Khinalug language
![]() | show This article may be expanded with text translated from the corresponding article in Lezghian. (April 2020) Click [show] for important translation instructions. |
Khinalug | |
---|---|
каьтш мицI / kätš micʼ | |
Pronunciation | [kætʃ mit͡sʼ] |
Native to | Azerbaijan |
Region | Quba |
Native speakers | 3,000 (2007)[1] |
Northeast Caucasian
| |
Cyrillic script, Latin script | |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | kjj |
Glottolog | khin1240 |
ELP | Khinalugh |
![]() Khinalug (in Azerbaijan) | |
Khinalug (also spelled Khinalig, Khinalugi, Xinalug(h), Xinaliq or Khinalugh) is a Northeast Caucasian language spoken by about 3,000 people in the villages of Khinalug and Gülüstan, Quba in the mountains of Quba Rayon, northern Azerbaijan. It forms its own independent branch within the Northeast Caucasian language family.[2]
Khinalug is endangered,[3] and classified as "severely endangered" by UNESCO's Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger.[4]
History[]
Khinalug is the language of the village Khinalug in the Quba district of Azerbaijan. It has been tentatively classified by previous researchers as a member of the Lezgian family of the Dagestani branch of Northeast Caucasian languages[5] Although Khinalug is the official language of the village, it is mostly spoken by villagers in informal circumstances, while the national language Azerbaijani is used formally for educational purposes and to communicate with non-Khinalug speakers.[5] Khinalug is considered to be a threatened language. In recent years, the road leading to the villages where it is spoken has fallen into disrepair, leaving the area mostly isolated.[6]
Phonology[]
A Latin orthography for Khinalug was developed in 2007 by a team of linguists from Moscow State University in collaboration with local school teachers in the village. It is presented in italics on the tables below.
Consonants[7][]
Labial | Dental | Postalveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Pharyngeal | Glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | [m] m | [n] n | |||||||
Plosive | voiceless lenis | [p] p | [t] t | [k] k | |||||
voiceless fortis | [pː] pp | [tː] tt | [kː] kk | [qː] qq | |||||
voiced | [b] b | [d] d | [ɡ] g | ||||||
ejective | [pʼ] p' | [tʼ] t' | [kʼ] k' | ||||||
Affricate | voiceless lenis | [t͡s] c | [t͡ʃ] ç | [k͡x] kx 3 | [q͡χ] q | ||||
voiceless fortis | [t͡sː] cc | [t͡ʃː] çç | |||||||
voiced | [d͡ʒ] j | ||||||||
ejective | [t͡sʼ] c' | [t͡ʃʼ] ç' | [q͡χʼ] q' | ||||||
Fricative | voiceless | [f] f | [s] s | [ʃ] ş | [x] kh 2 | [χ] x | [ħ] hh 4 | [h] h | |
voiced | [v] v | [z] z | [ʒ] z̧1 | [ɣ] gh 2 | [ʁ] ğ | [ʕ] ʕ 4 | |||
Trill | [r] r | ||||||||
Approximant | [l] l | [j] y |
1 The cedilla in the orthography is in the middle of the bottom of the <z>, as is typical of Russian linguistics.
2 Kh and gh are rare.
3 Kx is very rare.
4 The pharyngeal sounds mostly appear in Arabic loanwords.
Vowels[7][]
Khinalug has nine vowels and four diphthongs.
Front | Back | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
unrounded | rounded | unrounded | rounded | |
High | [i] i | [y] ü | [ɯ] ı | [u] u |
Mid | [e] e | [ø] ö | [o] o | |
Low | [œ] ə | [a] a |
Diphthongs include: [iu] [ui] [oe] [oa].
Vocabulary[]
The following words were phonetically transcribed from Khinalug:[8]
Khinalug singular | Khinalug plural | Translation |
---|---|---|
arhaz | arhazırdır | pen (enclosure for livestock) |
c’imir | c’imirdir | sparrow |
izin | izindir | gingiva |
kırab | kırabırdır | galoshes |
mısır | mısırdır | rope |
nek’id | nek’idirdir | back |
t’uk’un | t’uk’undur | cheek |
t’umbol | t’umboldur | prune |
ustot | ustoturdur | pepper |
ustul | ustuldur | table |
dalıg | dalιgιrdιr | work |
culoz | culozurdur | tooth |
jalkan | jalkandιr | mane |
kotuk | kotukurdur | tree stump |
mekteb | mektebirdir | school (compare: maktab) |
mizer | mizerdir | textile |
Note: ı is roughly pronounced as the e in "fallen". u is roughly pronounced as the ou in "coup".
Alphabet[]
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 33 | 34 | 35 | 36 | 37 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
А | А̃ | Аь | Б | В | Г | Гъ | ГӀ | Д | Дж | Дз | Е | Е̃ | Ж | З | И | И̃ | Й | К | Кх | Кь | КӀ | Л | Лъ | М | Н | О | О̃ | Оь | ||||||||
а | а̃ | аь | б | в | г | гъ | гӀ | д | дж | дз | е | е̃ | ж | з | и | и̃ | й | к | кх | кь | кӀ | л | лъ | м | н | о | о̃ | оь |
38 | 39 | 40 | 41 | 42 | 43 | 44 | 45 | 46 | 47 | 48 | 49 | 50 | 51 | 52 | 53 | 54 | 55 | 56 | 57 | 58 | 59 | 60 | 61 | 62 | 63 | 64 | 65 | 66 | 67 | 68 | 69 | 70 | 71 | 72 | 73 | 74 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
П | ПӀ | Р | С | Т | ТӀ | У | У̃ | Уь | Ф | Х | Хъ | Хь | ХӀ | Ӏ | Ц | ЦӀ | Ч | ЧӀ | Ш | Ъ | Ы | Э | Ә | Ә̃ | ||||||||||||
п | пӀ | р | с | т | тӀ | у | у̃ | уь | ф | х | хъ | хь | хӀ | Ӏ | ц | цӀ | ч | чӀ | ш | ъ | ы | э | ә | ә̃ |
References[]
- ^ Khinalug at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
- ^ Family tree of Northeast Caucasian languages at Ethnologue
- ^ Published in: Encyclopedia of the world’s endangered languages. Edited by Christopher Moseley. London & New York: Routledge, 2007. 211–280.
- ^ UNESCO Interactive Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger Archived 2009-02-22 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Jump up to: a b Clifton, J.M. (2005). "The Sociolinguistic situation of the Khinalug in Azerbaijan" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-08-12. Cite journal requires
|journal=
(help) - ^ Schulze, Wolfgang (2003). "[Khinulag]". Anthropological Linguistics. 450 (4): 450.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Kodzasov, S.V., et al., 2007. Khinalug language alphabet (in: Russian).
- ^ Lubotsky, Alexander (2010). Van Sanskriet tot Spijkerschrift: Breinbrekers uit alle talen [From Sanskrit to Cuneiform: Brain teasers from all languages] (in Dutch). Amsterdam University Press. pp. 12, 58–59. ISBN 978-9089641793. Retrieved 30 April 2016.
Further reading[]
- Clifton, John M.; Deckinga, Gabriela; Lucht, Laura; Mak, Janfer; Tiessen, Calvin, Authors. 2005. "The Sociolinguistic Situation of the Khinalug In Azerbaijan."
- Desheryev, Ju. D. 1959. Grammatika xinalugskogo jazyka. Izdatel'stvo Akademii Nauk SSSR, Moscow.
- Hewitt, George. 2004. Introduction to the Study of the Languages of the Caucasus. LINCOM, Munich. p. 29.
- Kibrik, Aleksandr E. 1972. Fragmenty grammatiki xinalugskogo jazyka. Izdatel'stvo Moskovskogo Universiteta, Moscow.
- Kibrik, Aleksandr E. 1994. "Khinalug". In: The Indigenous Languages of the Caucasus, vol. 4; Rieks Smeets (ed.); Caravan Books, Delmar (New York). pp. 367–406.
External links[]
![]() |
Khinalug language test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator |
- Appendix:Cyrillic script
- Khinalug basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database
- Khinalug tongue&culture
- New Khinalug alphabet
- Khinalug alphabet Video on YouTube
- Northeast Caucasian languages
- Languages of Azerbaijan
- Endangered Caucasian languages
- Khinalug
- Caucasian language stubs