Voiced postalveolar affricate

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Voiced postalveolar affricate
dʒ
d̠ʒ
IPA Number104 135
Encoding
Entity (decimal)d​͡​ʒ
Unicode (hex)U+0064 U+0361 U+0292
X-SAMPAdZ or d_rZ
Audio sample
0:00
source · help

The voiced palato-alveolar sibilant affricate, voiced post-alveolar affricate or voiced domed postalveolar sibilant affricate, is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The sound is transcribed in the International Phonetic Alphabet with ⟨d͡ʒ⟩ (formerly the ligature ⟨ʤ⟩), or in some broad transcriptions ⟨ɟ⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA representation is dZ. Alternatives commonly used in linguistic works, particularly in older or American literature, are ⟨ǰ⟩, ⟨ǧ⟩, ⟨ǯ⟩, and ⟨dž⟩. It is familiar to English speakers as the pronunciation of ⟨j⟩ in jump.

Features[]

Features of the voiced postalveolar affricate:

  • Its manner of articulation is sibilant affricate, which means it is produced by first stopping the air flow entirely, then directing it with the tongue to the sharp edge of the teeth, causing high-frequency turbulence.
  • Its place of articulation is palato-alveolar, that is, domed (partially palatalized) postalveolar, which means it is articulated with the blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge, and the front of the tongue bunched up ("domed") at the palate.
  • Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
  • It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
  • It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
  • The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.

Occurrence[]

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Abkhaz аџыр [ad͡ʒər] 'steel' See Abkhaz phonology
Adyghe джанэ About this sound[d͡ʒaːna] (help·info) 'dress'
Albanian xham [d͡ʒam] 'glass'
Amharic እንጀራ [ɨnd͡ʒəra] 'injera'
Arabic Modern Standard[1] جَرَس‎ [d͡ʒaras] 'bell' In other standards and dialects, corresponds to [ɡ] or [ʒ]. See Arabic phonology
Hejazi جَزْمَة‎ [d͡ʒazma] 'shoes' Pronounced [ʒ] by some speakers. See Hejazi Arabic phonology
Armenian Eastern[2] ջուր [d͡ʒuɾ] 'water'
Western ճանճ [d͡ʒɑnd͡ʒ] 'musca (fly)'
Assyrian ܓ̰ܝܪܐ ǧyoro [d͡ʒjɑɾɑ] 'to pee' Used in native terminology. Used predominantly in Urmia and some Jilu dialects. [ɟ] is used in other varieties.
Azerbaijani ağac [ɑɣɑd͡ʒ] 'tree'
Bengali জল [d͡ʒɔl] 'water' Contrasts with the aspirated form. See Bengali phonology
Bulgarian джудже [ˈd͡ʒʊd͡ʒɛ] 'dwarf' See Bulgarian phonology
Catalan jutge [ˈʒud͡ʒə] 'judge' See Catalan phonology
Chechen джерво / dzhyerwo [d͡ʒjerwo] 'previously married woman'
Chinese Quzhou dialect 重 [d͡ʒõ] 'heavy'
Coptic ϫⲉ [d͡ʒe] 'that'
Czech léčba [lɛːd͡ʒba] 'treatment' See Czech phonology
English jump [ˈd͡ʒʌmp] 'jump' See English phonology
Esperanto manĝaĵo [manˈd͡ʒaʒo̞] 'food' See Esperanto phonology
French adjonction [ad͡ʒɔ̃ksjɔ̃] 'addition' Rare. See French phonology
Georgian[3] ჯიბე [d͡ʒibɛ] 'pocket'
German Standard[4] Dschungel [ˈd͡ʒʊŋəl] 'jungle' Laminal or apico-laminal and strongly labialized.[4] Some speakers may merge it with /t͡ʃ/. See Standard German phonology
Goemai [example needed] [d͡ʒaːn] 'twins'
Hebrew ג׳וק‎ [d͡ʒuk] 'cockroach' Only used in loanwords. See Modern Hebrew phonology
Hindustani जाना / جانا‎ [d͡ʒäːnäː] 'to go' Contrasts with aspirated form. See Hindustani phonology
Hungarian lándzsa [laːnd͡ʒɒ] 'spear' Rare, mostly in loanwords. See Hungarian phonology
Indonesian jarak [ˈd͡ʒaraʔ] 'distance'
Italian[5] gemma [ˈd͡ʒɛmma] 'gem' [dʒ] occurs when letter 'G' is before front vowels [e], [ [i] and [ɛ], while when 'G' is in front of vowels [o], [a], [u] and [ɔ] the phoneme changes to a voiced velar plosive.
Kabyle lǧiran [id͡ʒiræn] 'the neighbors'
Kashubian[6] [example needed]
Kurdish Northern cîger [d͡ʒiːˈɡɛɾ] 'lung' See Kurdish phonology
Central جەرگ [d͡ʒɛɾg] 'liver'
Southern [d͡ʒæɾg]
Kyrgyz жаман [d͡ʒaman] 'bad' See Kyrgyz phonology
Latvian dadži [dad͡ʒi] 'thistles' See Latvian phonology
Limburgish Hasselt dialect[7] djèn [d͡ʒɛːn²] 'Eugene'
Lithuanian džiaugsmingas [d͡ʒɛʊɡʲsʲˈmʲɪnɡɐs] 'gladsome' See Lithuanian phonology
Macedonian џемпер [ˈd͡ʒɛmpɛr] 'sweater' See Macedonian phonology
Malay jahat [d͡ʒahat] 'evil'
Manchu ᠵᡠᠸᡝ [d͡ʒuwe] 'two'
Marathi जय [d͡ʒəj] 'victory' See Marathi phonology
Occitan Languedocien jove [ˈd͡ʒuβe] 'young' See Occitan phonology
Provençal [ˈd͡ʒuve]
Odia ଜମି/jami [d͡ʒɔmi] 'land' Contrasts with aspirated form.
Ojibwe ᐄᒋᑭᐌᐦ / iicikiwee [iːd͡ʒikiwẽːʔ] 'brother' See Ojibwe phonology
Pashto جګ‎ [d͡ʒeɡ] 'high'
Persian کجا‎ [kod͡ʒɒ] 'where' See Persian phonology
Polish Gmina Istebna dziwny [ˈd͡ʒivn̪ɘ] 'strange' /ɖ͡ʐ/ and /d͡ʑ/ merge into [d͡ʒ] in these dialects. In standard Polish, /d͡ʒ/ is commonly used to transcribe what actually is a laminal voiced retroflex affricate.
Lubawa dialect[8]
Malbork dialect[8]
Ostróda dialect[8]
Warmia dialect[8]
Portuguese Most Brazilian dialects[9] grande [ˈɡɾɐ̃d͡ʒi] 'big' Allophone of /d/ before /i, ĩ/ (including when the vowel is elided) and other instances of [i] (e.g. epenthesis), marginal sound otherwise.
Most dialects jambalaya [d͡ʒɐ̃bɐˈlajɐ] 'jambalaya' In free variation with /ʒ/ in a few recent loanwords. See Portuguese phonology
Romanian ger [ˈd͡ʒɛ̝r] 'frost' See Romanian phonology
Sardinian Campidanese géneru [ˈd͡ʒɛneru] 'son-in-law'
Scottish Gaelic Dia [d͡ʒia] 'God' See Scottish Gaelic phonology
Serbo-Croatian Some speakers џем / džem [d͡ʒê̞m] 'jam' May be laminal retroflex instead, depending on the dialect. See Serbo-Croatian phonology
Bosnian ђаво / đavo [d͡ʒâ̠ʋo̞ː] 'devil' Most Croatian and some Bosnian speakers merge /d͡ʒ/ and /d͡ʑ/, either to [d͡ʒ] or laminal [ɖ͡ʐ].
Croatian
Silesian Gmina Istebna[10] [example needed] These dialects merge /ɖ͡ʐ/ and /d͡ʑ/ into [d͡ʒ].
Jablunkov[10] [example needed]
Somali joog [d͡ʒoːɡ] 'stop' See Somali phonology
Spanish pijama [piˈd͡ʒama] 'pajamas' See Spanish phonology
Tagalog diyan [d͡ʒän] 'there' Used to pronounce the multigraphs ⟨dy⟩ and ⟨diy⟩ in native words and ⟨j⟩ in loanwords outside Spanish. For more information, see Tagalog phonology.
Turkish acı [äˈd͡ʒɯ] 'pain' See Turkish phonology
Turkmen jar [d͡ʒär] 'ravine'
Tyap jem [d͡ʒem] 'hippopotamus'
Ubykh [amd͡ʒan] '?' See Ubykh phonology
Ukrainian[11] джерело [d͡ʒɛrɛˈlɔ] 'source' See Ukrainian phonology
Uyghur جوزا‎ [d͡ʒozɑ] 'desk' See Uyghur phonology
West Frisian siedzje [ˈʃɪd͡ʒə] 'to sow' See West Frisian phonology
Yiddish דזשוכע‎ [d͡ʒʊxə] 'insect' See Yiddish phonology
Zapotec Tilquiapan[12] dxan [d͡ʒaŋ] 'god'

Voiced postalveolar non-sibilant affricate[]

Voiced postalveolar non-sibilant affricate
d̠ɹ̠˔
dɹ̝˗
Audio sample
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source · help

Features[]

  • Its manner of articulation is affricate, which means it is produced by first stopping the airflow entirely, then allowing air flow through a constricted channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.
  • Its place of articulation is postalveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge.
  • Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
  • It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
  • It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
  • The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.

Occurrence[]

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
English Australian[13] dream [d̠͡ɹ̠˔ʷɪi̯m] 'dream' Phonetic realization of the stressed, syllable-initial sequence /dr/.[13][14][15][16] In General American and Received Pronunciation, the less common alternative is alveolar [d͡ɹ̝].[14] See Australian English phonology and English phonology
General American[14][15]
Received Pronunciation[14][15]
Port Talbot[16] [d̠͡ɹ̠˔iːm]

See also[]

Notes[]

  1. ^ Watson (2002:16)
  2. ^ Dum-Tragut (2009:13)
  3. ^ Shosted & Chikovani (2006:255)
  4. ^ Jump up to: a b Mangold (2005:51–52)
  5. ^ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004:117)
  6. ^ Jerzy Treder. "Fonetyka i fonologia". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-11-16.
  7. ^ Peters (2006:119)
  8. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Dubisz, Karaś & Kolis (1995:62)
  9. ^ Barbosa & Albano (2004:228)
  10. ^ Jump up to: a b Dąbrowska (2004:?)
  11. ^ Danyenko & Vakulenko (1995), p. 4.
  12. ^ Merrill (2008:108)
  13. ^ Jump up to: a b Cox & Fletcher (2017), p. 144.
  14. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Gimson (2014), pp. 177, 186–188, 192.
  15. ^ Jump up to: a b c Wells (2008).
  16. ^ Jump up to: a b Connolly (1990), p. 121.

References[]

  • Barbosa, Plínio A.; Albano, Eleonora C. (2004), "Brazilian Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (2): 227–232, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001756
  • Connolly, John H. (1990), "Port Talbot English", in Coupland, Nikolas; Thomas, Alan Richard (eds.), English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change, Multilingual Matters Ltd., pp. 121–129, ISBN 1-85359-032-0
  • Cox, Felicity; Fletcher, Janet (2017) [First published 2012], Australian English Pronunciation and Transcription (2nd ed.), Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-1-316-63926-9
  • Danyenko, Andrii; Vakulenko, Serhii (1995), Ukrainian, Lincom Europa, ISBN 9783929075083
  • Dąbrowska, Anna (2004), Język polski, Wrocław: wydawnictwo Dolnośląskie, ISBN 83-7384-063-X
  • Dubisz, Stanisław; Karaś, Halina; Kolis, Nijola (1995), Dialekty i gwary polskie, Warsaw: Wiedza Powszechna, ISBN 83-2140989-X
  • Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009), Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company
  • Gimson, Alfred Charles (2014), Cruttenden, Alan (ed.), Gimson's Pronunciation of English (8th ed.), Routledge, ISBN 9781444183092
  • Mangold, Max (2005) [First published 1962], Das Aussprachewörterbuch (6th ed.), Mannheim: Dudenverlag, ISBN 978-3-411-04066-7
  • Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), "Tilquiapan Zapotec" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 38 (1): 107–114, doi:10.1017/S0025100308003344
  • Peters, Jörg (2006), "The dialect of Hasselt", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (1): 117–124, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002428
  • Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (1): 117–121, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628
  • Shosted, Ryan K.; Chikovani, Vakhtang (2006), "Standard Georgian" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (2): 255–264, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002659
  • Watson, Janet (2002), The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic, New York: Oxford University Press
  • Wells, John C. (2008), Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.), Longman, ISBN 9781405881180

External links[]

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