1 code is uz. There are two individual language codes assigned:

• uzn – Northern Uzbek
• uzs – Southern Uzbek

yid[]

yid is the ISO 639-3 language code for Yiddish. Its ISO 639-1 code is yi. There are two individual language codes assigned:

• ydd – Eastern Yiddish
• yih – Western Yiddish

zap[]

zap is the ISO 639-3 language code for Zapotec. There are fifty-seven individual language codes assigned.

• zaq – Aloápam Zapotec
• zpo – Amatlán Zapotec
• zoo – Asunción Mixtepec Zapotec
• zaf – Ayoquesco Zapotec
• zad – Cajonos Zapotec
• zpv – Chichicapan Zapotec
• zpc – Choapan Zapotec
• zca – Coatecas Altas Zapotec
• zps – Coatlán Zapotec
• zpp – El Alto Zapotec
• zte – Elotepec Zapotec
• zpg – Guevea De Humboldt Zapotec
• ztu – Güilá Zapotec
• zai – Isthmus Zapotec
• zpa – Lachiguiri Zapotec
• zpl – Lachixío Zapotec
• ztl – Lapaguía-Guivini Zapotec
• ztp – Loxicha Zapotec
• zpy – Mazaltepec Zapotec
• zam – Miahuatlán Zapotec
• zaw – Mitla Zapotec
• zpm – Mixtepec Zapotec
• zac – Ocotlán Zapotec
• zao – Ozolotepec Zapotec
• zpe – Petapa Zapotec
• zpj – Quiavicuzas Zapotec
• ztq – Quioquitani-Quierí Zapotec
• zar – Rincón Zapotec
• ztm – San Agustín Mixtepec Zapotec
• zpx – San Baltazar Loxicha Zapotec
• zab – Western Tlacolula Valley Zapotec
• zpf – San Pedro Quiatoni Zapotec
• zpt – San Vicente Coatlán Zapotec
• ztn – Santa Catarina Albarradas Zapotec
• zpn – Santa Inés Yatzechi Zapotec
• zpi – Santa María Quiegolani Zapotec
• zpr – Santiago Xanica Zapotec
• zas – Santo Domingo Albarradas Zapotec
• zaa – Sierra de Juárez Zapotec
• zpd – Southeastern Ixtlán Zapotec
• zsr – Southern Rincon Zapotec
• zat – Tabaa Zapotec
• ztt – Tejalapan Zapotec
• zpz – Texmelucan Zapotec
• zts – Tilquiapan Zapotec
• zpk – Tlacolulita Zapotec
• zph – Totomachapan Zapotec
• zax – Xadani Zapotec
• ztg – Xanaguía Zapotec
• zpu – Yalálag Zapotec
• zae – Yareni Zapotec
• zty – Yatee Zapotec
• zav – Yatzachi Zapotec
• zpb – Yautepec Zapotec
• ztx – Zaachila Zapotec
• zpw – Zaniza Zapotec
• zpq – Zoogocho Zapotec

The following codes were previously part of zap:

• ztc – Lachirioag Zapotec (Moved to Yatee Zapotec [zty] on 18 July 2007)

In addition, there is an individual code not part of this macrolanguage because it is categorized as a historical language:

• xzp – Ancient Zapotec

zha[]

zha is the ISO 639-3 language code for Zhuang. Its ISO 639-1 code is za. There are sixteen individual language codes assigned:

• zch – Central Hongshuihe Zhuang
• zhd – Dai Zhuang
• zeh – Eastern Hongshuihe Zhuang
• zgb – Guibei Zhuang
• zgn – Guibian Zhuang
• zln – Lianshan Zhuang
• zlj – Liujiang Zhuang
• zlq – Liuqian Zhuang
• zgm – Minz Zhuang
• zhn – Nong Zhuang
• zqe – Qiubei Zhuang
• zyg – Yang Zhuang
• zyb – Yongbei Zhuang
• zyn – Yongnan Zhuang
• zyj – Youjiang Zhuang
• zzj – Zuojiang Zhuang

The following codes were previously part of zha:

• ccx – Northern Zhuang (Split into Guibian Zh [zgn], Liujiang Zh [zlj], Qiubei Zh [zqe], Guibei Zh [zgb], Youjiang Zh [zyj], Central Hongshuihe Zh [zch], Eastern Hongshuihe Zh [zeh], Liuqian Zh [zlq], Yongbei Zh [zyb], and Lianshan Zh [zln]. on 14 January 2008)
• ccy – Southern Zhuang (Split into Nong Zhuang [zhn], Yang Zhuang [zyg], Yongnan Zhuang [zyn], Zuojiang Zhuang [zzj], and Dai Zhuang [zhd] on 18 July 2007)

zho[]

zho is the ISO 639-3 language code for Chinese. Its ISO 639-1 code is zh. There are sixteen individual language codes assigned, most of which are not actually languages but rather groups of Sinitic languages distinguished by isoglosses:

• cdo – Min Dong Chinese
• cjy – Jinyu Chinese
• cmn – Mandarin Chinese
• cnp – Northern Ping Chinese
• cpx – Pu-Xian Chinese
• csp – Southern Ping Chinese
• czh – Huizhou Chinese
• czo – Min Zhong Chinese
• gan – Gan Chinese
• hak – Hakka Chinese
• hsn – Xiang Chinese
• lzh – Literary Chinese
• mnp – Min Bei Chinese
• nan – Min Nan Chinese
• wuu – Wu Chinese
• yue – Yue Chinese

Although the Dungan language (dng) is a dialect of Mandarin, it is not listed under Chinese in ISO 639-3 due to separate historical and cultural development.^[9]

ISO 639 also lists codes for Old Chinese (och) and Late Middle Chinese (ltc)). They are not listed under Chinese in ISO 639-3 because they are categorized as ancient and historical languages, respectively.

zza[]

zza is the ISO 639-3 language code for Zaza. There are two individual language codes assigned:

• diq – Dimli (individual language)
• kiu – Kirmanjki (individual language)

See also[]

• Microlanguage

References[]

External links[]

• ISO 639-3 Macrolanguage Mappings