List of Category 4 Atlantic hurricanes

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Hurricane Ida approaching Louisiana on August 29, 2021

Category 4 hurricanes are tropical cyclones that reach Category 4 intensity on the Saffir–Simpson scale. Category 4 hurricanes that later attained Category 5 strength are not included in this list. The Atlantic basin includes the open waters of the Atlantic Ocean, the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico. Category 4 is the second-highest hurricane classification category on the Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Scale, and storms that are of this intensity maintain maximum sustained winds of 113–136 knots (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h). Based on the Atlantic hurricane database, 142 hurricanes have attained Category 4 hurricane status since 1851, the start of modern meteorological record keeping. Category 4 storms are considered extreme hurricanes. Hurricane Ike, which was a Category 4 storm, brought on a 24 ft storm surge, the third greatest storm surge ever recorded (after Hurricane Katrina and Hurricane Camille, respectively).

Statistics[]

Wind, Damage, and Storm Surge statistics[]

Category 4 hurricanes have maximum sustained winds of 113–136 knots (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h).[1] "Sustained winds" refers to the average wind speed observed over one minute at a height of 10 meters (33 ft) above ground. Gusts can be up to 30% higher than the sustained winds.[2] Mobile homes and other buildings without fixed structures can be completely destroyed, and the lower floors of sturdier structures usually sustain major damage. In addition to the winds, the cyclones generally produce a storm surge of 13–18 feet (4–5.5 m) above normal, potentially causing major beach erosion. Heavy, irreparable damage and/or near complete destruction of gas station canopies and other wide span overhang type structures are also very common, and mobile and manufactured homes are often completely destroyed. Low-level terrain may be flooded well inland, as well.[3] In addition, Category 4 hurricanes are often Cape Verde-type hurricanes. Cape Verde hurricanes are usually the strongest, and their track sometimes points them towards the United States, or other land.[4]

Air pressure statistics[]

The record high and low statistics for a Category 4 hurricane, in terms of pressure in millibars (mbar) and hectopascals (hPa), are Hurricane Opal of 1995, peaking at a record low of 916 mbar/hPa, and the 1926 Nassau hurricane, peaking at a record high of 967 mbar/hPa. These, on average, are the peaks of a Category 5 major hurricane and a Category 2 hurricane. The average pressure for a Category 4 Atlantic hurricane is between 932 and 945 mbar/hPa, just to delimit boundaries of what pressure a Category 4 hurricane peaks at.

History of Category 4 Atlantic hurricanes[]

The number of Category 4 and 5 hurricanes appears to have nearly doubled in occurrence from 1970 to 2004.[5] It is likely that the increase in Atlantic tropical storm and hurricane frequency is primarily due to improved monitoring.[6][7][8][9][10]

Due to growing population in major coastal cities, many areas have become more vulnerable to strong hurricanes, especially categories 4 and 5.[11]

Meteorological measurements[]

All of the storms listed in this analysis are listed in chronological order, but they also list the minimum central pressure and maximum sustained winds. Each of these meteorological readings are taken using a specific meteorological instrument. For modern storms, the minimum pressure measurements are taken by reconnaissance aircraft using dropsondes, or by determining it from satellite imagery using the Dvorak technique. For older storms, pressures are often incomplete, typically being provided by ship-reports or land-observations. None of these methods can provide constant pressure measurements; thus it is possible the only measurement occurred when the cyclone was at a lesser strength.[12] Sustained winds are taken using an Anemometer at 10 meters (33 ft) above the ground.[13]

Climatology[]

A total of 94 hurricanes in the Atlantic Ocean Basin, including the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean, have reached Category 4 status as their peak intensity. (Note that Category 4 storms that intensified later to Category 5 status are not included in this analysis.)

Most Category 4 hurricanes occur during September, with 51 storms occurring in that month. This coincides with the average peak of the Atlantic hurricane season, which occurs on September 10.[14] Most Category 4 hurricanes develop in the warm waters of the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea. Several Category 4 hurricanes are Cape Verde-type hurricanes. There have been no Category 4 hurricanes to form in either May or December, or in any other month outside the traditional bounds of the Atlantic hurricane season.

List of Category 4 hurricanes[]

Listed in chronological order[]

All data listed is provided by the NHC best track, unless otherwise noted. Also, some pressure readings for the older storms may have been taken at a time other than the storm's peak intensity. Thus, some pressure readings might not be the minimum pressure.

Some pressure readings are unavailable due to scarce information.

Hurricane frequency
Period Number Number per year
1851–1900 13 0.26
1901–1950 29 0.58
1951–1975 22 0.88
1976–2000 24 0.96
2001–2020 31 1.4

1851–1900[]

See also: Atlantic hurricane reanalysis project
Homes in Galveston were reduced to timbers by the hurricane winds and floods caused by the Galveston Hurricane of 1900.

In the years between 1851 and 1900, thirteen Category 4 storms are known to have occurred in the Atlantic Ocean. These numbers are limited by the observation techniques used prior to the use of satellite imagery in the 1960s.

Name Season Month Max. sustained winds Minimum pressure
(Knots) (km/h) (mph) (mbar)
Hurricane #3 1853 August, September 130 240 150 924
"1856 Last Island hurricane" 1856 August 130 240 150 934
Hurricane #6 1866 September, October 120 220 140 938
Hurricane #7 1878 September, October 120 220 140 938
Hurricane #2 1880 August 130 240 150 931
Hurricane #8 1880 September, October 120 220 140 928
Hurricane #6 1882 October 120 220 140 975
1886 Indianola hurricane 1886 August 130 240 150 925
Hurricane #10 1893 September, October 115 215 130 948
Hurricane #6 1894 October 115 215 130 931
1898 Georgia hurricane 1898 September, October 115 215 130 930
1899 San Ciriaco hurricane 1899 August, September 130 240 150 930
1900 Galveston hurricane 1900 August, September 125 230 145 936
Sources: Atlantic Hurricane Best Track File 1851–2012.[15]

1901–1950[]

Destruction after the 1930 Dominican Republic Hurricane

Between 1901 and 1950, 29 Category 4 hurricanes formed in the Atlantic Basin.

Name Season Months Max. sustained winds Minimum pressure
(Knots) (km/h) (mph) (mbar)
Hurricane #4 1906 August, September 115 215 130 950
1910 Cuba hurricane 1910 October 130 240 150 924
1915 Galveston hurricane 1915 August 125 230 145 940
1915 New Orleans hurricane 1915 September, October 125 230 145 931
1916 Texas hurricane 1916 August 115 215 130 932
1917 Nueva Gerona hurricane 1917 September 130 240 150 928
1919 Florida Keys hurricane 1919 September 130 240 150 927
1921 Tampa Bay hurricane 1921 October 120 220 140 941
1926 Nassau hurricane 1926 July, August 120 220 140 ≤ 967
Hurricane #4 1926 September 120 220 140 ≤ 957
1926 Miami hurricane 1926 September 130 240 150 930
1926 Havana–Bermuda hurricane 1926 October 130 240 150 934
1929 Bahamas hurricane 1929 September, October 135 250 155 924
1930 Dominican Republic hurricane 1930 August, September 135 250 155 933
1931 British Honduras hurricane 1931 September 115 215 130 ≤ 952
1932 Freeport hurricane 1932 August 130 240 150 935
1932 San Ciprián hurricane 1932 September 125 230 145 943
1933 Chesapeake–Potomac hurricane 1933 August 120 220 140 ≤ 940
1933 Treasure Coast hurricane 1933 August, September 120 220 140 945
1933 Outer Banks hurricane 1933 September 120 220 140 ≤ 947
Hurricane #2 1935 August 115 215 130 ≤ 955
1935 Cuba hurricane 1935 September, October 120 220 140 ≤ 945
Hurricane #5 1939 October 120 220 140 ≤ 941
Hurricane #4 1941 September 115 215 130 ≤ 957
Hurricane #3 1943 August 120 220 140 –
1944 Great Atlantic hurricane 1944 September 125 230 145 ≤ 933
1944 Cuba–Florida hurricane 1944 October 125 230 145 937
1945 Homestead hurricane 1945 September 115 215 130 949
1947 Fort Lauderdale hurricane 1947 September 125 230 145 938
1948 Bermuda–Newfoundland hurricane 1948 September 115 215 130 940
September 1948 Florida hurricane 1948 September 115 215 130 940
1949 Florida hurricane 1949 August 115 215 130 954
Hurricane Dog 1950 September 125 230 145 943
Hurricane Fox 1950 September 120 220 140 946
Hurricane King 1950 October 115 215 130 955
Sources: Atlantic Hurricane Best Track File 1851–2012[15]

1951–1975[]

Flooding in the Lower Ninth Ward of New Orleans after Betsy.

In the years between 1951 and 1975, there were 23 Category 4 hurricanes in the Atlantic Ocean. A dagger (dagger) denotes that the storm temporarily weakened below Category 4 intensity during the specified period of time.

List of Category 4 Atlantic hurricanes from 2001–present
Storm
name 		Track Season Dates as a
Category 4 		Maximum
sustained winds 		Minimum pressure Notes
Hurricane Charlie
Charlie 1951 track.png
 1951 August 19 130 mph (215 km/h) 958 mbar (hPa; 28.29 inHg)
Hurricane Easy
Easy 1951 track.png
 1951 September 7–8 150 mph (240 km/h) 937 mbar (hPa; 27.67 inHg)
Hurricane Fox
Fox 1952 track.png
 1952 October 15 145 mph (230 km/h) 934 mbar (hPa; 27.58 inHg)
Hurricane Hazel
Hazel 1954 track.png
 1954 October 23–24 130 mph (215 km/h) 938 mbar (hPa; 27.70 inHg)
Hurricane Connie
Connie 1955 track.png
 1955 August 7 140 mph (220 km/h) 944 mbar (hPa; 27.88 inHg)
Hurricane Ione
Ione 1955 track.png
 1955 September 18 140 mph (220 km/h) 938 mbar (hPa; 27.70 inHg)
Hurricane Carrie
Carrie 1957 track.png
 1957 September 7–8 140 mph (220 km/h) 945 mbar (hPa; 27.91 inHg)
Hurricane Cleo
Cleo 1958 track.png
 1958 August 16 140 mph (220 km/h) 947 mbar (hPa; 27.96 inHg)
Hurricane Daisy
Daisy 1958 track.png
 1958 August 28 130 mph (215 km/h) 948 mbar (hPa; 27.99 inHg)
Hurricane Helene
Helene 1958 track.png
 1958 September 27 150 mph (240 km/h) 930 mbar (hPa; 27.46 inHg)
Hurricane Gracie
Gracie 1959 track.png
 1959 September 29 140 mph (220 km/h) 950 mbar (hPa; 28.05 inHg)
Hurricane Donna
Donna 1960 track.png
 1960 September 6–10dagger 145 mph (230 km/h) 930 mbar (hPa; 27.46 inHg)
Hurricane Betsy
Betsy 1961 track.png
 1961 September 5–6 130 mph (215 km/h) 945 mbar (hPa; 27.91 inHg)
Hurricane Carla
Carla 1961 track.png
 1961 September 10-11 145 mph (233 km/h) 927 mbar (hPa; 27.73 inHg)
Hurricane Frances
Frances 1961 track.png
 1961 October 7 130 mph (215 km/h) 948 mbar (hPa; 27.99 inHg)
Hurricane Flora
Flora 1963 track.png
 1963 October 2–3 150 mph (240 km/h) 933 mbar (hPa; 27.55 inHg)
Hurricane Cleo
Cleo 1964 track.png
 1964 August 23–24 150 mph (240 km/h) 938 mbar (hPa; 27.70 inHg)
Hurricane Dora
Dora 1964 track.png
 1964 September 6 130 mph (215 km/h) 942 mbar (hPa; 27.82 inHg)
Hurricane Gladys
Gladys 1964 track.png
 1964 September 17 130 mph (215 km/h) 945 mbar (hPa; 27.91 inHg)
Hurricane Hilda
Hilda 1964 track.png
 1964 October 1–2 140 mph (220 km/h) 941 mbar (hPa; 27.79 inHg)
Hurricane Betsy
Betsy 1965 track.png
 1965 September 4–9dagger 140 mph (220 km/h) 942 mbar (hPa; 27.82 inHg)
Hurricane Inez
Inez 1966 track.png
 1966 September 28–October 9dagger 150 mph (240 km/h) 929 mbar (hPa; 27.43 inHg)
Hurricane Carmen
Carmen 1974 track.png
 1974 September 1–7dagger 150 mph (240 km/h) 928 mbar (hPa; 27.40 inHg)
Hurricane Gladys
Gladys 1975 track.png
 1975 October 2–3 140 mph (220 km/h) 939 mbar (hPa; 27.73 inHg)
Sources: Atlantic Hurricane Best Track File 1851–2012[15]

1976–2000[]

Damage after Hurricane Frederic in Gulf Shores, Alabama.

In the years between 1976 and 2000, 24 Category 4 hurricanes formed in the basin:

List of Category 4 Atlantic hurricanes from 2001–present
Storm
name 		Track Season Dates as a
Category 4 		Maximum
sustained winds 		Minimum pressure Notes
Hurricane Ella
Ella 1978 track.png
 1978 September 4 140 mph (220 km/h) 956 mbar (hPa; 28.23 inHg)
Hurricane Greta
Greta-Olivia 1978 track.png
 1978 September 18 130 mph (215 km/h) 947 mbar (hPa; 27.96 inHg)
Hurricane Frederic
Frederic 1979 track.png
 1979 September 12–13 130 mph (215 km/h) 943 mbar (hPa; 27.85 inHg)
Hurricane Harvey
Harvey 1981 track.png
 1981 September 14 130 mph (215 km/h) 946 mbar (hPa; 27.94 inHg)
Hurricane Debby
Debby 1982 track.png
 1982 September 18 130 mph (215 km/h) 950 mbar (hPa; 28.05 inHg)
Hurricane Diana
Diana 1984 track.png
 1984 September 11-12 130 mph (215 km/h) 949 mbar (hPa; 28.02 inHg)
Hurricane Gloria
Gloria 1985 track.png
 1985 September 24-25 145 mph (230 km/h) 919 mbar (hPa; 27.14 inHg)
Hurricane Helene
Helene 1988 track.png
 1988 September 22-23 145 mph (230 km/h) 938 mbar (hPa; 27.70 inHg)
Hurricane Joan
Joan 1988 track.png
 1988 October 21-22 145 mph (230 km/h) 932 mbar (hPa; 27.52 inHg)
Hurricane Gabrielle
Gabrielle 1989 track.png
 1989 September 4–7 145 mph (230 km/h) 937 mbar (hPa; 27.67 inHg)
Hurricane Claudette
Claudette 1991 track.png
 1991 September 7 130 mph (215 km/h) 944 mbar (hPa; 27.88 inHg)
Hurricane Felix
Felix 1995 track.png
 1995 August 12-13 140 mph (220 km/h) 929 mbar (hPa; 27.43 inHg)
Hurricane Luis
Luis 1995 track.png
 1995 September 1-8 150 mph (240 km/h) 935 mbar (hPa; 27.61 inHg)
Hurricane Opal
Opal 1995 track.png
 1995 October 4 150 mph (240 km/h) 916 mbar (hPa; 27.05 inHg)
Hurricane Edouard
Edouard 1996 track.png
 1996 August 25-28dagger 145 mph (230 km/h) 933 mbar (hPa; 27.55 inHg)
Hurricane Hortense
Hortense 1996 track.png
 1996 September 12–13 140 mph (220 km/h) 935 mbar (hPa; 27.61 inHg)
Hurricane Georges
Georges 1998 track.png
 1998 September 19-20 155 mph (250 km/h) 937 mbar (hPa; 27.67 inHg)
Hurricane Bret
Bret 1999 track.png
 1999 August 22 145 mph (230 km/h) 944 mbar (hPa; 27.88 inHg)
Hurricane Cindy
Cindy 1999 track.png
 1999 August 28-29 140 mph (220 km/h) 942 mbar (hPa; 27.81 inHg)
Hurricane Floyd
Floyd 1999 track.png
 1999 September 12-14dagger 155 mph (250 km/h) 921 mbar (hPa; 27.2 inHg)
Hurricane Gert
Gert 1999 track.png
 1999 September 15–17dagger 150 mph (240 km/h) 930 mbar (hPa; 27.46 inHg)
Hurricane Lenny
Lenny 1999 track.png
 1999 November 17-18 155 mph (250 km/h) 933 mbar (hPa; 27.55 inHg)
Hurricane Isaac
Isaac 2000 track.png
 2000 September 28-29 140 mph (220 km/h) 943 mbar (hPa; 27.85 inHg)
Hurricane Keith
Keith 2000 track.png
 2000 October 1 140 mph (220 km/h) 939 mbar (hPa; 27.73 inHg)
Sources: Atlantic Hurricane Best Track File 1851–2012[15]

2001–2021[]

A beachfront home in Navarre Beach, Florida largely destroyed by Hurricane Dennis in 2005.

In the years between 2001 and 2021, 31 Category 4 hurricanes formed within the confines of the Atlantic Ocean. A dagger (dagger) denotes that the storm temporarily weakened below Category 4 intensity during the specified period of time.

List of Category 4 Atlantic hurricanes from 2001–present
Storm
name 		Track Season Dates as a
Category 4 		Maximum
sustained winds 		Minimum pressure Notes
Hurricane Iris
Iris 2001 track.png
 2001 October 8–9 145 mph (230 km/h) 948 mbar (hPa; 27.99 inHg)
Hurricane Michelle
Michelle 2001 track.png
 2001 November 3–4dagger 140 mph (220 km/h) 933 mbar (hPa; 27.55 inHg)
Hurricane Lili
Lili 2002 track.png
 2002 October 2–3 145 mph (230 km/h) 938 mbar (hPa; 27.70 inHg)
Hurricane Fabian
Fabian 2003 track.png
 2003 August 31–September 5dagger 145 mph (230 km/h) 939 mbar (hPa; 27.73 inHg)
Hurricane Charley
Charley 2004 track.png
 2004 August 13 150 mph (240 km/h) 941 mbar (hPa; 27.79 inHg)
Hurricane Frances
Frances 2004 track.png
 2004 August 28–September 2dagger 145 mph (230 km/h) 935 mbar (hPa; 27.61 inHg)
Hurricane Karl
Karl 2004 track.png
 2004 September 20–21dagger 145 mph (230 km/h) 938 mbar (hPa; 27.70 inHg)
Hurricane Dennis
Dennis 2005 track.png
 2005 July 8–10dagger 150 mph (240 km/h) 930 mbar (hPa; 27.46 inHg)
Hurricane Gustav
Gustav 2008 track.png
 2008 August 30–31 155 mph (250 km/h) 941 mbar (hPa; 27.79 inHg)
Hurricane Ike
Ike 2008 track.png
 2008 September 4–8dagger 145 mph (230 km/h) 935 mbar (hPa; 27.61 inHg)
Hurricane Omar
Omar 2008 track.png
 2008 October 16 130 mph (215 km/h) 958 mbar (hPa; 28.29 inHg)
Hurricane Paloma
Paloma 2008 track.png
 2008 November 8 145 mph (230 km/h) 944 mbar (hPa; 27.88 inHg)
Hurricane Bill
Bill 2009 track.png
 2009 August 19–20 130 mph (215 km/h) 943 mbar (hPa; 27.85 inHg)
Hurricane Danielle
Danielle 2010 track.png
 2010 August 27 130 mph (215 km/h) 942 mbar (hPa; 27.82 inHg)
Hurricane Earl
Earl 2010 track.png
 2010 August 30–September 2dagger 145 mph (230 km/h) 927 mbar (hPa; 27.37 inHg)
Hurricane Igor
Igor 2010 track.png
 2010 September 12–17 155 mph (250 km/h) 924 mbar (hPa; 27.29 inHg)
Hurricane Julia
Julia 2010 track.png
 2010 September 15 140 mph (220 km/h) 948 mbar (hPa; 27.99 inHg)
Hurricane Katia
Katia 2011 track.png
 2011 September 6 140 mph (220 km/h) 942 mbar (hPa; 27.82 inHg)
Hurricane Ophelia
Ophelia 2011 track.png
 2011 October 2 140 mph (220 km/h) 940 mbar (hPa; 27.76 inHg)
Hurricane Gonzalo
Gonzalo 2014 track.png
 2014 October 15–17dagger 145 mph (230 km/h) 940 mbar (hPa; 27.76 inHg)
Hurricane Joaquin
Joaquin 2015 track.png
 2015 October 1–3dagger 155 mph (250 km/h) 931 mbar (hPa; 27.64 inHg)
Hurricane Nicole
Nicole 2016 track.png
 2016 October 12–13 140 mph (220 km/h) 950 mbar (hPa; 28.05 inHg)
Hurricane Harvey
Harvey 2017 track.png
 2017 August 26 130 mph (215 km/h) 937 mbar (hPa; 27.67 inHg)
Hurricane Jose
Jose 2017 track.png
 2017 September 8–10 155 mph (250 km/h) 938 mbar (hPa; 27.70 inHg)
Hurricane Florence
Florence 2018 track.png
 2018 September 5–12dagger 150 mph (240 km/h) 937 mbar (hPa; 27.67 inHg)
Hurricane Laura
Laura 2020 track.png
 2020 August 26–27 150 mph (240 km/h) 937 mbar (hPa; 27.67 inHg)
Hurricane Teddy
Teddy 2020 track.png
 2020 September 17–18 140 mph (220 km/h) 945 mbar (hPa; 27.91 inHg)
Hurricane Delta
Delta 2020 track.png
 2020 October 6 140 mph (220 km/h) 953 mbar (hPa; 28.14 inHg)
Hurricane Eta
Eta 2020 track.png
 2020 November 2–3 150 mph (240 km/h) 923 mbar (hPa; 27.26 inHg)
Hurricane Iota
Iota 2020 track.png
 2020 November 16–17 155 mph (250 km/h) 917 mbar (hPa; 27.08 inHg)
Hurricane Ida
Ida 2021 track.png
 2021 August 29 150 mph (240 km/h) 929 mbar (hPa; 27.43 inHg)
Sources: Atlantic Hurricane Best Track File 1851–2012[15]

Listed by month[]

Landfalls[]

The following hurricanes made landfall at some location at any strength. Due to inaccuracies in data, tropical depression landfalls are not included. Category 5 hurricanes are also not included in the table below. Several of these storms weakened slightly after attaining Category 4 status as they approached land; this is usually a result of dry air, shallower water due to shelving, cooler waters, or interaction with land.

Name Year
Category 4
Category 3
Category 2
Category 1
Tropical storm
"Last Island" 1856 Louisiana
"Unnamed" 1866 Bahamas
"Unnamed" 1878 Haiti & Turks and Caicos Islands
"Unnamed" 1880 Texas Quintana Roo Guadeloupe
"Unnamed" 1882 Cuba Florida
Indianola 1886 Texas Dominican Republic & Cuba
Cheniere Caminada 1893 Louisiana Quintana Roo & Mississippi
Unnamed 1894 Saint Lucia
Georgia 1898 Georgia
San Ciriaco 1899 Guadeloupe & Puerto Rico Bahamas & North Carolina
Galveston (1900) 1900 Texas Antigua, Nevis, Dominican Republic & Cuba
Unnamed 1910 Cuba Florida
Galveston (1915) 1915 Texas Jamaica Guadeloupe
New Orleans 1915 Louisiana
Florida Keys 1919 Bahamas & Texas Puerto Rico
Tampa Bay 1921 Florida
Nassau 1926 Bahamas Florida
Miami 1926 Bahamas & Florida Alabama
Unnamed 1926 Cuba Bermuda
Unnamed 1929 Bahamas Florida Florida
San Zenón 1930 Dominican Republic Guadeloupe Cuba & Florida
Unnamed 1932 Texas
San Ciprián 1932 Puerto Rico Dominican Republic Belize
Chesapeake–Potomac 1933 North Carolina
Treasure Coast 1933 Bahamas Florida
Outer Banks 1933 North Carolina Nova Scotia
Great Atlantic hurricane 1944 New York & Rhode Island
Unnamed 1945 Florida Bahamas South Carolina
Unnamed 1948 Florida Cuba
Unnamed 1949 Florida Bahamas
Charlie 1951 Quintana Roo Tamaulipas Jamaica Dominica
Fox 1952 Cuba Bahamas Bahamas
Hazel 1954 North Carolina Haiti & Turks and Caicos Islands
Connie 1955 North Carolina
Carrie 1957 Azores
Helene 1958 North Carolina Newfoundland
Gracie 1959 South Carolina
Donna 1960 Florida Barbuda, Anguilla, & Bahamas North Carolina, New York & Connecticut
Carla 1961 Texas
Flora 1963 Haiti Tobago & Cuba Cuba
Cleo 1964 Guadeloupe & Haiti Florida Cuba Georgia
Dora 1964 Florida
Hilda 1964 Louisiana
Betsy 1965 Louisiana Bahamas & Florida
Inez 1966 Dominican Republic Guadeloupe, Cuba & Tamaulipas Cuba
Carmen 1974 Quintana Roo Louisiana
Greta 1978 Honduras Belize
Frederic 1979 Alabama Puerto Rico, Dominican Republic & Cuba
Diana 1984 North Carolina
Gloria 1985 North Carolina New York & Connecticut
Joan 1988 Nicaragua Grenada, Colombia & Venezuela
Luis 1995 Barbuda Newfoundland
Opal 1995 Florida Yucatán Peninsula
Hortense 1996 Puerto Rico & Nova Scotia Guadeloupe
Georges 1998 Antigua, Saint Kitts, Puerto Rico & Dominican Republic Florida & Mississippi Cuba
Bret 1999 Texas
Floyd 1999 Bahamas Bahamas North Carolina Virginia, New Jersey, New York & Connecticut
Lenny 1999 Saint Martin Anguilla Saint Barthélemy Antigua
Keith 2000 Belize & Tamaulipas
Iris 2001 Belize
Michelle 2001 Cuba Bahamas
Lili 2002 Cuba Cayman Islands & Louisiana
Charley 2004 Florida Cuba South Carolina
Frances 2004 Bahamas Bahamas & Florida Florida
Dennis 2005 Cuba Florida
Gustav 2008 Cuba (2x) Louisiana Haiti Jamaica
Ike 2008 Cuba Bahamas Texas Cuba
Paloma 2008 Cuba
Bill 2009 Newfoundland
Earl 2010 Nova Scotia Prince Edward Island
Igor 2010 Newfoundland
Gonzalo 2014 Bermuda Antigua, Saint Martin & Anguilla
Joaquin 2015 Bahamas Bahamas (2x)
Harvey 2017 Texas Texas Barbados, Saint Vincent & Louisiana
Florence 2018 North Carolina
Laura 2020 Louisiana Antigua, Nevis, Dominican Republic & Cuba (2x)
Delta 2020 Quintana Roo & Louisiana
Eta 2020 Nicaragua Cuba & Florida (2x)
Iota 2020 Nicaragua
Ida 2021 Louisiana Cuba

See also[]

References[]

  1. ^ National Hurricane Center (2007). "Saffir-Simpson Scale". National Weather Service. Retrieved 2007-11-09.
  2. ^ Landsea, Chris (2006). "FAQ subject D4". HURDAT. Retrieved 2007-12-17.
  3. ^ National Hurricane Center (June 22, 2006). "Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale Information". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2007-11-13.
  4. ^ Landsea, Chris (2006). "FAQ subject A2". HURDAT. Retrieved 2007-12-17.
  5. ^ NSF (2005). "severe Hurricanes doubled in the past 35 years". NSF. Retrieved 2013-09-03.
  6. ^ Vecchi, Gabriel. "Historical Changes in Atlantic Hurricane and Tropical Storms". gfdl.noaa. Retrieved 2018-09-14.
  7. ^ Villarini, Gabriele; Vecchi, Gabriel (2011). "Is the recorded increase in short‐duration North Atlantic tropical storms spurious?". Journal of Geophysical Research. 116. doi:10.1029/2010JD015493.
  8. ^ Vecchi, Gabriel; Knutson, Thomas (2011). "Estimating Annual Numbers of Atlantic Hurricanes Missing from the HURDAT Database (1878–1965) Using Ship Track Density". Journal of Climate. 24 (6): 1736–1746. doi:10.1175/2010JCLI3810.1.
  9. ^ Landsea, Christopher; Vecchi, Gabriel (2010). "Impact of Duration Thresholds on Atlantic Tropical Cyclone Counts". Journal of Climate. 23 (10): 2508–2519. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.163.4825. doi:10.1175/2009JCLI3034.1.
  10. ^ Vecchi, Gabriel; Knutson, Thomas (2008). "On Estimates of Historical North Atlantic Tropical Cyclone Activity". Journal of Climate. 21 (14): 3580–3600. doi:10.1175/2008JCLI2178.1.
  11. ^ weather.com - Vulnerable Cities: Index Archived 2007-12-22 at the Wayback Machine
  12. ^ Hock, Terry (2007). "GPS dropsondes". NCAR. Archived from the original on June 7, 2007. Retrieved 2007-12-16.
  13. ^ Federal Emergency Management Agency (2004). "Hurricane Glossary of Terms". Archived from the original on 2005-12-14. Retrieved 2006-03-24. Accessed through the Wayback Machine.
  14. ^ National Hurricane Center (2007-03-08). "Tropical Cyclone Climatology". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2007-11-13.
  15. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Atlantic hurricane best track (HURDAT version 2)" (Database). United States National Hurricane Center. May 25, 2020.
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