List of marine heterobranch gastropods of South Africa
Map of the Southern African coastline showing some of the landmarks referred to in species range statements
The list of marine heterobranch gastropods of South Africa is a list of saltwater mollusc species that form a part of the molluscan fauna of South Africa. This list does not include the land or freshwater molluscs.
This is a sub-list of the list of marine gastropods of South Africa, which is in turn a sub-list of the list of marine molluscs of South Africa.
Heterobranchia, the heterobranchs (meaning "different-gilled snails"), is a taxonomic clade of snails and slugs, which includes marine, aquatic and terrestrial gastropod mollusks.
Heterobranchia is one of the main clades of gastropods. Currently Heterobranchia comprises three informal groups: the lower heterobranchs, the opisthobranchs and the pulmonates. (Full article...)
Heterobranchia[]
Architectonicidae
- Variegated sundial shell (Gmelin, 1791) (Eastern Cape to Mozambique)[1]
Siphonariidae - False limpets
- Tomlin, 1944 (Durban northwards)[1]
- Cape False limpet Quoy and Gaimard (Namibia to northern KwaZulu-Natal)[1]
- Siphonaria compressa Allanson, 1958[2]
- Sowerby, 1824 (Cape Point to Zululand)[1]
- Smith, 1903 (Zululand to Mozambique)[1]
- Krauss, 1848 (Cape Point to Zululand)[1]
- Fischer, 1807 (Saldanha Bay to Zululand)[1]
- Smith, 1903 (Durban to Mozambique)[1]
- Bartsch, 1915[3]
- Thiele, 1925[3]
- (Gmelin, 1791)[3]
- (A. Adams, 1854)[3]
- (Sowerby, 1873)[3]
- [3]
- Pupa affinis (A. Adams, 1854)[3]
- (Barnard, 1963)[3]
- Pupa solidula (Linnaeus, 1758)[3]
- (Gmelin, 1791)[3]
- (A. Adams, 1854)[3]
- Pupa tessellata (Reeve, 1842)[3]
Bullinidae
Hydatinidae
- Polka-dot bubble shell Micromelo undata (Brughiere, 1792) (Transkei to Mozambique)[1][3]
- Striped bubble shell Hydatina physis (Linnaeus, 1758) (Eastern Cape to Mozambique)[1][3]
- Hydatina amplustre (Linnaeus, 1758)[3]
- (Gmelin, 1791)[3]
- Hydatina albocincta (van der Hoeven, 1811)[3]
- (Thiele, 1925)[3]
- (Smith, 1902)[3]
- (Turton, 1932)[3]
- (Barnard, 1963)[3]
- (Smith, 1872)[3]
- (Bartsch, 1915)[3]
- Bartsch, 1915[3]
- Tomlin, 1920[3]
- Thiele. 1925[3]
- Smith, 1903[3]
- Smith, 1890[3]
- Gould, 1859[3]
- (Mighels. 1841)[3]
- Thiele, 1925[3]
- Barnard, 1963[3]
- Thiele, 1925[3]
- Thiele, 1925[3]
- Retusa truncatula Bruguiere, 1792[3]
- (Barnard, 1963)[3]
- (Thiele, 1925)[3]
- (A. Adams, 1854)[3]
Philinidae
Aglajidae
- Slipper slug Philinopsis capensis (Bergh, 1907)[3][5]
- (O'Donoghue, 1929)[3]
- (Martens, 1879)[3]
- Chelidonura fulvipunctata Baba, 1938[3]
- (Quoy and Gaimard, 1824)[3]
- (Heibling, 1779)[3]
- Green bubble shell Haminoea alfredensis Bartsch, 1915 (Namaqualand to Eastern Cape)[1][3]
- (Krauss, 1848) (KwaZulu-Natal)[1][3]
- (Brocchi, 1814)[3]
- A. Adams, 1864[3]
- (Broderip and Sowerby, 1829)[3]
- (Ruppell and Leuckart, 1831)[3]
Bullidae
- Bulla ampulla (Linnaeus 1758)[3]
Limacinidae
- Limacina bulimoides (Orbigny, 1836)[3]
- Limacina antarctica Woodward, 1854 - mentioned in traditional views as Limacina helicina (Phipps, 1774)[3] (cf.[6])
- (Orbigny, 1836)[3]
- (Orbigny, 1836)[3]
- Limacina trochiformis (Orbigny, 1836)[3]
Cavoliniidae
- (Orbigny, 1836)[3]
- (Gray, 1850)[3]
- Cavolinia inflexa (Lesueur, 1813)[3]
- Cavolinia tridentata (Niebuhr, 1775)[3]
- (Boas, 1886)[3]
- Gray, 1850[3]
- Clio cuspidata (Bosc, 1802)[3]
- Clio pyramidata Linnaeus, 1767[3]
- (Rang, 1828)[3]
- Creseis virgula (Rang, 1828)[3]
- Cuvierina columnella (Rang, 1827)[3]
- (Blainville, 1821)[3]
- Diacria trispinosa (Blainville, 1821)[3]
- Styliola subula (Quoy and Gaimard, 1827)[3]
Peraclididae
Cymbuliidae
- Tesch, 1903[3]
- Gleba cordata Niebuhr, 1776[3]
Desmopteridae
- Chun 1889[3]
Gymnosomata[]
Clionidae
- Clione limacina (Phipps, 1774) (Pelagic northern and southern hemispheres)[3] (southern hemisphere may be a distinct species, Clione antarctica)[7]
Pneumodermatidae
Anaspidea[]
- (Gmelin 1791)[3]
Aplysiidae
- Dwarf sea hare Aplysia parvula Morch, 1863[1][3][4][5]
- Spotted sea hare Aplysia oculifera Adams and Reeve, 1850 (Cape Point to northern KwaZulu-Natal)[1][3][5]
- Aplysia dactylomela Rang, 1828[1][3]
- Rang, 1828[3]
- Variable sea hare Aplysia juliana Quoy and Gaimard, 1832[3][5]
- Shaggy sea hare (Blainville. 1817) (Cape Columbine to Mozambique)[1][3]
- Shaggy sea hare (Engel, 1927)[3][4][5]
- Wedge sea hare Dolabella auricularia (Solander, 1786) (Mossel Bay to Mozambique)[1][3]
- Dolabrifera dolabrifera (Rang, 1828)[3]
- Gilchrist, 1900[3]
- Stylocheilus longicauda (Quoy and Gaimard 1824)[3]
Sacoglossa[]
- Fischer, 1856[3]
- Lophopleurella capensis (Thiele, 1912)[3]
- Oxynoe viridis (Pease, 1861)[3]
- Oxynoe sp.[3]
Juliidae
Placobranchidae
- Macnae, 1954[3]
- Elysia marginata (Pease, 1871)[3]
- (Bergh, 1888)[3]
- Baba, 1955[3]
- Elysia rufescens (Pease, 1871)[3]
- Risbec, 1928[3]
- (Bergh, 1888)[3]
- Plant-sucking nudibranch Elysia viridis (Montagu, 1804) (Namaqualand to northern KwaZulu-Natal)[1][3]
- Plant-sucking nudibranch [4][5] This may be the same species as listed above as E. viridis. There may be question of identification.
- Elysia spp. (7)[3]
- Dendritic nudibranch Placida dendritica (Alder & Hancock, 1843)[3][5]
- Ehrenberg, 1831[3]
- Mourgona sp.[3]
- Polybranchia orientalis (Kelaart, 1858) - cited as Phyllobranchillus orientalis[3]
Hermaeidae
Notaspidea[]
- Turton, 1932[3]
- Umbrella pleurobranch[1] Umbraculum sinicum (Gmelin, 1783) (transkei to Mozambique)[3]
Pleurobranchidae
- Berthella plumula (Montagu, 1803)[3]
- Marcus, 1957[3]
- [3]
- Lemon pleurobranch Berthellina citrina (Ruppell and Leuckart, 1828) (Cape Point to Mozambique)[1][3]
- Lemon pleurobranch Berthellina granulata (Krauss, 1848) [4][5] (This may replace previous entry B. citrina)
- Euselenops luniceps (Cuvier, 1817)[3]
- Thiele, 1925[3]
- Bergh, 1897[3]
- Bergh, 1907[3]
- (Bergh, 1907)[3]
- Dwarf warty pleurobranch Pleurobranchaea tarda Verrill, 1880[3][4][5]
- Warty pleurobranch Pleurobranchaea bubala Marcus and Gosliner, 1984 (Cape Point to Eastern Cape)[1][3][4][5]
- Thiele, 1925[3]
- Mosaic pleurobranch Pleurobranchus albiguttatus (Bergh, 1905) [4][5]
- O'Donoghue, 1929[3]
- Macnae, 1962[3]
- Vayssiere, 1898[3]
- (Bergh, 1907)[3]
- (O'Donoghue, 1929)[3]
- Cuvier, 1804[3]
- Vayssiere, 1896[3]
- (O'Donoghue, 1929)[3]
- Macnae, 1962[3]
Nudibranchia - Nudibranchs[]
- Barnard, 1963[3]
Dorididae
- Aldisa benguelae Gosliner, 1985[3]
- Three-spot nudibranch Aldisa trimaculata Gosliner, 1985[3][4][5]
- ? O'Donoghue, 1929[3]
- Bergh, 1907[3]
- Bergh, 1907[3]
- Rugby ball dorid or Spined dorid Atagema rugosa Pruvot-Fol, 1951[3][4][5]
- Atagema gibba Pruvot-Fol, 1951[3]
- Warty dorid Doris verrucosa Linnaeus, 1758 Orange river to Eastern Cape[1][3][4][5]
- Doris granosa (Bergh, 1907)[3]
- Doris spp. (2)[3]
- (Collingwood, 1881)[3]
- ? [3][5]
- ?[3]
- Velvet dorid Jorunna tomentosa (Cuvier, 1804)[3][5]
- Dotted nudibranch (Transkei to northern KwaZulu-Natal)Marcus 1976[1][3]
The following four species are listed as incertae sedis by Gosliner:[3]
- Krauss, 1848
- Bergh, 1907
- Bergh, 1907
- Bergh, 1907
Actinocyclidae
Chromodorididae
- Saddled nudibranch [3][5]
- Brown-dotted nudibranch Cadlina sp.2[3][4][5]
- Cadlina sp.3[3]
- Cadlina sp.4[3]
- Cadlinella ornatissima (Risbec, 1928)[9]
- Ceratosoma cornigerum (Adams and Reeve, 1850)[3]
- Inkspot nudibranch or Lipstick nudibranch Ceratosoma ingozi Gosliner, 1996[3][4][5]
- Ceratosoma tenue Abraham, 1876[9]
- Chromodoris africana Eliot 1904[3][9]
- Chromodoris albolimbata Bergh, 1907[3]
- Collingwood, 1881[3]
- Polka-dot chromodorid Chromodoris annulata Eliot 1904 (Transkei to northern KwaZulu-Natal)[1][3]
- Chromodoris boucheti Rudman, 1982[9]
- Chromodoris conchyliata Yonow, 1984[9]
- Bergh, 1907[3]
- Chromodoris fidelis Kelaart, 1858[9]
- Chromodoris geminus Rudman, 1987[9]
- [9]
- Chromodoris geometrica Risbec, 1928[3][9]
- Chromodoris hamiltoni Rudman, 1977[3][9]
- Red-spotted nudibranch or Heather's nudibranch Chromodoris heatherae Gosliner, 1994[4][5]
- Bergh, 1905[3]
- Chromodoris marginata Pease, 1860[3]
- Bergh, 1888[3]
- Chromodoris tinctoria (Ruppell and Leuckart, 1828)[9]
- Gaudy chromodorid Eliot, 1904 (Central to northern KwaZulu-Natal)[1][3]
- Chromodoris spp. (7)[3]
- Durvilledoris lemniscata (Quoy and Gaimard, 1832)[3]
- Glossodoris atromarginata (Cuvier 1804)[3][9]
- Glossodoris cincta (Bergh, 1888)[9]
- Glossodoris pallida (Ruppell and Leuckart, 1830)[9]
- Glossodoris symmetricus Rudman, 1990[9]
- Glossodoris undaurum Rudman, 1985[9]
- Glossodoris spp. (4)[3]
- Hypselodoris bullockii (Collingwood, 1881)[9]
- Cape dorid Hypselodoris capensis (Barnard, 1927) (Cape Columbine to Transkei)[1][3][4][5]
- Hypselodoris carnea (Bergh, 1889)[3][9]
- Hypselodoris fucata Gosliner & Johnson, 1999[9]
- Mottled dorid Hypselodoris infucata (Ruppell and Leuckart, 1828) (Central KwaZulu-Natal to Mozambique)[1][3]
- Hypselodoris maculosa (Pease, 1871)[9]
- Hypselodoris maridadilus Rudman, 1977[3]
- Hypselodoris rudmani Gosliner and Johnson, 1999[9]
- Hypselodoris spp. (3) [3]
- [9]
- Noumea varians (Pease, 1871)[3]
- Noumea purpurea Baba, 1949[3]
- Protea nudibranch Noumea protea Gosliner, 1994 [3][5]
- Risbecia pulchella (Ruppell and Leuckart, 1828)[3][9]
- Thorunna horologia Rudman, 1984[3][9]
Discodorididae
- Discodoris coerulescens Bergh, 1888[3]
- Discodoris fragilis (Alder and Hancock, 1864)[3]
- Discodoris sp.1[3][5]
- [3]
- Blotchy dorid Geitodoris capensis Bergh, 1907[3][5]
- Anisodoris sp. (2)[3]
- Thordisa burnupi Eliot, 1910[3]
- Bergh, 1907[3]
- Thordisa spp. (2)[3]
- ? Variable dorid Aphelodoris brunnea Bergh, 1907[5](needs confirmation in Discodorididae)
- ? Chocolate-chip nudibranch Aphelodoris sp. 1[4][5]
- ? Brown-spotted nudibranch Aphelodoris sp. 2[4][5]
- ? Spiky nudibranch Aphelodoris sp.3[4][5]
- ?Sclerodoris apiculata (Alder and Hancock, 1864)[3](needs confirmation in Discodorididae)
- ?Sclerodoris coriacea (Eliot, 1904)[3](see above)
- ?[3](see above)
- ?,[3](see above)
- Halgerda carlsoni Rudman, 1928[9]
- Halgerda dichromis Fahey and Gosliner, 1999[9]
- Halgerda tessellata Bergh, 1880[9]
- Halgerda toliara Fahey and Gosliner, 1999[9]
- Halgerda wasinensis Eliot, 1904[3]
- Halgerda formosa Bergh, 1880[3]
- Halgerda punctata Farran, 1902[3]
- Rostanga muscula (Abraham, 1877)[3]
- Red sponge nudibranch or Orange dorid Rostanga elandsia Garovoy, Valdes & Gosliner, 2001[3][4][5]
- Rostanga phepha Garovoy, Valdés & Gosliner, 2001
Phyllidiidae
- Eliot, 1903[3]
- Phyllidia ocellata Cuvier, 1804[9]
- Ridged nudibranch[1] Phyllidia varicosa Lamarck, 1801 (Central KwaZulu_Natal to Mozambique)[3][9](P. coelestis? (Bergh 1905))
- Phyllidiella zeylanica (Kelaart, 1859)[3][9]
- [3]
- Blue-speckled nudibranch Dendrodoris caesia (Bergh, 1907)[3][4][5]
- (Bergh, 1907)[3]
- Tan dorid (Bergh, 1907)[3][5]
- (Angas, 1864)[3][9]
- Dendrodoris nigra (Stimpson, 1855)[3]
- (Kelaart, 1858)[3]
- Dendrodoris spp. (3)[3]
- Scribbled nudibranch Doriopsilla miniata (Alder and Hancock, 1864)[3][4][5]
- White-spotted nudibranch Doriopsilla capensis Bergh, 1907[4]
- Doriopsilla spp. (2)[3]
Mandeliidae
Onchidorididae
- Fluffy nudibranch Acanthodoris planca[3][4][5]
- [3]
- Crazed nudibranch Corambe sp.[3][4]
- Giraffe spot nudibranch [3][4][5]
- Tugboat nudibranch Goniodoris mercurialis Macnae, 1958[3][5]
- Goniodoris castanea Alder and Hancock, 1845[3]
- Goniodoris ovata Barnard, 1934[3]
- [3]
- Fiery nudibranch Okenia amoenula (Bergh, 1907)[3][4][5]
- [3]
- Trapania sp.1[3][5]
- [3]
- [3]
- Kalinga ornata Alder and Hancock, 1864[3]
- Tasseled nudibranch Kaloplocamus ramosus (Cantraine, 1835)[3][4][5]
- Orange-clubbed nudibranch Limacia clavigera (Muller, 1776) (Cape Columbine to Eastern Cape)[1][3][4][5]
- Nembrotha livingstonei Allan, 1933[3]
- Nembrotha purpureolineata O'Donoghue, 1924[3]
- Plocamopherus apheles (Barnard, 1927)[10]
- Plocamopherus maculatus (Pease, 1860)[3]
- [3]
- Crowned nudibranch Polycera capensis Quoy and Gaimard, 1824 (Orange river to Eastern Cape)[1][3][4][5]
- Polycera hedgpethi Marcus, 1964[3]
- Four lined nudibranch Polycera quadrilineata (Muller, 1776)[3][4]
- [3] (not same as Twin crowned or Orange lined crowned)
- Twin-crowned nudibranch Polycera sp.1[4][5]
- Polycera sp.2[5]
- Roboastra gracilis (Bergh, 1877)[3]
- Roboastra luteolineata (Baba, 1936)[3]
- Black nudibranch Tambja capensis (Bergh, 1907) (Cape Point to Tsitsikamma)[1][3][4][5]
- Tambja morosa (Bergh, 1877)[3]
- [3]
- Thecacera pacifica (Bergh, 1883)[3]
- Thecacera pennigera (Montagu, 1804)[3]
- [3]
- Knobbly nudibranch Aegires ninguis Fahey & Gosliner, 2004[3][4][5]
Gymnodorididae
- (Bergh, 1877)[3]
- Gymnodoris ceylonica (Kelaart, 1858)[3]
- (Bergh, 1880)[3]
- Baba, 1936[3]
- Gymnodoris spp. (2)[3]
- Ghost nudibranch Lecithophorus capensis Macnae, 1958[3][4][5]
- [3]
Hexabranchidae
- Spanish dancer Hexabranchus sanguineus (Ruppell and Leuckart, 1828) (KwaZulu-Natal south coast to Mozambique)[1][3]
- Baba 1931[3]
Charcotiidae
- Frilled nudibranch or Smits nudibranch Leminda millecra Griffiths, 1985[3][4][5]
- Crowned doto Doto africoronata Shipman & Gosliner, 2015[11]
- Feathered doto Doto pinnatifida (Montagu, 1804)[3][4][5]
- Doto rosea Trinchese, 1881[3]
- Embletonia gracilis Risbec, 1928[3]
Proctonotidae
- Gas flame nudibranch Bonisa nakaza Gosliner, 1981 (Cape Peninsula to Eastern Cape)[1][3][4][5]
- Cape silvertip nudibranch or Silvertip nudibranch Janolus capensis Bergh, 1907 (Cape Columbine to Eastern Cape)[1][3][4][5][9]
- Medallion silvertip nudibranch Janolus longidentatus Gosliner, 1981[3][4][5]
- Nippled nudibranch [4]
- Thiele, 1925[3]
- (Bergh, 1907)[3]
- (Bergh, 1907)[3]
- Gilchrists sand slug Armina gilchristi (Bergh, 1907)[3][5]
- O'Donoghue, 1927[3]
- (Bergh, 1907)[3]
- (Bergh, 1866)[3]
- O'Donoghue, 1929[3]
- Thiele, 1925[3]
- Striped sand slug or Pierre's armina Armina sp.[4][5]
- White-ridged nudibranch Dermatobranchus sp. 1 (Gosliner)[3][4][5]
- [3]
- [3]
- Brown ridged nudibranch or narrow ridged nudibranch Dermatobranchus sp. 4 (Gosliner)[3][4][5]
- Whip fan nudibranch Tritonia nilsodhneri Marcus, 1983[3][4][5]
- Barnard, 1927[3]
- Tritonia pallida Stimpson, 1854[3]
- Tritonia indecora Bergh, 1907[3]
- Soft coral nudibranch Tritonia sp. 1 (Gosliner)[3][4][5]
- Brush nudibranch Tritonia sp. 2 (Gosliner)[3][4][5]
- Bergh, 1907[3]
- ?Marionia spp. (2)[3] (is Marionia valid and in Tritoniidae?)
- Marionia cyanobranchiata (Ruppell and Leuckart, 1831)[3] (species inquirenda)
Aranucidae
- Marianina rosea Pruvot-Fol, 1930[3]
Bornellidae
- Gray, 1850[3]
- Bornella anguilla Johnson, 1983[3][9]
Dendronotidae
Scyllaeidae
- Iridescent nudibranch Notobryon wardi Ohdner, 1936 (Namaqualand to Tsitsikamma)[1][3][4][5]
- Scyllaea pelagica Linnaeus, 1758[3]
Tethydidae
- Dinosaur nudibranch Melibe liltvedi Gosliner, 1987[3]
- Cowled nudibranch Melibe rosea Rang, 1829 (Orange river to Eastern Cape)[1][3][4][5]
- Pease, 1860[3]
- [3]
- Purple lady Flabellina funeka Gosliner and Griffiths, 1981[3][4][5]
- White-edged nudibranch or Chalk stripe nudibranch Flabellina capensis (Thiele, 1025)[3][4][5]
- Flabellina spp. (3)[3]
- Coryphellina sp.[3]
Fionidae
- Fiona pinnata (Eschscholtz, 1831)[3]
- [3]
- [3]
- [3]
- Fireworks nudibranch Eubranchus sp.4[5]
- Candelabra nudibranch Eubranchus sp.5 (Zsilavecz)[4][5]
- Candy nudibranch Cuthona speciosa (Macnae, 1954)[3][4][5]
- Cuthona ornata Baba, 1937[3]
- Cuthona kanga (Edmunds, 1970)[3]
- Cuthona anulata (Baba, 1949)[3]
- Cuthona spp. (5)[3]
- Cuthona sp.6[5]
- Cuthona sp.[9]
- Tergipes tergipes Forskal, 1779[3]
- Catriona casha Gosliner and Griffiths, 1981[3]
- Catriona columbiana O'Donoghue, 1922[3]
- [3]
- Phestilla melanobrachia Bergh, 1874[3]
Aeolidiidae
- Indian nudibranch Aeolidiella indica Bergh, 1888 (Cape Columbine to central KwaZulu-Natal)[1][3][4][5]
- Risbec, 1928[3]
- Berghia chaka Gosliner, 1985[3]
- Baeolidia palythoae Gosliner, 1985[3]
- Night sky nudibranch Amanda armata Macnae, 1954[3][4][5]
- Caloria indica (Bergh, 1896)[3]
- Black-dot nudibranch Caloria sp. 1[3][4][5]
- Yellow-tipped nudibranch Caloria sp. 2[3][4][5]
- [3]
- Orange eyed nudibranch or White tipped nudibranch Cratena capensis Barnard, 1927 (Cape Columbine to Eastern Cape)[1][3][4][5]
- Cratena simba Edmunds, 1970[3]
- Cratena sp.1[3][5]
- Cratena spp. (+3)[3]
- Echinopsole fulvus Macnae, 1954[3]
- Olive nudibranch Facelina olivacea Macnae, 1954[3][5]
- Macnae, 1954[3]
- [3]
- Baba, 1949[3]
- Edmunds, 1968[3]
- Moridilla brockii (Bergh, 1888)[3]
- Coral nudibranch Phyllodesmium serratum (Baba, 1949) (Cape Point to northern KwaZulu-Natal)[1][3]
- Coral nudibranch Phyllodesmium horridum (Macnae, 1954) [4][5] (this may replace previous entry P. serratum)
- Phyllodesmium hyalinum Ehrenberg, 1831[3]
- [9]
- Pruvotfolia pselliotes (Labbe, 1923)[3]
- Pteraeolidia ianthina (Angas, 1864)[9]
Glaucidae
- Four-colour nudibranch Godiva quadricolor (Barnard, 1927) (Cape Point to Eastern Cape)[1][3][4][5]
- Sea swallow Glaucus atlanticus Forster, 1777 (Cape Point to northern KwaZulu-Natal)[1][3][4][5]
Family ?
- Platydoris scabra (Cuvier 1806)[3]
- Platydoris cruenta (Quoy and Gaimard 1932)[3]
- [3]
Cavoliniidae
- Wing footed opisthobranchs Cavolinia spp.[1]
Pulmonata[]
- Airbreathing sea slug Onchidella capensis (Orange river to Cape Point)[1]
- Peronia peronii (Cuvier, 1804) (Northern KwaZulu-Natal)[1]
References[]
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as Branch, G.M. Griffiths, C.L. Branch, M.L. Beckley, L.E. Two Oceans: A guide to the marine life of southern Africa. 5th impression, David Philip, Cape Town, 2000. ISBN 0-86486-250-4
- ^ Kilburn R. N. (1996). Siphonaria compressa. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 7 August 2007.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds dt du dv dw dx dy dz ea eb ec ed ee ef eg eh ei ej ek el em en eo ep eq er es et eu ev ew ex ey ez fa fb fc fd fe ff fg fh fi fj fk fl fm fn fo fp fq fr fs ft fu fv fw fx fy fz ga gb gc gd ge gf gg gh gi gj gk gl gm gn go gp gq gr gs gt gu gv gw gx gy gz ha hb hc hd he hf hg hh hi hj hk hl hm hn ho hp hq hr hs ht hu hv hw hx hy hz ia ib ic id ie if ig ih ii ij ik il im in io ip iq ir is it iu iv iw ix iy iz ja jb jc jd je jf jg jh ji jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw jx jy jz ka kb kc kd ke kf kg kh ki kj kk kl km kn ko kp kq kr ks kt ku kv kw kx ky kz la lb lc ld le lf lg lh li lj lk ll lm ln lo lp lq lr ls lt lu lv lw lx ly lz ma mb mc md me mf mg mh mi mj Gosliner, Terrence. Nudibranchs of southern Africa: A guide to Opisthobranch molluscs of southern Africa Sea Challengers, Monterey, 1987. ISBN 0-930118-13-8
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi Jones, Georgina. A field guide to the marine animals of the Cape Peninsula. SURG, Cape Town, 2008. ISBN 978-0-620-41639-9
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz Zsilavecz, Guido. Nudibranchs of the Cape Peninsula and False Bay. SURG, Cape Town, 2007. ISBN 0-620-38054-3
- ^ Hunt, B.; Strugnell, J.; Bednarsek, N.; Linse, K.; Nelson, R. J.; Pakhomov, E.; Seibel, B.; Steinke, D.; Würzberg, L. (2010). "Poles Apart: The "Bipolar" Pteropod Species Limacina helicina Is Genetically Distinct Between the Arctic and Antarctic Oceans"". PLoS ONE. 5 (3): e9835. Bibcode:2010PLoSO...5.9835H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0009835. PMC 2847597. PMID 20360985.
- ^ Lalli, C.M. & Gilmer, R.W. (1989) Pelagic Snails. The biology of holoplanktonic gastropod molluscs. Stanford University Press: Stanford, California.
- ^ https://www.itis.gov accessed 5 January 2010
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak King, Dennis. Fraser, Valda. More reef fishes and nudibranchs: East and south coast of southern Africa. Struik, Cape Town, 2002
- ^ Barnard, K.H. (1927). "South African nudibranch Mollusca, with descriptions of new species, and a note on some specimens from Tristan d'Acunha". Annals of the South African Museum. 25: 171–215 pls. 119–120.
- ^ Shipman, C.; Gosliner, T. (2015). "Molecular and morphological systematics of Doto Oken, 1851 (Gastropoda: Heterobranchia), with descriptions of five new species and a new genus". Zootaxa. 3973 (1): 57–101. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3973.1.2. PMID 26249713.
Further reading[]
- Bergh, R. (1907). "The Opisthobranchiata of South Africa". . 17 (1): 1–144. doi:10.1080/21560382.1907.9526085.
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Categories: 
Categories:
- Invertebrates of South Africa
- Heterobranchia
- Marine molluscs of Africa
- South African animal biodiversity lists
- Lists of molluscs by country
- Marine biodiversity of South Africa