List of armed conflicts involving the United States

The history of armed conflicts involving the United States of America spans a period of more than four centuries. A period ranging from the early era of European colonization and the formation of the new national polity that would become the United States, to its evolvement through technological and political upheavals into a decisively modern republic and military force, and ascent onto the world stage, through the calamities of the 20th century, as the largely unrivaled hegemon that it is today.^[1]

Colonial and early national period[]

The lines of conflict demarcating the wars, rebellions, and revolutions in the North American colonial and national period can be traced far back into early pre-Columbian times. However, due to the scarcity of written sources, not least resulting from the Spanish colonizers destroying a sizable amount of original Maya writings, deeming them to be heretical, historians typically make the early European settlements as their initial point of departure, of which sources are more plentiful.^[2]

A further concern highlighted by historians, relating to the history of slavery and colonialism in particular, is the inherent unevenness of the terrain in which conflicts erupt, and often tremendous disproportionality of means by which they are fought and settled. As historian Ira Berlin points out slavery, by its very definition, poses a profound asymmetry of power: "For three centuries, slave masters mobilized enormous resources that stretched across continents and oceans and employed them with great ferocity in an effort to subdue their human property. Slaves, for their part, had little to depend upon but themselves."^[3]

As such, four distinctive lines of conflict can be identified weaving through the colonial and early national period. Firstly, the conflicts between the European colonists and the Native American tribes. Secondly, the rival conflicts between the European states over control of the Americas. Thirdly, the mounting tensions and armed conflicts between the settlers and their rulers in Europe. And lastly, as violence between the white people grew, so too did the revolutionary fervor of the African slaves in their quest for freedom through armed insurrection.^[4]

Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Results and assessment of outcome
Expedition of Juan Ponce de León (1521) Location: Southwest Florida 17th century engraving of Ponce de León (unauthenticated)	Spanish conquistadors	Calusa People	Conquistador defeat Ponce de León fatally wounded by an arrow, presumed to have been poisoned with sap from the manchineel tree Expedition driven off, and effort to establish settlement in southwest Florida aborted
Rebellion in San Miguel de Guadalupe (1526)	Spanish settlers	Guale People African slaves	Spanish settlers defeat Settlement abandoned in early 1527^[5]
Mutiny at Charlesfort (1562–1563) Location: Parris Island, South Carolina	French colonists	French mutineers Native Americans	French colonist blunder Commander-in-chief Albert de la Pierria deceased 26 out of 27-man crew of the French colonist alleged to have fled across the Atlantic, aiming for France Fort destroyed shortly after by Spanish colonists led by Hernando de Manrique de Rojas
Spanish assault on French Florida (1565) Location: Fort Caroline, Florida; Matanzas Inlet Image of French settlement in Florida in 1562.	New Spain	Huguenots	French Huguenot defeat Several hundred French Huguenots, led by Jean Ribault, capitulated to the Spaniards, and were subsequently executed under orders of Don Pedro Menéndez de Avilés.
Raid on St. Augustine (1586) Location: St. Augustine, Florida	Spain Apalachee People	England
Roanoke Colony (1587–1590) Part of the American Indian Wars
Anglo-Powhatan Wars (1610–1646) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Colony of Virginia
First Indian attack on Jamestown (1622) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Colony of Virginia A 1628 woodcut by Matthaeus Merian published along with Theodore de Bry's earlier engravings in 1628 book on the New World. The engraving shows the March 22, 1622 massacre when Powhatan Indians attacked Jamestown and outlying Virginia settlements.	Powhatan Indians	Virginian settlers	Virginian settlers defeat
Beaver Wars (1629–1701) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Great Lakes region	Iroquois England Dutch Republic	Huron Erie Neutral Odawa Ojibwe Mississaugas Potawatomi Algonquin Shawnee Wenro Mahican Innu Abenaki Miami Illinois Confederation Supported by: France
Pequot War (1637–1638) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Southern New England	Pequot tribe	New England colonists * Massachusetts Bay Colony * Plymouth Colony * Saybrook Colony * Connecticut Colony Allies: * Narragansett tribe * Mohegan tribe
Kieft's War (1643–1645) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: New Netherland	New Netherland	Lenape
Second Indian attack on Jamestown (1644) Part of the American Indian Wars
Peach Tree War (1655) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Pavonia, New Amsterdam, Staten Island, Bronx	Susquehannock and allied tribes	Dutch Republic New Netherland	Native American victory Outlying Dutch settlements ordered to garrison at Fort Amsterdam Staten Island abandoned
Esopus Wars (1659–1663) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: New Netherland
Virginia's Indentured Servants' Plot (1661) Location: Virginia
King Philip's War (1675–1678) Part of the American Indian Wars An artist's rendition of Indians attacking a garrison house	New England Confederation Mohegans Pequots	Wampanoags Nipmucks Podunks Narragansetts Nashaway
Bacon's Rebellion (1675–1676)
King William's War (1689–1697)
Queen Anne's War (1702–1713) Part of the War of the Spanish Succession Location: North America
Comanche Wars (1706–1875) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: South-central United States and northern Mexico			See also U.S. government Comanche campaign (1867–1875)
Tuscarora War (1711–1715) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Eastern North Carolina
New York slave revolt of 1712 (1712) Location: New York City
Yamasee War (1715–1717) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: eastern South Carolina
Dummer's War (1722–1727) Part of the American Indian Wars
War of Jenkin's Ear–King George's War (1739–1744–1748)
Stono slave rebellion (1739)
New York Conspiracy of 1741 (1741) Location: New York City
French and Indian War (1754–1763)
Pontiac's War (1763) Part of the American Indian Wars The Siege of the Fort at Detroit, depicting of the 1763 Siege of Fort Detroit by Frederic Remington.	Ottawas Ojibwas Potawatomis Hurons Miamis Weas Kickapoos Mascoutens Piankashaws Delawares Shawnees Wyandots Mingos Iroquois Seneca	Great Britain	Stalemate Native Americans concede British sovereignty but compel British policy changes
Conestoga Massacre (1763) Location: Pennsylvania
War of the Regulation (1765–1771) Location: North Carolina British Royal Governor William Tryon confronts the North Carolina Regulators in 1771.	Regulators	North Carolina colonial militia
Boston Massacre (1770) Part of the American Revolution Location: Boston, Massachusetts, British America
Battle of Alamance Creek (1771)
American Revolutionary War (1775–1783) Location: Eastern North America, Gibraltar, India, Caribbean Sea, and the Atlantic The Battle of Long Island, August 27, 1776	United States France Canadian Auxiliaries Spain Iroquois Oneida Tuscarora Watauga Association Catawba Lenape Choctaw Dutch Republic Mysore	Great Britain Loyalists German Auxiliaries Iroquois Onondaga Mohawk Cayuga Seneca Cherokee	U.S. allied victory Treaty of Paris (1783) Britain recognizes the independence of the United States of America
Lord Dunmore's War (1774) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Upper Ohio Valley
Cherokee–American wars (1776–1795) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Old Southwest Abduction of Daniel Boone's daughter by the Cherokee	United States Choctaw	Cherokee	U.S. victory^{[citation needed]}
Baylor Massacre (1778) Part of the American Revolutionary War Location: River Vale, New Jersey
Northwest Indian War (1785–1793) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Northwest Territory The Battle of Fallen Timbers	United States Chickasaw Choctaw	Western Confederacy show List Council of Three Fires Iroquois Confederacy Seven Nations of Canada Wabash Confederacy (Wea, Piankashaw, and others) Illini Confederacy Wyandot Mississaugas Menominee Shawnee Lenape Miami Kickapoo Kaskaskia Chickamauga Cherokee (or "Lower Cherokee") Upper Muscogee Great Britain British North America	U.S. allied victory Treaty of Greenville (1795) British withdrawal American occupation of the Northwest Territory
Shays' Rebellion (1786–1787) Location: Massachusetts Shays' troops are repulsed from the armory at Springfield, Massachusetts in early 1787.	United States	Anti-Government Protesters	U.S. victory Problems with the Articles of Confederation spur U.S. Constitutional Convention
Whiskey Rebellion (1791–1794) Location: Western Pennsylvania George Washington reviews troops before their march to suppress the rebellion in western Pennsylvania.	United States	Frontier tax protesters	U.S. victory Armed resistance eliminated Minor tax evasion
Battle of Fallen Timbers (1794)
Nickajack Expedition (1794-) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Southwest Territory
Quasi-War (1798–1800) Part of the French Revolutionary Wars Location: Atlantic Ocean, the Caribbean, the Indian Ocean and the Mediterranean USS Constellation vs. L'Insurgente	United States Co-belligerent: Great Britain	France Guadeloupe	Mixed Convention of 1800 Peaceful cessation of Franco-American alliance End of French privateer attacks on American shipping American neutrality and renunciation of claims by France
Fries's Rebellion (1799) Location: Pennsylvania	United States	Tax protesters	U.S. victory Rebellion suppressed

19th-century[]

Conflict	U.S. and allies	Opponents	Results and assessment of outcome
Gabriel's slave rebellion (1800)
First Barbary War (1801–1805) Part of the Barbary Wars Location: Mediterranean Sea off the coast of Tripoli. Lieutenant Presley O'Bannon at Derna, April 1805	United States Sweden	Eyalet of Tripolitania Sultanate of Morocco	U.S. allied victory Peace treaty
Sabine Expedition (1806) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Sabine River (Texas–Louisiana)
1811 German Coast Uprising (1811) Location: Territory of Orleans	United States	Rebel slaves Supported by: Haiti	U.S. victory^{[citation needed]} Suppression and later trials
Tecumseh's War (1811) Part of the American Indian Wars and the War of 1812 Location: Northwest River Ohio The Battle of Tippecanoe	United States	Tecumseh's Confederacy show List Shawnee Red Sticks Ojibway Chickamauga Meskwaki Iroquois Miami Mingo Odawa Kickapoo Lenape Mascouten Potawatomi Sauk Wyandot	U.S. victory Peace treaty
War of 1812 (1812–1815) Location: Eastern and Central North America General Andrew Jackson stands on the parapet of his makeshift defenses as his troops repulse attacking Highlanders, by painter Edward Percy Moran in 1910.	United States Choctaw Cherokee Nation Creek Allies	United Kingdom British North America Tecumseh's Confederacy show List Shawnee Red Sticks Ojibway Chickamauga Meskwaki Iroquois Miami Mingo Odawa Kickapoo Lenape Mascouten Potawatomi Sauk Wyandot Spain (1814)	Stalemate Treaty of Ghent; Status quo ante bellum with no boundary changes American invasions of British North America repulsed British invasions of the United States repulsed Defeat of Tecumseh's Confederacy
Creek War (1813–1814) Part of the American Indian Wars and the War of 1812 Location: Southern United States The Battle of Horseshoe Bend, 1814	United States Lower Creeks Cherokee Nation Choctaw	Red Stick Creek	U.S. allied victory Creek forced to cede 23 million acres (93,000 km²) of their territory to the United States in the Treaty of Fort Jackson
Second Barbary War (1815) Part of the Barbary Wars Location: Mediterranean Sea and the Barbary states. Decatur's squadron off Algiers	United States	Regency of Algiers	U.S. victory^{[citation needed]} Peace treaty
First Seminole War (1817–1818) Part of the Seminole Wars and the American Indian Wars Location: Pensacola, Florida Barracks and tents at Fort Brooke near Tampa Bay	United States	Seminole Spanish Florida	Victory Spain cedes Spanish Florida to the United States in the Adams–Onís Treaty of 1819 The United States forcibly relocates Seminole in northern Florida to a reservation in the centre of the peninsula in the Treaty of Moultrie Creek of 1823
Long Expedition (1819)	U.S. Filibusters	First Mexican Empire Army of the Three Guarantees	Mixed Rebels defeated and captured James Long executed Official US policy against filibusters upheld as they were outlawed
Texas–Indian wars (1820–1875) Part of the American Indian Wars and the Mexican Indian Wars Location: Texas A Kiowa ledger drawing depicting a battle between Southern Plains Indians and the U.S. Army during the Red River War	Spain Mexico Republic of Texas Choctaw United States	Comanche	U.S. allied victory Extinction of many tribes in Texas, including the Karankawan, Akokisa and Bidui
Arikara War (1823) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Missouri River	United States	Arikara	Mixed^[6] The Arikara are eventually settled with the Mandan and Hidatsa on the Fort Berthold Reservation in North Dakota
Aegean Sea Anti-Piracy Operations of the United States (1825–1828) Part of Piracy in the Mediterranean Location: Off Greece, Aegean Sea Greek pirate boats attacking HMS Comet	United States	Greek Pirates	U.S. victory Defeat of Greek pirates HMS Comet liberated by American forces Message of thanks issued to Louis Goldsborough from the British government
Winnebago War (1827) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Illinois and Michigan Territory	United States Choctaw	Prairie La Crosse Ho-Chunks with a few allies	U.S. victory Ho-Chunks cede lead mining region to the United States
First Sumatran expedition (1832) Part of the Sumatran expeditions Location: Aceh Sultanate U.S. infantry assaulting the Acehnese forts at Kuala Batu in 1832	United States Netherlands	Chiefdom of Kuala Batee	U.S. allied victory Sumatran attacks on U.S. shipping halted for another six years, until another attack which resulted in the second Sumatran expedition in 1838
Black Hawk War (1832) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Illinois and Michigan Territory Native women and children fleeing the Battle of Bad Axe	United States Ho-Chunk Menominee Dakota Potawatomi	Black Hawks British Band Ho-Chunk and Potawatomi allies	U.S. allied victory End of Native armed resistance to U.S. expansion in the Old Northwest Black Hawk Purchase (1832) The United States purchases Potawatomi land in the Treaty of Tippecanoe (1832) The United States purchases the rest of Potawatomi land west of the Mississippi River in the Treaty of Chicago (1833)
Second Seminole War (1835–1842) Part of the Seminole Wars and the American Indian Wars Location: Florida, United States U.S. Marines search for Seminoles in the Everglades	United States	Seminole	Victory 3,800 Seminoles transported to the Indian Territory 300 remain in Everglades
Second Creek War (1836) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Alabama
Caroline affair (1837) Location: Niagara River	United States Reform Movement of Upper Canada	United Kingdom	Mixed Webster–Ashburton Treaty
Patriot War (1838) Part of the Rebellions of 1837–1838 Location: Great Lakes Basin Contemporary engraving of the Battle of the Windmill as seen from the American shore.	British Empire Upper Canada United States	Republic of Canada Hunters' Lodge	US-allied victory Defeat of Hunters' Lodges
Osage Indian War (1837) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Great Plains
Second Sumatran expedition (1838) Part of the Sumatran expeditions Location: Aceh Sultanate	United States Netherlands	Chiefdom of Kuala Batee	U.S. allied victory Malays cease attacks on American vessels
Haun's Mill massacre (1838) Part of Missouri Mormon War Location: Caldwell County, Missouri
Aroostook War (1838) Location: Maine and New Brunswick	United States	United Kingdom British North America	Compromise Webster–Ashburton Treaty Modern border of Maine and New Brunswick agreed upon
Creole case (1841) Location: Nassau, Bahamas – New Orleans, Louisiana
Ivory Coast Expedition (1842) Part of the African Slave Trade Patrol Location: Ivory Coast Veterans of the expedition on board Saratoga in 1842	United States	Ivory Coast Bereby people	U.S. victory destroyed
Mexican–American War (1846–1848) Location: Texas, New Mexico, California and Mexico 2nd Dragoons charge the enemy at the Battle of Resaca de la Palma, 1846	United States California Republic	Mexico	U.S. allied victory Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo Mexican Cession Mexican recognition of Texas and California (among other territories) as independent; end of conflict between Mexico and Texas
Conquest of California (1846–1847) Location: California "Protecting The Settlers" Illustration by JR Browne for his work "The Indians Of California" 1864	United States	Mexico	Catastrophe California Genocide^[7] Historian Benjamin Madley estimates that at least 9,400 to 16,000 California Indians were killed by non-Indians between 1846 and 1873, mostly occurring in more than 370 massacres^[8] Ed Castillo suggests as many as 100,000 were victims of random killings during the first two years of the California Gold Rush.^[9]
Cayuse War (1847–1855) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Oregon	United States	Cayuse	U.S. victory Cayuse reduced in numbers and forced to cede most of their lands
Ute Wars (1849–1923) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Colorado, Utah, Arizona, New Mexico
Yuma War (1850–1853) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Southern California
Johanna Expedition (1851) Location: Matsamudu, Johanna Island	United States	Sultanate of Johanna	U.S. victory Johannans surrender the town, houses, slaves, cattle and money to
Apache Wars (1851–1900) Part of the Texas–Indian wars Location: Southwestern United States U.S. Cavalry dash for cover while fighting Apaches, by F. Remington	United States	Apache Ute Yavapai	U.S. victory Apaches moved to reservations
Erie Railroad War (1853–1854) Location: Pennsylvania
Sioux Wars (1854–1891) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Great Plains
Bleeding Kansas (1854–1861) Part of the prelude to the American Civil War Location: Kansas and Missouri
Puget Sound War (1855–1856) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Washington	United States Snoqualmie	Nisqually Muckleshoot Puyallup Klickitat Haida Tlingit	U.S. allied victory Indians relocated to Siletz, Grand Ronde and Coast Reservations
First Fiji Expedition (1855) Part of the Fiji Expeditions Location: Fiji	United States	Fiji	U.S. victory
Bloody Monday Election Riots of 1855 (1855) Location: Louisville, Kentucky
Rogue River Wars (1855–1856) Location: Rogue Valley	United States	Rogue River people	U.S. victory Indians relocated to Siletz, Grand Ronde and Coast Reservations
Third Seminole War Part of the Seminole Wars and the American Indian Wars (1855–1858) Location: Pensacola, Florida	United States	Seminole	Stalemate^[10] By late 1850s, most Seminoles forced to leave their land; a few hundred remain deep in the Everglades on land unwanted by white settlers
Battle of Ty-ho Bay (1855) Location: Tai O, Hong Kong	United Kingdom United States	Chinese Pirates	U.S. allied victory
Yakima War Part of the American Indian Wars (1855–1858) Location: Washington Territory Seattleites evacuate to the town blockhouse as USS Decatur opens fire on advancing tribal forces.	United States Snoqualmie	Yakama Walla Walla tribe Umatilla tribe Nez Perce tribe Cayuse tribe	U.S. allied victory Peace treaty
Pottawatomie massacre (1856) Part of the prelude to the American Civil War Location: Franklin County, Kansas
Second Opium War Part of the Opium Wars (1856–1859) Location: China Palikao's bridge, on the evening of the battle, by Émile Bayard	British Empire French Empire United States	Qing dynasty	U.S. allied victory Treaties of Tientsin Kowloon Peninsula and Stonecutters Island ceded to the United Kingdom as part of British Hong Kong
Spirit Lake Massacre (1857) Location: Okoboji and Spirit Lake, Iowa
Utah War Part of the Mormon wars (1857–1858) Location: Utah Territory and Wyoming	United States	Deseret/Utah Mormons (Nauvoo Legion)	Compromise Resolution through negotiation Brigham Young replaced as governor of the territory Full amnesty for charges of sedition and treason issued to the citizens of Utah Territory by President James Buchanan on the condition that they accept American Federal authority
Mountain Meadows Massacre (1857) Part of the Mormon wars Location: Mountain Meadows, Utah Territory
Marais des Cygnes massacre (1858) Part of the prelude to the American Civil War Location: Kansas Territory, Missouri
Navajo Wars (1858–1866) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: New Mexico Fort Defiance	United States	Navajo	U.S. victory Long Walk of the Navajo Navajos moved to reservations
Antelope Hills expedition (1858) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Comancheria, Texas, Oklahoma
Mohave War (1858–1859) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Arizona
Second Fiji Expedition (1859) Part of the Fiji Expeditions Location: Fiji	United States	Fiji	U.S. victory
John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry (1859) Part of pre-Civil War conflicts Location: West Virginia Harper's Weekly illustration of U.S. Marines attacking John Brown's "Fort" Teresa Baine	United States	Abolitionist Insurgents	U.S. victory
First and Second Cortina War (1859–1861) Location: Texas and Mexico	United States Confederate States Mexico	Cortinista bandits	U.S. allied victory
Paiute War (1860) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Pyramid Lake, Nevada	United States	Paiute Shoshone Bannock	U.S. victory
American Civil War (1861–1865) Location: United States The Battle of Antietam, by Kurz & Allison.	United States	Confederate States	U.S. victory Territorial integrity preserved Dissolution of the Confederacy Slavery abolished Lincoln assassinated Beginning of the Reconstruction Era
Sacking of Osceola (1861) Part of the American Civil War Location: Osceola, Missouri
Yavapai Wars (1861–1875) Location: Arizona	United States	Yavapai Apache Yuma Mohave	U.S. victory
Dakota War of 1862 (1862) Location: Minnesota and Dakota The Siege of New Ulm, Minnesota on August 19, 1862	United States	Dakota Sioux	U.S. victory
Lawrence massacre (1863) Part of the American Civil War Location: Lawrence, Douglas County, Kansas
Colorado War (1863–1865) Location: Colorado, Wyoming, and Nebraska	United States	Cheyenne Arapaho Sioux	Victory Military and congressional hearings against John Chivington
Shimonoseki War (1863–1864) Location: Kanmon Straits Captured Choshu battery at Shimonoseki.	United Kingdom Dutch Empire French Empire United States	Chōshū Domain	U.S. allied victory U.S. withdrawal after naval engagement July 16, 1863. Chōshū pays an indemnity of $3,000,000.
Centralia Massacre (Missouri) (1864) Part of the American Civil War Location: Centralia, Missouri
Fort Pillow massacre (1864) Part of the American Civil War Location: Lauderdale County, Tennessee
Snake War (1864–1868) Locations: Oregon, Nevada, California, and Idaho	United States	Paiute Bannock Shoshone	U.S. victory
Powder River War (1865) Location: Powder River State	United States	Sioux Cheyenne Arapaho	Mixed
Hualapai War (1865–1870) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Arizona Territory
Second Franco-Mexican War (1865–1867) Location: Mexico	Mexico United States	Second French Empire Mexican Empire	U.S. allied victory Establishment, then fall, of the Second Mexican Empire French withdrawal
Red Cloud's War (1866–1868) Location: Powder River State The Fetterman Massacre	United States	Lakota Cheyenne Arapaho	U.S. defeat Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868) Legal control of Powder River Country ceded to Native Americans Creation of the Great Sioux Reservation (including the Black Hills)
Formosa Expedition (1867) Location: Southern Formosa (Taiwan) US Marines and Sailors attack Formosan pirates.	United States	Paiwan	U.S. defeat American withdrawal after Marine commander killed, subsequent Formosan retreat^[11] No other casualties
Comanche Campaign (1867–1875) Location: Western United States Battle of Beecher Island. One soldier and three horses have fallen, while others continue to wage the battle.	United States	Cheyenne Arapaho Comanche Kiowa	U.S. victory
Opelousas massacre (1868) Location: Opelousas, Louisiana
Battle of Boca Teacapan (1870) Location: Boca Teacapan, Sinaloa, Teacapan Estuary	United States	Mexican pirates	U.S. victory
Sheep Wars (c.1870–1920) Location: Texas, Arizona and the border region of Wyoming and Colorado
United States expedition to Korea (1871) Location: Ganghwado American forces after capturing the Deokjin Fort during the Battle of Ganghwa in 1871.	United States	Joseon Dynasty	Victory^[12] United States-Korea Treaty of 1882
Modoc War (1872–1873) Location: California and Oregon Engraving of soldiers recovering the bodies of the slain May 3, 1873.	United States	Modoc	U.S. victory
Colfax massacre (1873) Location: Colfax, Louisiana Gathering the dead after the Colfax massacre, published in Harper's Weekly, May 10, 1873	Court attackers White locals	Court defenders Black locals Republican officials	Catastrophe Approximately 150 black men were murdered by white Southerners Some 97 men were initially indicted for the massacre, however only nine brought to trial, and after one acquittal and eight mistrials charges was dropped, and all were released The publicity about the Colfax Massacre and subsequent Supreme Court ruling fuled further growth of white paramilitary organisation, such as the White League formed by in May 1874
Election riot of 1874 (1874) Location: Barbour County, Alabama
Red River War (1874–1875) Location: Texas	United States	Cheyenne Arapaho Comanche Kiowa	U.S. victory End to the Texas-Indian Wars
Coushatta massacre (1874) Location: Louisiana
Las Cuevas War (1875) Location: Texas and Mexico Texan soldiers.	United States	Mexico	U.S. victory Cattle returned to Texas
Great Sioux War of 1876 (1876–1877) Location: Montana, Dakota and Wyoming Custer's last stand at Little Bighorn.	United States	Lakota Dakota Sioux Northern Cheyenne Arapaho	U.S. victory Legal control of Powder River Country ceded to the United States
Hamburg massacre (1876) Part of the Reconstruction Era Location: South Carolina
Buffalo Hunters' War (1876–1877) Location: Texas and Oklahoma	United States	Comanche Apache	U.S. victory
Nez Perce War (1877) Location: Oregon, Idaho, Wyoming, and Montana Chief Joseph's band in the Battle of Bear Paw Mountain	United States	Nez Perce Palouse	U.S. victory
Great Railroad Strike of 1877 (1877) Location: Martinsburg, West Virginia
Bannock War (1878) Location: Idaho, Oregon, and Wyoming	United States	Bannock Shoshone Paiute	U.S. victory
Cheyenne War (1878–1879) Location: Oklahoma, Kansas, Nebraska, South Dakota and Montana Aftermath of the Battle of "The Pit."	United States	Cheyenne	U.S. victory
Sheepeater Indian War (1879) Location: Idaho	United States	Shoshone	U.S. victory
Victorio's War (1879–1881) Location: Mexico	United States Mexico	Apache	U.S. allied victory
White River War (1879–1880) Location: Colorado	United States	Ute	U.S. victory
Tong Wars (1880–1913) Location: San Francisco, Chicago, New York
Guadalupe Canyon Massacre (1881) Location: Peloncillo Mountains – Guadalupe Mountains
Rock Springs massacre (1885) Location: Rock Springs, Wyoming
Great Southwest railroad strike of 1886 (1886) Location: Arkansas, Illinois, Kansas, Missouri and Texas
Bay View massacre (1886) Location: Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Haymarket affair (1886) Location: Chicago, Illinois
Hawaiian rebellions (1887–1895) Location: Hawaii The USS Boston's landing force on duty at the Arlington Hotel, Honolulu, at the time of the overthrow of the Hawaiian monarchy, January 1893. Lieutenant Lucien Young, USN, commanded the detachment, and is presumably the officer at right.^[13]	United States Committee of Safety	Kingdom of Hawaii	U.S. blunder U.S. coup d'état against the Kingdom of Hawaii January 1893. Investigation into the overthrow called for by president Grover Cleveland. Report of June 1893 concluded U.S. officials had "abused their authority and were responsible for the change in government".^[14] Formal abdication of Queen Liliʻuokalani after the 1895 Wilcox rebellion. Annexing of Hawaii as U.S. territory, then later as State. In 1993 the U.S. Congress issued official apology to Native Hawaiians on behalf of the U.S. for its involvement in the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii.^[14]^[15]
Hells Canyon massacre (1887) Location: Wallowa County, Oregon
Thibodaux massacre (1887) Location: Thibodaux, Louisiana
Crow War (1887) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Montana
Pine Ridge Campaign (1890–1891) Location: South Dakota Mass grave for the dead Lakota after the conflict at Wounded Knee Creek.	United States	Sioux	Mixed Wounded Knee Massacre
Garza Revolution (1891–1893) Location: Texas and Mexico 3rd Cavalry Troopers searching a suspected Revolutionist, 1892	Mexico United States	Garzistas	U.S. allied victory
Homestead Steel strike (1892) Location: Homestead, Pennsylvania
1892 Coeur d'Alene labor strike (1892) Location: Coeur d'Alene, Idaho
Cripple Creek miners' strike of 1894 (1894) Location: Cripple Creek, Colorado
Bannock War of 1895 (1895) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Jackson's Hole, Wyoming
Yaqui Wars (1896–1918) Location: Arizona and Mexico 10th Cavalry soldiers holding Yaqui prisoners at their camp in Bear Valley, January 9, 1918.	United States Mexico	Yaqui Pima Opata	U.S. allied victory
Leadville miners' strike (1896–1897) Location: Leadville, Colorado
Lattimer massacre (1897) Location: Lattimer, Pennsylvania
Second Samoan Civil War (1898–1899) Location: Samoa Samoan warriors and American servicemen during the Siege of Apia in March 1899.	Samoa United States	Mataafans Germany	Mixed Allies and Rebels compromise for peace Tripartite Convention United States acquires American Samoa United Kingdom withdraws claim in exchange for concessions in the Solomon Islands Germany acquires German Samoa Mata'afa Iosefo becomes paramount chief of Samoa
Battle of Sugar Point (1898) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Leech Lake, Minnesota
Spanish–American War (1898) Location: Cuba, Puerto Rico, Philippines and Guam Teddy Roosevelt and the "Rough Riders" charge Spanish positions during the Battle of San Juan Hill.	United States Cuban Revolutionaries Filipino Revolutionaries	Spain Cuba Guam Philippines Puerto Rico	U.S. allied victory Treaty of Paris Protectorate over Cuba Collapse of the Spanish Empire Generation of '98 among Spanish intellectuals
Illinois coal wars (1898–1900) Part of the Coal Wars Location: Illinois			See also Battle of Virden
Philippine–American War (1899–1902) Location: Philippines Kurz & Allison print of the Battle of Quingua.	1899–1902 United States Military Government 1902–1906 United States Civil Government	1899–1902 Philippine Republic Negros Republic Zamboanga Republic Limited Foreign Support: Empire of Japan Shishi 1902–1906 Tagalog Republic Irrenconcilables	Victory War crimes perpetrated by U.S. Army in the March across Samar, according to historical sources employing rape and torture of civilians, burning entire villages, killing 3,000 native Filipinos, women and children, and placing entire village populations in concentration camps.^[16]^[17] Filipino historians believe around 50,000 civilians were massacred.^[18] Occupation of the Philippines. Dissolution of the First Philippine Republic. Estimated 20,000 Filipino troops killed, more than 200,000 civilians perished as a result of combat, hunger, or disease. Of the 4,300 Americans lost, some 1,500 were killed in action, while nearly twice that number succumbed to disease.^[19]
Moro Rebellion (1899–1913) Philippines The 8th Infantry Regiment defeat the Moros in the four-day battle of Bagsak Mountain on Jolo Island in the Philippines.	United States	Moro Remnants of the Sulu Sultanate	Victory Moro Crater Massacre, 994 killed, including majority of women and children. Total annexation of the Philippine Islands.
Boxer Rebellion (1899–1901) Location: China Corporal Titus, of the 14th Infantry Regiment, scaling the walls of Peking.	United Kingdom Russia Japan France United States Germany Italy Austria-Hungary	Righteous Harmony Society (Boxers) China	U.S. allied victory Rebellion suppressed Signing of the Boxer Protocol Provisions for foreign troops to be stationed in Beijing

20th-century[]

Conflict	U.S. and allies	Opponents	Results and assessment of outcome
St. Louis streetcar strike of 1900 (1900) Location: St. Louis, Missouri
Colorado Labor Wars (1903–1904) Location: Colorado
1905 Chicago teamsters' strike (1905) Location: Chicago, Illinois
San Francisco streetcar strike of 1907 (1907) Location: San Francisco
Crazy Snake Rebellion (1909) Location: Oklahoma Creek prisoners of war.	United States	Creek	U.S. victory^{[citation needed]}
Pressed Steel Car strike of 1909 (1909) Location: McKees Rocks, Pennsylvania
Border War (1910–1919) Part of the Mexican Revolution Location: Mexico–United States border American troops of the 16th Infantry Regiment rest for the night on May 27, 1916	United States	Mexico Germany	U.S. victory Seditionist insurgency suppressed Permanent border wall established Pancho Villa's troops no longer an effective fighting force^[20] Mexican Constitutionalist faction leader Venustiano Carranza recognised as the sole leaders of the Mexican government by the U.S.
Westmoreland County coal strike (1910–1911) Location: Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania
Battle of Kelley Creek (1911) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Humboldt County, Nevada
Negro Rebellion (1912) Part of the Banana Wars Location: Cuba USS Mississippi in Cuba	Cuba United States	Cuban PIC	U.S. allied victory Rebellion suppressed Dissolution of the PIC
Paint Creek Mine War (1912–1913) Location: Cabin Creek, West Virginia
Occupation of Nicaragua (1912–1933) Part of the Banana Wars Location: Nicaragua US Marines holding a captured Sandinista flag.	United States Nicaragua	Nicaraguan Liberals Sandinistas	U.S. allied victory Nicaragua occupied until 1933. Great Depression marked US withdrawal in 1933. Instauration of a US-backed Somoza dictatorship in Nicaragua.
Copper Country strike of 1913–14 (1913–1914) Location: Copper Country, Michigan
Bluff War (1914–1915) Location: Utah and Colorado Prisoners of the Bluff War in Thompson, Utah, waiting to board a train for their trial in Salt Lake City.	United States	Ute Paiute	U.S. victory
Ludlow Massacre (1914) Location: Colorado
Occupation of Veracruz (1914) Part of the Mexican Revolution Location: Mexico American ships at Veracruz	United States	Mexico	U.S. victory Veracruz occupied
Occupation of Haiti (1915–1934) Part of the Banana Wars Location: Haiti 2nd Marine Regiment in Haiti	United States Haiti	Haitian Rebels	U.S. allied victory Haiti occupied
Bayonne refinery strikes (1915–1916) Location: Bayonne, New Jersey
Occupation of the Dominican Republic (1916–1924) Part of the Banana Wars Location: Dominican Republic US Marines in the Occupation of the Dominican Republic.	United States	Dominican Republic	U.S. victory Dominican Republic occupied
World War I (1914–1918) Location: Europe, Africa, Asia, Middle East, the Pacific Islands, and coast of North and South America Two US troops pass by dead German soldiers on a battlefield.	France British Empire United Kingdom Canada Newfoundland Australia New Zealand India South Africa Russia United States China Italy Japan Serbia Montenegro Romania Belgium Greece Portugal Brazil	Germany Austria-Hungary Ottoman Empire Bulgaria	U.S. allied victory End of the German, Russian, Ottoman, and Austro-Hungarian empires Formation of new countries in Europe and the Middle East Transfer of German colonies and regions of the former Ottoman Empire to other powers Establishment of the League of Nations
Everett massacre (1916) Location: Everett, Washington
Battle of Bear Valley (1918) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Arizona
Russian Civil War (1918–1920) Location: Russia, Mongolia, and Iran US troops march through Russia before the Battle of Romanovka.	White Movement British Empire United Kingdom Canada Australia India Japan Czechoslovakia Greece Poland United States France Romania Serbia Italy China	Russian SFSR Far Eastern Republic Latvian SSR Ukrainian SSR Commune of Estonia Mongolian Communists	U.S. allied defeat Allied withdrawal from Russia Bolshevik victory over White Army Some Supplies captured at Vladivostok Humanitarian effort
Centralia massacre (Washington) (1919) Location: Centralia, Washington
Steel strike of 1919 (1919) Location: United States
Battle of Matewan (1920) Location: Matewan, West Virginia
Ocoee massacre (1920) Part of Racism in the United States Location: Ocoee, Florida
Tulsa race riot (1921) Part of Racism in the United States Location: Greenwood, Tulsa
Battle of Blair Mountain (1921) Part of Coal Wars Location: Logan County, West Virginia
Perry race riot (1922) Part of Racism in the United States Location: Perry, Florida
Herrin massacre (1922) Part of Coal Wars Location: Herrin, Illinois
Last Indian Uprising (1923) Location: Utah Ute and Paiute prisoners of war.	United States	Ute Paiute	Victory
Hanapepe massacre (1924) Location: Hanapepe, Hawaii
Columbine Mine massacre (1927) Location: Serene, Colorado
Harlan County War (1931–1939) Part of Coal Wars Location: Harlan County, Kentucky
Ford Hunger March (1932) Location: Detroit, Michigan
California agricultural strikes of 1933 (1933) Location: California
Textile workers strike (1934) Location: New England, the Mid-Atlantic states and the U.S. Southern states
Ponce massacre (1937) Location: Ponce, Puerto Rico
Women's day massacre (1937) Location: Youngstown, Ohio
Little Steel strike (1937) Location: United States
World War II (1939–1945) Location: Europe, Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Southeast Asia, Middle East, Mediterranean, North Africa, North and South America U.S. Army Soldiers advancing at dawn in the cover of a M4 Sherman tank, during the Battle of Bougainville, 1944.	Soviet Union United States United Kingdom China France Poland Canada Australia New Zealand India South Africa Yugoslavia Greece Denmark Norway Netherlands Belgium Luxembourg Czechoslovakia Brazil Mexico Ethiopia Mongolia Philippines Viet Minh KLA Albania	Germany Japan Italy Hungary Romania Bulgaria Finland Thailand Manchukuo Mengjiang Croatia Slovakia	U.S. allied victory Collapse of the Third Reich Fall of Japanese and Italian Empires Creation of the United Nations Emergence of the United States and the Soviet Union as superpowers Beginning of the Cold War
First Indochina War (1946–1954) Part of the Cold War Location: French Indochina	France State of Vietnam Kingdom of Cambodia Kingdom of Laos United States	Viet Minh Pathet Lao Khmer Issarak	U.S. allied defeat Geneva Conference; French Indochina partitioned into four countries
Korean War (1950–1953) Part of the Cold War Location: Korea American soldiers in the Korean war with the Browning M1919A6 LMG.	South Korea United States United Kingdom Australia Belgium Canada France Philippines Colombia Ethiopia Greece Luxembourg Netherlands New Zealand South Africa Thailand Turkey	North Korea China Soviet Union	Armistice North Korean invasions of South Korea repelled Subsequent United Nations invasion of North Korea repelled Subsequent Chinese-North Korean-Soviet invasion of South Korea repelled Korean Armistice Agreement. Although this ended the actual fighting in the Korean Peninsula, the war is not (technically) over because a peace treaty was never signed
Operation Ajax (1953) Location: Tehran, Imperial State of Iran Coup supporters celebrating in Tehran	House of Pahlavi United States^[a] United Kingdom^[a]	Government of Iran	Mixed Successful overthrow of Prime Minister Mohammad Mosaddegh
Laotian Civil War (1953–1975) Part of the Indochina Wars and Cold War Location: Laos A U.S. Air Force Bell UH-1P from the 20th Special Operations Squadron "Green Hornets" at a base in Laos, 1970.	Kingdom of Laos United States South Vietnam Thailand Supported by: Philippines Taiwan	Pathet Lao North Vietnam Supported by: Soviet Union China	U.S. allied defeat Establishment of the Lao People's Democratic Republic.
Lebanon Crisis (1958) Location: Lebanon US Marine sits in a foxhole and points his machine gun toward Beirut.	Lebanon United States	Lebanese Opposition: INM LCP PSP	Victory US-Lebanese occupation of the port and international airport of Beirut Withdrawal of US forces Lebanon failed to join the Baghdad Pact
Bay of Pigs Invasion (1961) Part of the Cold War Location: Cuba	CDRF United States	Cuba	U.S. allied defeat Invasion of Cuba suppressed
Simba Rebellion (1964) Part of the Cold War Location: Democratic Republic of the Congo	Congo-Léopoldville Belgium United States	Simba Rebels Cuba Tanganyika Soviet Union China	U.S. allied victory Rebellion defeated
Vietnam War (1965–1973^[b], 1975^[c]) Part of the Cold War and Indochina Wars Location: Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos 1st Cavalry Division, Battle of Ia Drang, 1965.	South Vietnam United States South Korea Australia New Zealand Thailand Philippines Khmer Republic Kingdom of Laos	North Vietnam Viet Cong Khmer Rouge Pathet Lao China North Korea Supported by: Soviet Union	U.S. allied defeat Withdrawal of American forces from Indochina North Vietnamese victory over South Vietnam Dissolution of the Republic of Vietnam Communist governments take power in South Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia South Vietnam is annexed by North Vietnam
Communist insurgency in Thailand (1965-1983) Part of the Cold War Location: Thailand Ta Ko Bi Cave, a former hideout used by communist rebels.	Thailand Taiwan (until July 1967) United States Malaysia	Communist Party of Thailand Pathet Lao Khmer Rouge (until 1978)^[21]^[22] Supported by: North Vietnam (until 1976) Vietnam (from 1976) People Republic of China (1971–1978) Malayan Communist Party North Korea^[22]	U.S. allied victory Amnesty declared on 23 April 1980 by the Thai government. Order 66/2523 signed by Prime Minister Prem Tinsulanonda. Communist insurgency declines and ends in 1983.
Korean DMZ Conflict (1966–1969) Part of the Korean conflict and the Cold War Location: Korean Demilitarized Zone ROK and US troop stationed at the DMZ, 1967.	South Korea United States	North Korea	U.S. allied victory North Korean failure to launch an insurgency in South Korea
Dominican Civil War (1965–1966) Location: Dominican Republic US soldiers push a child underneath a Jeep to protect him during a firefight in Santo Domingo on May 5, 1965.	Dominican Loyalists United States Inter-American Peace Force Brazil Paraguay Nicaragua Costa Rica El Salvador Honduras	Dominican Constitutionalists	U.S. allied victory Fall of the Bosch regime Joaquín Balaguer elected as the new president
Insurgency in Bolivia (1966–1967) Part of the Cold War Location: Bolivia	Bolivia United States CIA	Ejército de Liberación Nacional	U.S. allied victory CIA supported Bolivian armed groups oppress Che Guevara's guerrilla forces Che Guevara captured and executed
Cambodian Civil War (1967–1975) Location: Cambodia US troops and tanks entering town in Cambodia.	Kingdom of Cambodia (1967–1970) Khmer Republic (1970–1975) United States South Vietnam Other Supports Australia Canada France India Thailand	National United Front of Kampuchea Khmer Rouge Khmer Rumdo Khmer Việt Minh North Vietnam Việt Cộng Other Supports China Czechoslovakia Soviet Union	U.S. allied defeat Fall of the Kingdom of Cambodia Creation but eventual collapse of the Khmer Republic Creation of the Democratic Kampuchea Beginning of the Cambodian genocide
Golden Dragon massacre (1977) Part of Gangs in the United States Location: San Francisco, California
War in South Zaire (1978) Location: Zaire	Zaire France Belgium United States Morocco	Front for the National Liberation of the Congo Supported by: Angola Cuba Soviet Union	U.S. allied victory FNLC forces repelled Thousands of civilians evacuated from Kolwezi
Soviet–Afghan War (1979) Location: Democratic Republic of Afghanistan	Sunni Mujahideen Iran China United States Pakistan Saudi Arabia	Soviet Union Soviet Union Democratic Republic of Afghanistan East Germany Supported by: Angola Cuba Soviet Union	Mixed Soviet failure to quell the Afghan mujahideen insurgency Geneva Accord (1988) Withdrawal of Soviet forces from Afghanistan Continuation of the Afghan Civil War without Soviet troops^[23]
Operation Eagle Claw (1980) Part of the Iranian hostage crisis Location: Iran Wreckage at the Desert One base in Iran.	United States	Iran	U.S. blunder 1 helicopter and 1 transport aircraft destroyed 5 helicopters abandoned/captured
Gulf of Sidra encounter (1981) Location: Gulf of Sidra	United States	Libya	U.S. victory Deterioration of US-Libyan relations
Lebanese Civil War (1982–1984) Location: Lebanon US Marines on patrol in Beirut, April 1983	Lebanese Armed Forces UNIFIL Multinational Force in Lebanon: United States France Italy Lebanese Front Army of Free Lebanon SLA Israel	Lebanese National Movement Jammoul PLO Amal Movement Iran Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps Hezbollah Islamic Unification Movement Syria Arab Deterrent Force Saudi Arabia Sudan UAE Libya South Yemen	Mixed Multinational forces fail to prevent collapse of Lebanese Army into sectarian militias.^[24]^[25] Taif Agreement Multinational forces evacuated after the US embassy and US Marine barracks are bombed by the Islamic Jihad Organization. Multinational forces oversee withdrawal of Palestine Liberation Organization. PLO expelled from Lebanon Southern Lebanon goes into crisis Civil war continues until 1990 President Hafez al-Assad continues his occupation Lebanon until his son and later president Bashar al-Assad orders a withdrawal from the country
Invasion of Grenada (1983) Part of the Cold War Location: Grenada American soldiers in mortar positions in Grenada.	United States Barbados Jamaica Antigua and Barbuda Dominica Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	PRG of Grenada Cuba Military advisors: show List Soviet Union North Korea East Germany Libya	U.S. allied victory Military dictatorship of Hudson Austin deposed Defeat of Cuban military presence Restoration of Constitutional Government
Action in the Gulf of Sidra (1986) Libyan corvette obliterated after attempting to fire on US forces	United States	Libya	U.S. victory Libyan naval forces damaged or destroyed Libyan air defenses damaged
Bombing of Libya (1986) Location: Libya USAF F-111 taking off for Libya	United States	Libya	U.S. victory Ground targets destroyed. Failed Libyan Scud missile response. Muammar Gaddafi survives.
Tobruk encounter (1989) Location: Mediterranean Sea Gun camera depicting the last remaining MiG-23 fighters exploding after being shot down.	United States	Libya	U.S. victory Two Libyan MiG-23 fighters shot down
Invasion of Panama (1989–1990) Location: Panama U.S. troops prepare to take a neighborhood in Panama City, December 1989.	United States Panamanian Opposition	Panama	U.S. allied victory Dictator Manuel Noriega deposed
Gulf War (1990–1991) Location: Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Israel M1 Abrams tanks of the 3rd Armored Division advance on Medina Ridge.	Kuwait United States United Kingdom Saudi Arabia France Canada Egypt Syria Qatar Bahrain United Arab Emirates Oman Bangladesh	Iraq	U.S. allied victory Iraqi withdrawal from Kuwait; Emir Jaber III restored Sanctions against Iraq
Iraqi No-Fly Zone Enforcement Operations (1991–2003) Location: Iraq A Tomahawk cruise missile is fired from an Arleigh Burke-class destroyer during Operation Desert Fox in December 1998.	United States United Kingdom France Australia Belgium Netherlands Saudi Arabia Turkey Italy	Iraq	U.S. allied victory Various bombings of Iraqi forces both arial and naval Mass numbers of Iraqi targets killed or destroyed Reduction in Iraqi air defense Beginning of the Iraq War
First Intervention in the Somali Civil War (1992–1995) Location: Somalia US Marines on patrol in Somalia.	United States United Kingdom Spain Saudi Arabia Malaysia Pakistan Italy India Greece Germany France Canada Botswana Belgium Australia New Zealand	Somali National Alliance	Mixed Pyrrhic tactical U.S./U.N. victory Failure to capture SNA leader Mohamed Farrah Aidid; specific Aidid lieutenants captured Withdrawal of U.S. forces 5 months after the Battle of Mogadishu The UN mandate saved close to 100,000 lives, before and after U.S. withdrawal Civil war is ongoing
Bosnian War (1992–1995) Part of the Yugoslav Wars Location: Bosnia and Herzegovina Russian and American troops on a joint patrol around the Bosnian town of Zvornik on the afternoon of 29 February 1996.	Bosnia and Herzegovina Herzeg-Bosnia Croatia United States Belgium Canada Denmark France Germany Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Portugal Spain Turkey United Kingdom	Republika Srpska YPA Serbian Krajina Western Bosnia FR Yugoslavia	Victory Dayton Accords Internal partition of Bosnia and Herzegovina Over 101,000 dead, 65,000 Bosniaks, 28,000 Serbs, 8,000 Croats Deployment of NATO-led IFOR to uphold the peace agreement High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina established to implement the peace agreement.
Intervention in Haiti (1994–1995) Location: Haiti US troops arrive in Haiti.	United States Poland Argentina	Haiti	Victory Reinstatement of Jean-Bertrand Aristide as president of Haiti
Kosovo War (1998–1999) Part of the Yugoslav Wars Location: Serbia Bombing of Novi Sad.	KLA AFRK Albania Croatia United States Belgium Canada Czech Republic Denmark France Germany Hungary Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Portugal Poland Spain Turkey United Kingdom	FR Yugoslavia	Victory^[26]^[27]^[28]^[29] Yugoslav forces pull out of Kosovo De facto separation of Kosovo from FR Yugoslavia under UN administration Ceasefire reached through Kumanovo Agreement of June 1999. Nato demands acceded to
Operation Infinite Reach (1998) Location: Sudan and Afghanistan al-Qaeda training camp in Afghanistan.	United States	al-Qaeda Sudan Harkat-ul-Mujahideen Lashkar-e-Taiba	U.S. blunder Strikes hit targets but failed objectives al-Qaeda suffers damage and casualties however its senior leaders survive the strikes Al-Shifa pharmaceutical plant destroyed Al-Qaeda propaganda victory leads to Osama bin Laden's image be praised in the Muslim world as a symbol of resistance

^ Jump up to: ^a ^b Covertly
^ Direct U.S. involvement ended in 1973 with the Paris Peace Accords. Air Force and Special Ops continued some operations until April 1975; President Ford in a televised speech on April 23, 1975 declared the end of Vietnam War.
^ The war reignited on 13 December 1974 with offensive operations by North Vietnam, leading to victory over South Vietnam in under two months.

21st-century[]

Conflict	U.S. and allies	Opponents	Results and assessment of outcome
War in Afghanistan (2001–2021) Part of the War on Terror Location: Afghanistan American and British soldiers take a tactical pause during a combat patrol in the Sangin District area of Helmand Province.	Resolute Support Mission Afghanistan United States Canada United Kingdom Australia Croatia Czech Republic Georgia Germany Italy Romania Spain Turkey Formerly: ISAF	Taliban Islamic Jihad Union Haqqani network Allied groups HIG al-Qaeda IJU^[30] IMU Taliban splinter groups Fidai Mahaz IS-Affiliates: Wilayat Khorasan (ISIL-K) 2001 Invasion: Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan Talibani Army Salafist extremists 055 Brigade	NATO withdrawal in 2021. Taliban Victory over Afghan government. Taliban and Afghan/NATO victory over ISIS. Al-Qaeda weakened by NATO intervention United States invasion of Afghanistan (2001) Destruction of al-Qaeda and Taliban militant training camps (2001) Fall of the Taliban government (2001) Establishment of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan under the Karzai administration Start of Taliban insurgency Drone strikes in Pakistan Death of Osama bin Laden in May 2011 by DEVGRU operators Death of Mohammed Omar in July 2013 International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) disbanded in December 2014 Commencement of Resolute Support Mission in December 2014 Doha Agreement (2020) signed on February 29, 2020, in Doha, Qatar Progressive withdrawal of US troops after 2020 Renewed Taliban offensive in 2021 Taliban forces capture Kabul on August 15, 2021 Afghan government surrenders power to the Taliban in accordance to Doha Peace Agreement President Ashraf Ghani flees to Tajikistan On August 16, 2021; US diplomats and military personnel evacuated
Nepalese Civil War (2002–2006) Part of the War on Terror Location: Nepal Three Maoist rebels wait on top of a hill in the Rolpa district for orders to relocate	Kingdom of Nepal United States United Kingdom Belgium India	Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) Communist Party of India (Marxist)	U.S. allied defeat Comprehensive Peace Accord Constituent Assembly election held April 2008, ending 240-year-long monarchy
Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present) Part of the War on Terror Location: Maghreb, Sahara desert, Sahel U.S. NCO training member of Malian counter-terrorism unit in weapons marksmanship, December 2010.	Algeria Morocco Mauritania Tunisia Burkina Faso Chad Mali Niger Nigeria Senegal Supported & Trained By: United States Canada France Germany Netherlands Spain United Kingdom Czech Republic Sweden Denmark	al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (2007–17) Ansar Dine (2012–17) Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin 2017–present Supported By: Boko Haram (2009–15) MOJWA (2011–13) ISIL 2016–present^[31]	Ongoing Insurgency in Algeria spreads through the Maghreb and Sahel. US-led Operation Enduring Freedom – Trans Sahara initiated in 2007. UN peacekeeping mission MINUSMA, African-led AFISMA deployed to Mali Chaambi Operations and ISIL insurgency in Tunisia ISIL captures territory in Libyan Civil War, largely fought back by 2016
Operation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa (2002–present) Location: Horn of Africa, Gulf of Aden, Guardafui Channel U.S. soldiers and French commandos marine conduct a reconnaissance patrol during joint-combined exercise in Djibouti.	NATO show NATO allies: Belgium Canada Denmark France Germany Greece Italy Netherlands Portugal Spain Turkey United Kingdom United States show CJTF-HOA allies: Djibouti Somalia Ethiopia Sudan Seychelles Kenya show Non-NATO allies: Australia Azerbaijan China Colombia European Union India Indonesia Japan Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Malaysia New Zealand Pakistan Russia Singapore South Korea Tajikistan Thailand Turkmenistan Uganda Ukraine Uzbekistan North Korea	ISIL al-Qaeda Harakat al-Shabaab Mujahedeen al-Itihaad al-Islamiya Islamic Courts Union Hizbul Islam Alliance for the Re-liberation of Somalia Ras Kamboni Brigades Jabhatul Islamiya Mu'askar Anole Pirates: * Somali Marines * National Volunteer Coast Guard (NVCG) * Marka group * Puntland Group * Yemeni Pirates	Ongoing
Iraq War (2003–2011) Part of the War on Terror Location: Iraq Soldiers from 3rd Armored Cavalry Regiment conduct security before a cordon and search operation in Biaj, Iraq with their M1 Abrams Main Battle Tank.	United States Iraq United Kingdom Australia South Korea Italy Georgia Poland Spain Netherlands Ukraine Romania MNF–I	Ba'ath Loyalists Islamic State of Iraq al-Qaeda in Iraq Mahdi Army Special Groups IAI Ansar al-Sunnah 2003 Invasion: Iraq	Partial Victory Invasion and occupation of Iraq Overthrow of Ba'ath Party government and execution of Saddam Hussein Iraqi insurgency, emergence of al-Qaeda in Iraq, and Sectarian Violence and another civil war^[32]^[33] Subsequent reduction in violence and depletion of al-Qaeda in Iraq^[34]^[35] Establishment of democratic elections and formation of new democratic government U.S.–Iraq Status of Forces Agreement Withdrawal of U.S. forces from Iraq in 2011 Stronger Iranian influence in Iraq^{[dubious – discuss]}^[36]^[37]^[38] Escalation of sectarian insurgency after U.S. withdrawal leading to the rise of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, the successor of al-Qaeda in Iraq^[33]^[39] Iraqi Civil War (2014–2017) Return of US forces to Iraq in 2014 to combat ISIL
Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (2004–present) Part of the War on Terror Location: Pakistan MQ-1 Predator drones are typically used in covert bombing operations in the Federally administered tribal regions of Pakistan	United States Pakistan	Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan al-Qaeda Lashkar-e-Jhangvi Turkistan Islamic Party Tehreek-e-Nafaz-e-Shariat-e-Mohammadi Daesh	Ongoing On going insurgency in the Northern tribal regions of Pakistan as well as in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Ongoing drone attacks by the United States
War in Somalia (2007–present) Part of the Somali Civil War and War on Terror Location: Somalia and Northeastern Kenya MQ-9 Reaper commonly used in covert drone strikes in Somalia.	Somalia United States United Kingdom Kenya Ethiopia AMISOM Turkey	Al-Shabaab Hizbul Islam Daesh Alleged support: Eritrea	Ongoing Drone strikes in Somalia Raids against al-Shabaab militants conducted by U.S. Special Forces Multiple al-Shabaab senior members killed U.S. backed Ethiopian invasion in 2006 Kenyan intervention Newly formed federal government established in 2012 Power struggle within Al-Shabaab Continued insurgency Expanded American military operations
Operation Ocean Shield (2009–2016) Location: Indian Ocean A tall plume of black smoke rises from a destroyed pirate vessel that was struck by USS Farragut in March 2010.	NATO United States Malaysia Norway United Kingdom New Zealand Denmark Netherlands Italy South Korea India Russia China	Somali pirates	U.S. allied victory Number of pirate attacks have decreased dramatically since the start of such operations, however attacks still occur near the coast waters of Oman, Yemen, Kenya, and Somalia The US Office of Naval Intelligence have officially reported that in 2013, only 9 incidents of piracy were reported and that none of them were successfully hijacked Piracy drops 90% ^[40]
American-led intervention in Libya (2011) Part of the First Libyan Civil War and the Libyan Crisis Location: Libya US vessels launch missiles in support of the Libyan Civil War.	NATO United States United Kingdom Belgium Bulgaria Canada Denmark France Greece Italy Netherlands Norway Romania Spain Turkey Sweden Jordan Qatar United Arab Emirates Anti-Gaddafi rebels	Libya	U.S. allied victory Overthrow of Gaddafi government and Death of Muammar Gaddafi Assumption of interim control by National Transitional Council (NTC) Diplomatic recognition of NTC as sole governing authority for Libya by 105 countries, UN, EU, AL and AU Post-civil war violence in Libya, leading to the ongoing civil war in 2014^[41]
Operation Observant Compass (2011-2017) Part of the War on Terror Location: Uganda U.S. Marine Sgt. Joseph Bergeron, a task force combat engineer, explains combat marksmanship tactics to a group of Ugandan soldiers.	United States Uganda DR Congo Central African Republic South Sudan	Lord's Resistance Army	Victory LRA shrinks to about 100 members. Having reduced the LRA's operational capacity to non-threat status the United States withdraws from the conflict, which remains ongoing.^[42]
American-led intervention in Iraq (2014–present) Part of Operation Inherent Resolve, the Iraqi Civil War, the Spillover of the Syrian civil war, and the International ISIS campaign Location: Iraq General Stephen J. Townsend observes a HIMARS strike that destroyed a building near Haditha, September 2016	United States Iraq Kurdistan Australia Belgium Canada Denmark France Germany Jordan Morocco Netherlands United Kingdom Turkey Iran Hezbollah	Islamic State of Iraq and Syria	Ongoing Over 10,000 American airstrikes conducted in Iraq since 2014 Heavy damaged caused to ISIS forces resulting in losses of about 40% of its held territory by 2016, and by December 2017, its remaining strongholds were destroyed leaving small pockets of fleers. Multinational humanitarian support to civilians and arming of local ground troops and militias Advising and training of Iraqi forces Massive numbers of war crimes committed by ISIS including ethnic cleansing, murder, rape, and enslavement. Additionally there are reports of organ trafficking US maintains limited military presence in Iraq US set to end combat role in Iraq by December 31, 2021
American-led intervention in Syria (2014–present) Part of Operation Inherent Resolve, the Syrian Civil War and the International ISIS campaign Location: Syria USS Ross fires Tomahawk missiles towards Shayrat Military Base, during the 2017 retaliatory strike against the Syrian government.	United States Syrian Democratic Forces Democratic Federation of Northern Syria IFB People's Protection Units Women's Protection Units CJTF-OIR Members: United Kingdom France Australia Canada Jordan Denmark Netherlands Belgium Lebanon Morocco Saudi Arabia UAE Qatar Bahrain Turkey Turkish-backed rebels Israel (limited involvement; against Hezbollah and government forces only) Formerly: Free Syrian Army (2011–2017)	ISIS al-Qaeda linked groups: al-Nusra Front Khorasan group Tahrir al-Sham Jaysh al-Sunna Jund al-Aqsa Ahrar al-Sham Partial Support: Qatar UAE Saudi Arabia Syria (limited encounters with US and Israel) Supported by: Russia Iran Hezbollah China	Ongoing Over 11,200 American and allied airstrikes hit ISIS and other extremist groups within Syria Thousands of ISIS targets destroyed/militants killed Chemical attack in Ghouta American support for anti-government rebels Deployment of U.S. Marines and Special Forces Syrian government forces capture and liberate Aleppo Massive amounts of war human rights violations and war crimes Chemical attack in Khan Shaykhun results in a retaliatory naval strike on the Syrian government-controlled Shayrat Airbase Various confrontations and airstrikes, including a downing of a Syrian SU-17 between the United States and Syrian government Multiple incidents between Israel and Syria, including several Syrian S-200 missiles launched toward Israeli fighter jets during an Israeli Air Force mission inside Syrian territory, and an Israeli F-16 shot down by Syrian Air Defense forces after retaliatory strikes against Iranian targets near Damascus after a Syrian drone crossed into Israeli airspace ISIS detainee crisis takes hold in northern Syria Civilian deaths due to Coalition airstrikes in Syria and Iraq: over 1,300 according to Coalition, 8,267–13,168 according to independent estimates Turkish invasion of Afrin Death of Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi on October 27, 2019
Yemeni Civil War (2014–present) Location: Yemen U.S. Naval vessel patrolling along the coastline of Yemen enforcing the American-Saudi blockade against Iran.	Hadi government Saudi-led Coalition: Saudi Arabia United Arab Emirates Senegal Sudan Qatar (2015–2017) show Under 1000 troops: Bahrain Egypt Kuwait Jordan Morocco United States France United Kingdom	Supreme Political Council Houthis Supported by: Iran Hezbollah North Korea AQAP Ansar al-Sharia IS-affiliated groups: Wilayah al-Yaman	Ongoing Yemen's capital city of Sanaa falls under Houthi control Saudi-led coalition begin to bomb Houthi rebel positions Aden becomes the new capital for the Hadi government Cholera outbreak in 2016 Former Yemeni president Ali Abdullah Saleh killed in fire fight by a sniper during the ongoing battle in Sanaa Targeted killing program against radical groups in the region continue since 2002; intensify after beginning of civil war U.S. Naval blockade put in place in attempt to assist Saudi Arabia in preventing Iranian weapons from moving weapons into Houthi territory Raids against al-Qaeda conducted U.S. Special Forces Famine caused by war is affecting over 17 million people leaving 50,000 children to be a risk of dying in 2017
American intervention in Libya (2015–present) Part of the Second Libyan Civil War Location: Libya	United States Libya	Islamic State in Libya	ISIS in Libya largely defeated Liberation of Sirte Hundreds of airstrikes carried out in Libya against Islamic State affiliated militant groups ISIS presence in Libya severely diminished; airstrikes cease in 2019
Persian Gulf crisis (2019–present) Location: Persian Gulf	United States United Kingdom Saudi Arabia Israel	Iran Popular Mobilization Forces	Ongoing Killing of Iranian General Qasem Soleimani at Baghdad International airport

References[]

^ Chambers, John W., ed. (1999). The Oxford Guide to American Military History. ISBN 9780195340921.
^ Pickett, Margaret F.; Pickett, Dwayne W. (2011). The European Struggle to Settle North America: Colonizing Attempts by England, France and Spain, 1521–1608. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7864-5932-2.
^ Berlin, Ira (2004). Generations of Captivity: A History of African-American Slaves. Belknap Press. ISBN 9780674016248. Archived from the original on October 14, 2018. Retrieved October 14, 2018.
^ "Armed Conflicts in America, 1587–1815". Encyclopedia.com. Archived from the original on October 13, 2018. Retrieved October 12, 2018.
^ Landers, Jane (2006). Slaves, Subjects, and Subversives: Blacks in Colonial Latin America. UNM Press. ISBN 978-0-8263-2397-2.
^ "Ashley's fur trappers attacked by Indians". History.com. Archived from the original on December 1, 2018. Retrieved October 10, 2018.
^ Blakemore, Erin. "California's Little-Known Genocide". history.com. Archived from the original on October 10, 2018.
^ Madley, Benjamin (2016). An American Genocide, The United States and the California Catastrophe, 1846–1873. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-18136-4.
^ Casillo, Ed. "Short Overview of California Indian History". Archived from the original on September 20, 2018. Retrieved October 9, 2018.
^ Kohn, George Childs (2004). Dictionary of Wars: Third Edition. United States: Checkmark Books. p. 486. ISBN 0-8160-6578-0. Archived from the original on 23 July 2016. Retrieved January 22, 2011.
^ The Nation. J.H. Richards. 1889. pp. 256–. Archived from the original on 2017-03-24. Retrieved October 9, 2018.
^ Chay, Jongsuk (2002). Unequal Partners in Peace and War: The Republic of Korea and the United States, 1948–1953. Praeger Publishers. p. 10. ISBN 0-275-97125-2.
^ U.S. Navy History site Archived 2007-03-04 at the Wayback Machine. History.navy.mil (March 22, 2005). Retrieved on 2011-07-06.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "Public Law 103-150" (PDF). November 23, 1993. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 7, 2018.
^ "Jan. 17, 1893 | Hawaiian Monarchy Overthrown by America-Backed Businessmen". The Learning Network. January 17, 2012. Archived from the original on December 1, 2018.
^ Chaudhry, Mubasil (March 12, 2017). "American Atrocities in the Philippines: A Case Study". medium.com. Archived from the original on October 10, 2018.
^ Moorfield, Storey; Lichauco, Marcial P. (1926). The conquest of the Philippines by the United States, 1898–1925. New York, London: G. P. Putnam's sons.
^ Dumindin, Arnaldo. "Philippine-American War, 1899–1902". Archived from the original on June 17, 2017. Retrieved October 10, 2018.
^ "Philippine-American War". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Archived from the original on October 3, 2018. Retrieved October 10, 2018.
^ "History: World War I". Cabq.gov. Archived from the original on January 11, 2017. Retrieved October 10, 2018.
^ "Communist Insurgency In Thailand" (PDF). CIA Report. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved December 1, 2014.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "Anatomy of a Counterinsurgency Victory" (PDF). January 2007. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 23, 2015. Retrieved December 1, 2014.
^ Borer, Douglas A. (1999). Superpowers defeated: Vietnam and Afghanistan compared. London: Cass. p. 216. ISBN 0-7146-4851-5.
^ "Statement by Deputy Press Secretary Larry Speakes". September 23, 1982. Archived from the original on May 13, 2016. Retrieved October 9, 2018.
^ "The Collapse of Lebanon's Army: U.S. Said to Ignore Factionalism". March 11, 1984. Archived from the original on October 9, 2018. Retrieved October 9, 2018.
^ McEldowney, Nancy. "Kosovo: Redefining Victory in an Era of Limited War" (PDF). Dtic.mil. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 28, 2017. Retrieved October 10, 2018.
^ Publisher, Cambridge Scholars (October 10, 2018). Coercive Diplomacy of NATO in Kosovo. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. ISBN 9781443876681 – via Google Books.
^ Erlanger, Steven. "NATO Was Closer to Ground War in Kosovo Than Is Widely Realized". Nytimes.com. Archived from the original on October 4, 2018. Retrieved October 9, 2018.
^ Lake, Daniel R. (July 1, 2009). "The Limits of Coercive Airpower: NATO's "Victory" in Kosovo Revisited". International Security. 34 (1): 83–112. doi:10.1162/isec.2009.34.1.83. S2CID 57572298.
^ "Central Asian groups split over leadership of global jihad". The Long War Journal. August 24, 2015. Archived from the original on August 27, 2015. Retrieved August 27, 2015.
^ "Islamic State in Greater Sahara (ISGS) / Islamic State in the Sahara (ISS) / Islamic State in Burkina Faso & Mali (ISISBM)". Terrorism Research and Analysis Consortium. Archived from the original on October 26, 2017. Retrieved October 11, 2018.
^ "Sectarian divisions change Baghdad's image". NBC News. July 3, 2006. Retrieved February 18, 2007.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "The JRTN Movement and Iraq's Next Insurgency | Combating Terrorism Center at West Point". Ctc.usma.edu. Archived from the original on August 26, 2011. Retrieved August 2, 2014.
^ Petrou, Michael (9 September 2011). "The decline of al-Qaeda". Maclean's. Archived from the original on September 3, 2018. Retrieved October 9, 2018. George W. Bush gambled on surging thousands more troops to the embattled country. It paid off. Al-Qaeda in Iraq is now a diminished force without territory.
^ Spencer C. Tucker (December 14, 2015). U.S. Conflicts in the 21st Century: Afghanistan War, Iraq War, and the War on Terror. ISBN 978-1440838798. Al Qaeda in Iraq was decimated by the end of the Iraq War in 2011.
^ Galbraith, Peter W. (2007). The End of Iraq: How American Incompetence Created a War Without End. Simon & Schuster. p. 74. ISBN 978-0743294249.
^ "Iran expands regional 'empire' ahead of nuclear deal". Reuters. Archived from the original on November 10, 2015. Retrieved October 9, 2018.
^ "How to Stop Iran's Growing Hegemony". National Review Online. Archived from the original on October 10, 2017. Retrieved October 9, 2018.
^ "Al-Qaeda's Resurgence in Iraq: A Threat to U.S. Interests". U.S. Department of State. February 5, 2014. Archived from the original on January 22, 2017. Retrieved November 26, 2010.
^ "Somali piracy is down 90 per cent from last year". The Journal. December 15, 2013. Archived from the original on January 16, 2014. Retrieved January 14, 2014.
^ Holmes, Oliver (January 24, 2012). "UPDATE 1-Anger, chaos but no revolt after Libya violence". Bani Walid. Reuters Africa. Archived from the original on April 30, 2012. Retrieved January 24, 2012.
^ Baddorf, Zack (April 20, 2017). "Uganda Ends Its Hunt for Joseph Kony Empty-Handed". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 7, 2018. Retrieved April 21, 2017.

External links[]

Heidelberg Institute for International Conflict Research (HIIK)
- Conflict Barometer – Describes recent trends in conflict development, escalations, and settlements
A Continent Divided: The U.S.-Mexico War^{[permanent dead link]}, Center for Greater Southwestern Studies, the University of Texas at Arlington
Timeline of wars involving the United States, Histropedia
U.S. Periods of War and Dates of Recent Conflicts, Congressional Research Service

[C-21] Jump up to: ^a ^b Covertly

[22] Direct U.S. involvement ended in 1973 with the Paris Peace Accords. Air Force and Special Ops continued some operations until April 1975; President Ford in a televised speech on April 23, 1975 declared the end of Vietnam War.

[23] The war reignited on 13 December 1974 with offensive operations by North Vietnam, leading to victory over South Vietnam in under two months.

[1] Chambers, John W., ed. (1999). The Oxford Guide to American Military History. ISBN 9780195340921.

[2] Pickett, Margaret F.; Pickett, Dwayne W. (2011). The European Struggle to Settle North America: Colonizing Attempts by England, France and Spain, 1521–1608. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7864-5932-2.

[:2-3] Berlin, Ira (2004). Generations of Captivity: A History of African-American Slaves. Belknap Press. ISBN 9780674016248. Archived from the original on October 14, 2018. Retrieved October 14, 2018.

[4] "Armed Conflicts in America, 1587–1815". Encyclopedia.com. Archived from the original on October 13, 2018. Retrieved October 12, 2018.

[5] Landers, Jane (2006). Slaves, Subjects, and Subversives: Blacks in Colonial Latin America. UNM Press. ISBN 978-0-8263-2397-2.

[history.com-6] "Ashley's fur trappers attacked by Indians". History.com. Archived from the original on December 1, 2018. Retrieved October 10, 2018.

[7] Blakemore, Erin. "California's Little-Known Genocide". history.com. Archived from the original on October 10, 2018.

[8] Madley, Benjamin (2016). An American Genocide, The United States and the California Catastrophe, 1846–1873. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-18136-4.

[9] Casillo, Ed. "Short Overview of California Indian History". Archived from the original on September 20, 2018. Retrieved October 9, 2018.

[Kohn_2004_486-10] Kohn, George Childs (2004). Dictionary of Wars: Third Edition. United States: Checkmark Books. p. 486. ISBN 0-8160-6578-0. Archived from the original on 23 July 2016. Retrieved January 22, 2011.

[11] The Nation. J.H. Richards. 1889. pp. 256–. Archived from the original on 2017-03-24. Retrieved October 9, 2018.

[12] Chay, Jongsuk (2002). Unequal Partners in Peace and War: The Republic of Korea and the United States, 1948–1953. Praeger Publishers. p. 10. ISBN 0-275-97125-2.

[13] U.S. Navy History site Archived 2007-03-04 at the Wayback Machine. History.navy.mil (March 22, 2005). Retrieved on 2011-07-06.

[:1-14] Jump up to: ^a ^b "Public Law 103-150" (PDF). November 23, 1993. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 7, 2018.

[15] "Jan. 17, 1893 | Hawaiian Monarchy Overthrown by America-Backed Businessmen". The Learning Network. January 17, 2012. Archived from the original on December 1, 2018.

[16] Chaudhry, Mubasil (March 12, 2017). "American Atrocities in the Philippines: A Case Study". medium.com. Archived from the original on October 10, 2018.

[17] Moorfield, Storey; Lichauco, Marcial P. (1926). The conquest of the Philippines by the United States, 1898–1925. New York, London: G. P. Putnam's sons.

[18] Dumindin, Arnaldo. "Philippine-American War, 1899–1902". Archived from the original on June 17, 2017. Retrieved October 10, 2018.

[19] "Philippine-American War". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Archived from the original on October 3, 2018. Retrieved October 10, 2018.

[20] "History: World War I". Cabq.gov. Archived from the original on January 11, 2017. Retrieved October 10, 2018.

[CIA-24] "Communist Insurgency In Thailand" (PDF). CIA Report. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved December 1, 2014.

[AUK-25] Jump up to: ^a ^b "Anatomy of a Counterinsurgency Victory" (PDF). January 2007. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 23, 2015. Retrieved December 1, 2014.

[26] Borer, Douglas A. (1999). Superpowers defeated: Vietnam and Afghanistan compared. London: Cass. p. 216. ISBN 0-7146-4851-5.

[27] "Statement by Deputy Press Secretary Larry Speakes". September 23, 1982. Archived from the original on May 13, 2016. Retrieved October 9, 2018.

[28] "The Collapse of Lebanon's Army: U.S. Said to Ignore Factionalism". March 11, 1984. Archived from the original on October 9, 2018. Retrieved October 9, 2018.

[29] McEldowney, Nancy. "Kosovo: Redefining Victory in an Era of Limited War" (PDF). Dtic.mil. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 28, 2017. Retrieved October 10, 2018.

[30] Publisher, Cambridge Scholars (October 10, 2018). Coercive Diplomacy of NATO in Kosovo. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. ISBN 9781443876681 – via Google Books.

[31] Erlanger, Steven. "NATO Was Closer to Ground War in Kosovo Than Is Widely Realized". Nytimes.com. Archived from the original on October 4, 2018. Retrieved October 9, 2018.

[32] Lake, Daniel R. (July 1, 2009). "The Limits of Coercive Airpower: NATO's "Victory" in Kosovo Revisited". International Security. 34 (1): 83–112. doi:10.1162/isec.2009.34.1.83. S2CID 57572298.

[33] "Central Asian groups split over leadership of global jihad". The Long War Journal. August 24, 2015. Archived from the original on August 27, 2015. Retrieved August 27, 2015.

[34] "Islamic State in Greater Sahara (ISGS) / Islamic State in the Sahara (ISS) / Islamic State in Burkina Faso & Mali (ISISBM)". Terrorism Research and Analysis Consortium. Archived from the original on October 26, 2017. Retrieved October 11, 2018.

[35] "Sectarian divisions change Baghdad's image". NBC News. July 3, 2006. Retrieved February 18, 2007.

[ctc.usma.edu-36] Jump up to: ^a ^b "The JRTN Movement and Iraq's Next Insurgency | Combating Terrorism Center at West Point". Ctc.usma.edu. Archived from the original on August 26, 2011. Retrieved August 2, 2014.

[37] Petrou, Michael (9 September 2011). "The decline of al-Qaeda". Maclean's. Archived from the original on September 3, 2018. Retrieved October 9, 2018. George W. Bush gambled on surging thousands more troops to the embattled country. It paid off. Al-Qaeda in Iraq is now a diminished force without territory.

[38] Spencer C. Tucker (December 14, 2015). U.S. Conflicts in the 21st Century: Afghanistan War, Iraq War, and the War on Terror. ISBN 978-1440838798. Al Qaeda in Iraq was decimated by the end of the Iraq War in 2011.

[39] Galbraith, Peter W. (2007). The End of Iraq: How American Incompetence Created a War Without End. Simon & Schuster. p. 74. ISBN 978-0743294249.

[40] "Iran expands regional 'empire' ahead of nuclear deal". Reuters. Archived from the original on November 10, 2015. Retrieved October 9, 2018.

[41] "How to Stop Iran's Growing Hegemony". National Review Online. Archived from the original on October 10, 2017. Retrieved October 9, 2018.

[42] "Al-Qaeda's Resurgence in Iraq: A Threat to U.S. Interests". U.S. Department of State. February 5, 2014. Archived from the original on January 22, 2017. Retrieved November 26, 2010.

[Tspidnpfly-43] "Somali piracy is down 90 per cent from last year". The Journal. December 15, 2013. Archived from the original on January 16, 2014. Retrieved January 14, 2014.

[norevolt-44] Holmes, Oliver (January 24, 2012). "UPDATE 1-Anger, chaos but no revolt after Libya violence". Bani Walid. Reuters Africa. Archived from the original on April 30, 2012. Retrieved January 24, 2012.

[:0-45] Baddorf, Zack (April 20, 2017). "Uganda Ends Its Hunt for Joseph Kony Empty-Handed". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 7, 2018. Retrieved April 21, 2017.

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