List of fungi of South Africa – B

This is an alphabetical list of the fungal taxa as recorded from South Africa. Currently accepted names have been appended.

Ba[]

Genus: Bacidia De Not. 1846 (Lichens)

(Stizenb.) Zahlbr. 1926^[1]
Vain. 1926^[1]
(Nyl.) Branth & Rostr. 1869^[1]
Körb. 1860^[1]
var. stenospora (Hepp) Arnold 1871 f. acutata Zahlbr.^[1]
(Stizenb.) Zahlbr. 1926^[1]
(Stizenb.) Zahlbr. 1926^[1]
(Nyl.) Zahlbr. 1926^[1]
(Stizenb.) Zahlbr. 1926^[1]
var. intermedia (Hepp ex Stizenb.) Zahlbr. 1926^[1]
(Nyl.) J. Kickx f. 1867^[1]
(Stizenb.) Zahlbr. 1926^[1]
Vain. 1926^[1]
var. norrlinii (Lamy) Vain. 1922^[1]
(Hoffm.) Bausch 1869^[1] accepted as (Th. Fr.) Körb., (1860)
Zahlbr. f. firmior Vain^[1]*
(Nyl.) Zahlbr. 1926^[1]
(Nyl.) Zahlbr. 1926^[1]
Hampe ex A. Massal. 1861^[1]
var. amylothelia (Vain.) Zahlbr. 1926^[1]
(Stizenb.) Zahlbr. 1926^[1]
(Sommerf.) Zahlbr. 1905^[2] accepted as (A. Massal.) Körb., (1855)
(Schrad.) Mudd 1861^[2] accepted as (Hoffm.) A. Massal., (1852)
f. chlorotica (Ach.) Zahlbr. 1926^[2] accepted as (Ach.) Hafellner & Kalb, (1995)
f. conspondens (Nyl.) Zahlbr. 1926^[2]
(Tuck.) Zahlbr. 1927^[2]
(Taylor) Zahlbr. 1888^[2]
(Th. Fr.) Körb., (1860) reported as (Hoffm.) Bausch 1869^[1]
(Nyl.) Zahlbr. 1926^[2]
(Hoffm.) A. Massal., (1852) reported as (Schrad.) Mudd 1861^[2]
(Stizenb.) Zahlbr. 1926^[2]
(Schreb.) Lettau 1912^[2] accepted as (Schreb.) Arnold, (1869)
(A. Massal.) Zahlbr. 1905^[2]
(Nyl.) Zahlbr. 1902^[2]
(Müll. Arg.) Zahlbr. 1926^[2]
(Stizenb.) Zahlbr. 1926^[2]

Genus: Kunze 1817

Kunze 1817^[2]

Genus: Baeomyces Pers. 1794 (Lichens)

Taylor 1847^[2]
(Ach.) Ach. 1803^[2]
Pers. 1794^[2] accepted as (Pers.) Clem., (1909)

Genus: Theiss. & Syd. 1915, accepted as Coccodiella Hara, (1910)

(Wint).^[2]*

Genus: Balansia Speg. 1885

Syd. 1935^[2]
Doidge 1948^[2]
Balansia sp.^[2]

Genus: Racib. 1900

Syd. 1939^[2]
Hansf. 1941^[2]
Syd. 1939^[2]
(Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Höhn. 1910^[2]

Genus: Hansf. 1941, accepted as Theiss. & Syd., (1918)

Hansf. 1946^[2] accepted as (Hansf.) Bat., (1965)

Genus: Theiss. & Syd. 1918, accepted as Clem., (1909)

(Doidge) Hansf. 1946^[2] accepted as Doidge, (1924)

Genus: Bat. 1965

(Hansf.) Bat., (1965) reported as Hansf. 1946^[2]

Genus: Molliard 1902, accepted as Nigrospora Zimm., (1902)

Basisporium gallarum Molliard 1902^[2] accepted as Nigrospora oryzae (Berk. & Broome) Petch, (1924)

Genus: Battarrea Pers. 1801

Pat. & Har. 1896 [as diqueti]^[2] accepted as Battarreoides diguetii (Pat. & Har.) R. Heim & T. Herrera, (1962)
Battarrea phalloides Pers.^[2]
Fr.^[2]

Genus; Battarreoides T. Herrera 1953

Battarreoides diguetii (Pat. & Har.) R. Heim & T. Herrera, (1962) reported as Pat. & Har. 1896 [as diqueti]^[2]

Genus: Baumiella Henn. 1903, accepted as Leptosphaeria Ces. & De Not. (1863)

Henn. 1903^[2]

Be[]

Genus: Beauveria Vuill. 1912

Beauveria bassiana (Bals.-Criv.) Vuill. 1912^[2]
(Speg.) F. Picard 1914^[2] accepted as Beauveria bassiana (Bals.-Criv.) Vuill., (1912)

Genus: Belonidium Mont. & Durieu 1848, accepted as Lachnum Retz., (1769)

Synonymy:

(Kalchbr. & Cooke) Sacc. 1889,^[2]

Genus: Racib. 1900

Beniowskia penniseti Wakef., (1916),^[2] accepted as Beniowskia sphaeroidea (Kalchbr. & Cooke) E.W. Mason, (1928))
Beniowskia sphaeroidea (Kalchbr. & Cooke) E.W. Mason, (1928)),^[2]

Bi[]

Genus: Biatora (Lichens)

(Hedw.) Fr. 1831,^[2] accepted as (Hedw.) Hoffm., (1794)
(Tuck.) Tuck. 1888^[2]
corallinoides Floerke (sic)^[2] possibly var. corallinoides (Hoffm.) Fr., (1845) or var. coralloides Rabenh. [as Biatora triptophylla var. coralloides], (1845)
A. Massal. 1861^[2]

Genus: Biatorella De Not. 1846,

Zahlbr. (sic),^[2] possibly (T.A. Jones) Stizenb. 1927
Zahlbr. 1926^[2]
(Stizenb.) Zahlbr. 1927^[2]
(Stizenb.) Zahlbr. 1927^[2]
(Stizenb.) Zahlbr. 1927^[2]
(Stizenb.) Zahlbr. 1927^[2]

Genus: Bispora Corda 1837

Peck 1891^[2]

Bl[]

Genus: Blastenia A. Massal. 1852

(Vain.) Zahlbr. 1932^[2]
Zahlbr. 1936,^[2] accepted as (Zahlbr.) C.W. Dodge, (1971)
Zahlbr. 1932^[2]
Trevis.^[2]*
Müll. Arg. 1888^[2] accepted as (Müll. Arg.) C.W. Dodge, (1971)
(Huds.) A. Massal. 1852^[2]
(Stizenb.) Zahlbr. 1930^[2]
Zahlbr.^[2]*
Zahlbr. 1926,^[2] accepted as (Zahlbr.) C.W. Dodge, (1971)
var. parvula (Stizenb.) Zahlbr. 1930^[2]
(Nyl.) Müll. Arg. 1880^[2]
(Nyl.) Zahlbr. 1930^[2]
(Vain.) Zahlbr. 1932^[2]
(Vain.) Zahlbr. 1932,^[2] accepted as (Vain.) C.W. Dodge, (1971)
Müll.Arg.^[2]*
(Stizenb.) Zahlbr. 1930. [as seductric]^[2] accepted as (Stizenb.) C.W. Dodge, (1971)
Zahlbr. 1932^[2]
(Vain.) Zahlbr. 1930^[2]
A. Massal. 1861^[2]

Family: Blastocladiaceae H.E. Petersen 1909

Bo[]

Genus: Bolbitius Fr. 1838

(Pers.) Fr. 1838^[2] accepted as Bolbitius titubans (Bull.) Fr., (1838)
(Fr.) Gillet 1876^[2]
(L.) Fr. 1838,^[2] accepted as Bolbitius titubans (Bull.) Fr., (1838)
Kalchbr. 1879,^[2] accepted as (Kalchbr.) E.F. Malysheva,(2019)
Kalchbr.^[2]*
Berk., (1844) [as mitraeformis]^[2] accepted as (Berk.) R. Heim [as 'mitraeformis'], (1950)

Family:

Genus: Boletus L. 1753

Boletus bovinus L. 1753 ^[2] accepted as Suillus bovinus (L.) Roussel (1806))
Fr. 1838^[2] accepted as Suillus collinitus (Fr.) Kuntze, (1898)
Mass.^[2]*
Boletus edulis Bull. 1782^[2]
Fr. (sic)^[2] possibly B. elegans Bull. 1782, accepted as (Pers.) Zmitr. & Kovalenko, (2016), B. elegans Bolton 1788, accepted as Grifola frondosa (Dicks.) Gray, (1821), or B. elegans Schumach. 1803, accepted as Suillus grevillei (Klotzsch) Singer,(1945)
Boletus eximius Peck (1887)^[2] accepted as Sutorius eximius (Peck) Halling, Nuhn, & Osmundson (2012)
Fr. 1815,^[2] accepted as Suillus flavidus (Fr.) J. Presl, (1846)
L. 1753,^[2] accepted as Suillus granulatus (L.) Roussel, (1796)
Klotzsch 1832^[2] accepted as Suillus grevillei (Klotzsch) Singer,(1945)
Boletus luteus Linn. (1753),^[2] accepted as Suillus luteus (L.) Roussel (1796)
Boletus sanguineus Linn. (1763),^[2] accepted as Pycnoporus sanguineus (L.) Murrill (1904)
Van der Byl 1925^[2]
Berk. 1876^[2] accepted as (Berk.) Klofac & Krisai, (2006)
L. 1753^[2] accepted as Trametes versicolor (L.) Lloyd, (1921)
Boletus sp.^[2]

Genus: Bombyliospora De Not. 1852

(Tuck.) Zahlbr. 1930,^[2] accepted as (Tuck.) Hafellner & Bellem., (1982)
(Pers.) Zahlbr. 1888^[2] accepted as (Pers.) Hafellner & Bellem., (1982)
var. colorata Vain. 1921^[2]
var. flavidula^[2]*
var. flavocrocea (Nyl.) Zahlbr. 1930^[2] accepted as (Nyl.) Hafellner & Bellem., (1982)
var. glaucotropa (Nyl.) Vain. 1921^[2]
var. inexplicata (Nyl.) Malme 1923^[2]
var. inspersa Steiner (sic)^[2] possibly (Nyl.) Malme 1923
(Tuck.) Zahlbr. 1930^[2] accepted as (Tuck.) Hafellner, (1983)
A. Massal. 1860^[2] accepted as (Nyl.) Hafellner & Bellem., (1982)
A.L. Sm. 1911^[2] accepted as (Fée) Sipman, (1983)
(Nyl.) Zahlbr. 1930,^[2] accepted as (Nyl.) Hafellner, (1983)
(Fée) A. Massal. 1852^[2] accepted as (Fée) Sipman, (1983)
f. geotropa (Stizenb.) Zahlbr. 1930^[2]
Vain. 1926^[2]

Genus: Ach. 1809

(L. f.) Ach. 1810^[2]
(L.) Ach. 1810^[2] accepted as Teloschistes chrysophthalmus (L.) Th. Fr., (1861)
(Sw.) Ach. 1810^[2] accepted as Teloschistes flavicans (Sw.) Norman, (1852)
(L.) Ach. [as 'leucomela'], (1810)^[2] accepted as (L.) Kalb, 2015
Ach. 1810^[2]
var. capensis (L. f.) Ach. 1814^[2]

Genus: Sacc. 1884

Botryodiplodia oncidii (Henn.) Petr. & Syd., (1926)^[2] accepted as (Henn.) Died., (1914)
(Cooke) Petr. & Syd. 1927^[2]
Botryodiplodia theobromae Pat. 1892^[2]accepted as Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Pat.) Griffon & Maubl. (1909)

Genus: Botryosphaeria Ces. & De Not. 1863

V.A. Putterill 1919,^[2] accepted as (Slippers, Crous & M.J. Wingf.) Crous, Slippers & A.J.L. Phillips, (2006)
Botryosphaeria ribis Shear, Stev. & Wilcox (sic)^[2] possibly Grossenb. & Duggar 1911, accepted as (Slippers, Crous & M.J. Wingf.) Crous, Slippers & A.J.L. Phillips, (2006)
Botryosphaeria ribis var chromogena Shear, N.E. Stevens & Wilcox 1924^[2] accepted as (Slippers, Crous & M.J. Wingf.) Crous, Slippers & A.J.L. Phillips, (2006)
(Schulzer) Sacc. 1882^[2] accepted as (Schulzer) Hazsl., (1873)

Genus: Botrytis

Botrytis allii Munn 1917^[3]
Botrytis cinerea Pers. 1801^[3]
Botrytis fabae Sardiña 1929^[3]
Botrytis sp.^[3]

Genus: A. Massal. 1856

(Mont.) Trevis. 1861^[3]accepted as (Mont.) R.C. Harris,(1989)
(Tuck.) Vain., [as thelemorpha],(1901)^[3]
(Leight.) Vain. ex Van der Byl 1931^[3] accepted as (Leight.) Müll. Arg., (1880)

Genus: Bovista Pers. 1794

Lév. 1846^[3] accepted as (Lév.) Bottomley, (1948)
Berk. 1842^[3] accepted as (Berk.) Hollós, (1902)
(Berk. & Broome) Bottomley 1948,^[3]
Berk. ex Massee 1888^[3] accepted as (Berk. ex Massee) Hollós, (1902)
Mont. & Berk. 1845^[3] accepted as (Mont. & Berk.) Henn., (1904)
(Lloyd) Bottomley 1948^[3]
de Toni (sic)^[3] possibly (Batsch) Pers. 1801
Bottomley 1948^[3]
Berk. ex Massee 1888^[3]

Genus: Bovistella Morgan 1892, accepted as Lycoperdon Pers., (1794)

(Lév.) Lloyd 1905^[3] accepted as (Lév.) Speg., (1881)
Lloyd 1917^[3] accepted as (Lloyd) Bottomley, (1948)

Genus: Lloyd 1919, accepted as Myriostoma Desv., (1809)

Lloyd 1919^[3]

Br[]

Genus: Brachysporium Sacc. 1886

Henn. 1903^[3] accepted as (Henn.) M.B. Ellis, (1963)
Syd. & P. Syd. 1914^[3] accepted as (Syd. & P. Syd.) S. Hughes, (1952)

Genus: Brigantiaea Trevis. 1853 (Lichens)

Trevis. 1853^[3]

Genus: Broomeia Berk. 1844

Berk. 1844^[3]
Höhn. 1905^[3]

Bu[]

Family: Zahlbr. 1908^[3]

Genus: Buellia De Not. 1846 (Lichens and lichenocolous)

Buellia abstracta (Nyl.) H. Olivier 1903^[3] accepted as Buellia sequax (Nyl.) Zahlbr., (1931)
(Ach.) Th. Fr. 1874,^[3]
(Stizenb.) Zahlbr. 1931^[3]
(Stizenb.) Vain. 1901^[3]
Müll. Arg. 1879^[3]
(Tuck.) Tuck. 1866^[3]
Müll. Arg. 1882^[3]
(Nyl.) Müll. Arg. 1894^[3]
(Stizenb.) Zahlbr., (1931) [as ambusta]^[3]
A. Massal. 1861^[3]
J. Steiner 1926^[3]
A. Massal. 1861^[3]
var. effusa A. Massal. 1861^[3]
var. insularis A. Massal. 1861^[3]
Vain. 1926^[3] accepted as (Vain.) Marbach, (2000)
Zahlbr. 1931^[3]
(Stizenb.) Zahlbr. 1931^[3]
var. tetrapla (Nyl.) J. Steiner 1907^[3] accepted as (Nyl.) Müll. Arg., (1888)
Vain. ex Lynge 1937^[3]
Vain. 1926^[3]
A. Massal. 1861^[3]
Zahlbr. 1931^[3]
(Nyl.) Zahlbr. 1931^[3]
Vain. 1926^[3]
(Nyl.) Zahlbr. 1931,^[3] accepted as (Nyl.) Marbach, (2000)
Buellia disciformis (Fr.) Mudd 1861^[3]
Buellia disciformis f. vulgata H. Olivier 1884^[3]
Buellia disciformis var. cinereopruinosa Vain. ex Van der Byl 1931^[3]
Buellia disciformis var. lecanactina J. Steiner 1907^[3]
Buellia disciformis var. sanguinea (Müll. Arg.) Zahlbr. 1931^[3]
Zahlbr. 1931^[3]
Buellia dispersa A. Massal. 1856^[3]
Vain. 1926^[3]
(Nyl.) Zahlbr. 1931^[3]
Vain. 1926^[3]
Vain. ex Lynge 1937^[3]
(Vain.) Zahlbr. 1932^[3]
Zahlbr. 1936^[3]
(Ach.) Tuck. 1866^[3]
J. Steiner 1926,^[3] accepted as (J. Steiner) Marbach, (2000)
(Nyl.) Zahlbr. 1931^[3]
(Nyl.) B. de Lesd. 1914^[3]
Tuck. 1866,^[3] accepted as (Tuck.) Ertz & Diederich, (2018)
(Nyl.) Zahlbr. 1931^[3]
A. Massal. 1856^[3]
var. debanensis Bagl. 1875^[3]
var. recobarina A. Massal. 1856^[3]
Vain. 1926^[3]
(Fée) Müll. Arg. 1887,^[3]
var. macrosperma Zahlbr. 1932^[3]
Müll. Arg. 1888^[3]
(Stizenb.) Zahlbr. 1931^[3]
Vain. 1926^[3]
(Stizenb.) Zahlbr. 1931^[3]
Vain. 1926^[3] accepted as (Vain.) Marbach, (2000)
Müll. Arg. 1886^[3]
(Körb.) Arnold 1870^[3]
(DC.) De Not. 1846^[3] accepted as Amandinea punctata (Hoffm.) Coppins & Scheid., (1993)
(Nyl.) H. Olivier 1903^[3]
Vain. 1926,^[3] accepted as (Vain.) Marbach, (2000)
(Stizenb.) Zahlbr. 1931^[3]
Vain. 1926^[3]
(Flörke ex Flot.) Körb., (1855) recorded as (Sm.) Mudd 1861,^[3]
(Nyl.) Zahlbr. 1931^[3] accepted as (Nyl.) Giralt & van den Boom, (2012)
Müll. Arg. 1893^[3]
(Stizenb.) Zahlbr. 1931^[3]
Vain. 1931^[3]
var. disciformis Th.Fr. (sic)^[3] probably (Fr.) Arnold 1858, accepted as Buellia disciformis (Fr.) Mudd, (1861)
var. sanguinea Müll. Arg. 1888^[3]
var. vulgata Th. Fr. 1874^[3] accepted as Buellia disciformis (Fr.) Mudd, (1861)
(Stizenb.) Zahlbr. 1931^[3]
(Stizenb.) Zahlbr. 1931^[3]
J. Steiner 1926^[3]
(Stizenb.) Zahlbr. 1931^[3]
A. Massal. 1861^[3]
var. continuior J. Steiner 1926^[3]
var. repens J. Steiner 1926^[3]
var. continuior J. Steiner 1926.^[3]
var. repens J. Steiner 1926^[3]
(Kremp.) Vain. 1903^[3]
var. indissimilis Vain. 1903^[3]
(Hoffm.) A. Massal. 1852^[3]
f. marcidula (Nyl.) Zahlbr. 1931^[3]
f. punctiformis (DC.) Hazsl. 1884^[3]
var. aequata (Ach.) Zahlbr. 1931^[3]
(DC.) A. Massal. 1852^[3]
Vain. 1926^[3]
Zahlbr. 1936^[3]
Zahlbr. 1932^[3]
A. Massal. 1861^[3]
(Stizenb.) Zahlbr. 1931^[3]
(Stizenb.) Zahlbr. 1931^[3]
Müll. Arg. 1888^[3]
Buellia sequax (Nyl.) Zahlbr., (1931) recorded as Buellia abstracta (Nyl.) H. Olivier 1903^[3]
Buellia spuria (Schaer.) Anzi 1860,^[3]
Buellia spuria var. ferruginea (Schaer.) Anzi 1860,^[3]
Buellia spuria var. insularis (A. Massal.) Jatta 1900^[3]
(Taylor) Mudd 1861, ^[3]
f. albosparsa (Stizenb.) Zahlbr. 1931^[3]
f. hybrida (Stizenb.) Zahlbr. 1931^[3]
f. murina (Stizenb.) Zahlbr. 1931^[3]
Zahlbr. 1931^[3]
(Nyl.) Müll. Arg. 1880^[3]
(Nyl.) Zahlbr. 1931^[3] accepted as Nyl., (1877)
Vain.(sic)^[3] probably (Leight.) Jatta 1900,
(Nyl.) Zahlbr. 1931^[3]
(Nyl.) Müll. Arg., (1888) recorded as var. tetrapla (Nyl.) J. Steiner 1907^[3]
(Stizenb.) Zahlbr. 1931^[3]
Zahlbr. 1932^[3]
(Tuck.) Tuck. 1866^[3]
(Sm.) Mudd 1861,^[3] accepted as (Flörke ex Flot.) Körb., (1855)
(Wulfen) H. Olivier 1901^[4] accepted as Rhizocarpon viridiatrum (Wulfen) Körb., (1855)

Genus: Syd. & P. Syd. 1913 accepted as Dermea Fr., (1825)

Syd. & P. Syd. 1915^[4]
Doidge 1948^[4]

Genus: (Sacc.) Paoli 1905 accepted as Actidium Fr., (1815)

Doidge 1948,^[4]

By[]

Genus: Dippen. 1930, accepted as Palawaniella Doidge, (1921)

Dippen. 1930^[4] accepted as (Dippen.) Arx, (1962)

Genus: Byssochlamys Westling 1909

(C. Ram) Samson, Houbraken & Frisvad, (2009) recorded as Westling 1909^[4]
Westling 1909^[4] accepted as (C. Ram) Samson, Houbraken & Frisvad, (2009)

Genus: Byssoloma Trevis. 1853

f. confluens Vain. ex Van der Byl 1931^[4]

Genus: *

Massal.^[4]*

References[]

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v Doidge 1950, p. 1038.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as ^at ^au ^av ^aw ^ax ^ay ^az ^ba ^bb ^bc ^bd ^be ^bf ^bg ^bh ^bi ^bj ^bk ^bl ^bm ^bn ^bo ^bp ^bq ^br ^bs ^bt ^bu ^bv ^bw ^bx ^by ^bz ^ca ^cb ^cc ^cd ^ce ^cf ^cg ^ch ^ci ^cj ^ck ^cl ^cm ^cn ^co ^cp ^cq ^cr ^cs ^ct ^cu ^cv ^cw ^cx ^cy ^cz ^da ^db ^dc ^dd ^de ^df ^dg ^dh ^di ^dj ^dk ^dl ^dm ^dn ^do Doidge 1950, p. 1039.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as ^at ^au ^av ^aw ^ax ^ay ^az ^ba ^bb ^bc ^bd ^be ^bf ^bg ^bh ^bi ^bj ^bk ^bl ^bm ^bn ^bo ^bp ^bq ^br ^bs ^bt ^bu ^bv ^bw ^bx ^by ^bz ^ca ^cb ^cc ^cd ^ce ^cf ^cg ^ch ^ci ^cj ^ck ^cl ^cm ^cn ^co ^cp ^cq ^cr ^cs ^ct ^cu ^cv ^cw ^cx ^cy ^cz ^da ^db ^dc ^dd ^de ^df ^dg ^dh ^di ^dj ^dk ^dl ^dm ^dn ^do ^dp ^dq ^dr ^ds ^dt ^du ^dv ^dw ^dx ^dy ^dz ^ea ^eb ^ec ^ed ^ee ^ef Doidge 1950, p. 1040.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Doidge 1950, p. 1041.

Sources[]

Doidge, Ethel (1950). "Titles of Works, not included in the General bibliography, and Index to Fungi and Lichens". Bothalia. Bothalia [Online]. 5 (1): 1030–1094. doi:10.4102/abc.v5i1.1880. Retrieved 29 July 2021 – via journals.abcjournal.aosis.co.za.