List of mass executions and massacres in Yugoslavia during World War II
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The following is a list of massacres and mass executions that occurred in Yugoslavia during World War II. Areas once part of Yugoslavia that are now parts of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Kosovo,[a] Serbia, Slovenia, Macedonia, and Montenegro; see the lists of massacres in those countries for more details.
Perpetrators
The majority of massacres were committed by Yugoslav factions during the civil war, while a number were committed by invading Axis forces.
Ustaše
See also: Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia
After the invasion of Yugoslavia, puppet-state Independent State of Croatia (NDH) was created by Axis powers in the areas of most of modern-day Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina.[1] The Ustaše sought to create an ethnically clean state by eradicating Serbs, Jews and Romani through genocidal policies.[2] According to Ustaše officials, the creation of an ethnically pure Greater Croatian state would ensure the safety of the Croats from the Serbs.[3] From the data calculated by the German Ministry of Foreign Affairs, during the creation of the state the population of Serbs was approximately 1,925,000.[4] The Ustaše's largest genocidal massacres were carried out in Bosanska Krajina and in places in Croatia where Serbs constituted a large proportion of the population including Banija, Kordun, Lika, and northern Dalmatia. Between 300 000– 350 000 Serbs were killed in massacres and in concentration camps like Jasenovac and Jadovno. Some 100,000 Serbs, Jews, and anti-fascist Croat were killed at Jasenovac alone.[5][6]
Chetniks
The Chetniks wanted to forge an ethnically-pure Greater Serbia claiming it was to ensure the survival of Serbs in Axis/Ustaše-controlled areas by violently "cleansing" these areas of Croats and Muslims.[7] Several historians view Chetnik actions against Muslim and Croats as constituting genocide.[8][9][10] Estimates of the number of deaths caused by the Chetniks in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina range from 50,000 to 68,000, while more than 5,000 victims are registered in the region of Sandžak.[11] About 300 villages and small towns were destroyed, along with a large number of mosques and Catholic churches.[12] Chetnik massacres of the Bosniak population took place in eastern Bosnia which, according to historian Marko Attila Hoare, had been "relatively untouched" by the Ustaše until the spring of 1942.[13] Bosnian historian Enver Redžić has a different opinion and claims that eastern Bosnia wasn't in relative peace at all during the period 1941-1942. He writes that in the summer of 1941, killings of Serbs had already started and acquired broader proportions in eastern Bosnia and that anti-Serb propaganda by Ustaše, by that time, had success among local Muslim and Croats.[14] Bosniak Muslims, particularly in Eastern Bosnia, comprised a large contingent of Ustashe units in the region and played a large role in the genocide of ethnic Serbs in the area that began in 1941. Bosniaks, later in the war, also joined the Waffen SS units that were notorious for their cruelty to the Serbian population. The Serbian population in the Podrina region (Eastern Bosnia) declined significantly as a result of these massacres and ethnic cleansing. Hoare argues that the latter-referenced massacres were not acts of revenge, but "an expression of the genocidal policy and ideology of the Chetnik movement."[13]
Yugoslav Partisans
Yugoslav Partisans committed various massacres, notably as part of the so-called "leftist errors". At the end of the war, the Partisans "purged" in Serbia (1944–45), and massacred thousands in the Bleiburg repatriations and Foibe massacres at the end and immediate aftermath of the war.
Axis occupying forces
German, Italian and Hungarian occupying forces engaged in atrocities against the Yugoslavian population, in the form of mass-killings of civilians and hostages in retaliation for Partisan attacks and resistance. Infamous examples include the Kragujevac massacre, committed by German forces, as did the Albanian Waffen-SS units, which murdered more than 400 Orthodox Christian civilians at Andrijevica,[15] the Novi Sad raid, committed by Hungarian forces and crimes committed by Italian forces, such as in Podhum.
List
Name | Date | Location | Deaths | Perpetrator | Description |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Slavonska Požega executions | 19–23 April 1941 | Slavonska Požega | 38 | Ustaše | executions of Serbs by Ustaše.[16] |
1941–1945 | Kamen castle, Begunje na Gorenjskem | 1,282 | German forces | Mass-executions of Slovene hostages by the Gestapo throughout World War II.[17] | |
1941–1945 | , Zagreb | 7,000 | Ustaše | Mass-executions of Serbs, Jews, Roma and Croat Anti-fascist hostages (including 2,000 members of the KPJ and the SKOJ) during the Ustaše occupation of Zagreb.[18] About 90% (c. 6,300) of those executed were Croat civilians and Anti-fascists, due to the fact that most of Zagreb's Serbian, Jewish and Roma populations had either been killed or deported to Jasenovac or Auschwitz by 1942.[19] | |
21–22 April 1941 | Pančevo, Vojvodina | 36 | German forces | execution of 36 Serbs by Wehrmacht and Volksdeutsche.[20][page needed] | |
Gudovac massacre | 28 April 1941 | Gudovac near Bjelovar, Croatia proper | 184–196 | Ustaše | massacre of Serbs by Ustaše.[21][22][23] |
30 April 1941 | Kosinj, Lika | c. 600 | Ustaše | massacre of Serbs by Ustaše.[24] | |
Blagaj massacre | 9 May 1941 | Blagaj, Croatia proper | c. 400 | Ustaše | massacre of Serbs from Veljun and surroundings by Ustaše.[25] |
Glina massacre | 11–13 May 1941 | Glina | 260–417 | Ustaše | massacre of Serbs by Ustaše.[26][21] |
late May–June 1941 | Nevesinje, Herzegovina | 173 | Ustaše | massacre of Serbs by Ustaše.[21] | |
Gacko massacre | 3 June 1941 | Korita | 133–180 | Ustaše | massacre of Serbs by Ustaše; corpses thrown into the Koritska Jama pit.[22][27][21] |
15 June 1941 | Knin | c. 60 | Ustaše | massacre of Serbs by Ustaše.[21] | |
Rašića Gaj massacres | 22 June–20 July 1941 | Rašića Gaj, Vlasenica | 70–200 | Ustaše Muslim militia | massacre of Serbs by Ustaše Muslim militia.[28][29] |
23 June 1941 | Popovo Polje, Ljubinje, Herzegovina | 140-164 | Ustaše | massacre of Serbs by Ustaše in the villages of Popovo Polje in the district of Ljubinje.[21][30] | |
25 June 1941 | Metković | 280 | Ustaše | massacre of Serbs by Ustaše.[31] | |
25 June 1941 | Dračevo | 70 | Usta��e | massacre of Serbs by Ustaše.[32][better source needed] | |
28 June 1941 | Avtovac | 47 | Chetniks | massacre of Muslims by Chetniks.[33] | |
June 1941 | Bileća, Herzegovina | c. 600 | Serb rebels | massacre of Muslims by Serb rebels.[34] | |
July 1941 | Čelebić | 104 | Ustaše | massacre of Serbs by Ustaše.[citation needed] | |
July – September 1941 | Garavice, near Bihac | thousands[35] | Ustaše | massacre of Serbs by Ustaše. | |
"Leftist error" massacres | July 1941 – early 1942 | areas of Serbia, Montenegro and Eastern Herzegovina | 1,000+ | Partisans | Partisan massacres of suspected enemy collaborators, political opponents, "class enemies" and other "fifth columnists".[36] |
Kerestinec prisoner escape massacre | 9–13 July 1941 | Kerestinec prison | 75 | Ustaše | A group of political prisoners (mostly Croatian communists and other anti-fascists) were to be executed in retaliation for Partisan attacks. On 9 July 1941, the first group, including Božidar Adžija, Otokar Keršovani and Ognjen Prica, was executed. The KPH and local Partisans responded by organising a mass-escape on the 13 July 1941, the escape failed and most prisoners were either shot whilst escaping or were recaptured and executed.[37] |
Banski Grabovac massacre | 24–25 July 1941 | Grabovac, near Petrinja | c. 1,200 | Ustaše | massacre of Serbs by Ustaše.[38] |
Drvar massacre | 27 July 1941 | Drvar | 500 | Chetniks and Serb rebels | massacre of 300 Croats and 200 Muslims after the capture of Drvar.[39][40] |
27 July 1941 | Boričevac | 179 | Chetniks | massacre of 179 Croats in the village of Boričevac by Chetniks during the Srb uprising[41] | |
27 July 1941 | Brotnja | 37 | Chetniks | massacre of 37 Croats in the village of Brotnja by Chetniks during the Srb uprising.[42] | |
Bosansko Grahovo massacre | 27 July 1941 | Bosansko Grahovo | c.100 | Chetniks and Serb rebels | massacre of Croats in Bosansko Grahovo by Chetniks and other Serb rebels, led by Branko Bogunović, during the Srb uprising.[43][44] |
27 July 1941 | Obljaj, Korita, Luka, Ugarci and Crni Lug | 250+ | Chetniks | Chetnik massacre of Croats across several villages near Bosansko Grahovo during the Srb uprising.[45][46] | |
Trubar massacre | 27 July 1941 | , Bosanska Krajina | 200+ | Serb rebels | massacre of more than 200 Croats, members of a Catholic pilgrimage, who were ambushed near Drvar by Serb rebels.[47] |
27 July 1941 | Ličko Petrovo Selo | 313 | Ustaše | massacre of Serbs by Ustaše in Ličko Petrovo Selo.[38] | |
29 July 1941 | Velika Kladuša and surroundings | c. 4,000 | Ustaše | massacre of Serbs by Ustaše near Velika Kladuša, under the Ičungar Hill.[30] | |
Kruščica camp massacre | 5 August 1941 | Kruščica concentration camp | 74 | Ustaše | massacre of Serbs from Pale at the Kruščica concentration camp by Ustaše.[48][49] |
July–August 1941 | Višegrad, Herzegovina | c. 500 | Serb villagers | massacre of Muslims by Bosnian Serbs at Višegrad and environs.[34] | |
Prebilovci massacre | 4–6 August 1941 | Prebilovci | c. 650 | Ustaše | massacre of Serbs by Ustaše.[50] |
Krnjeuša massacre | 9–10 August 1941 | Krnjeuša | c. 240 | Chetniks | massacre of approximately 240 Croat civilians in the parish of Krnjeuša by Chetniks.[51] |
9–10 August 1941 | Vrtoče, near Bosanski Petrovac | 70 | Chetniks | massacre of Croats by Chetniks.[52] | |
Glina massacre | 30 July–3 August 1941 | Glina | c. 1,200[53]–2,000[38] | Ustaše | massacre of Serbs by Ustaše.[54] |
20–21 August 1941 | Bosanska Dubica | c. 300 | Ustaše | massacre of Serbs by Ustaše.[55] | |
22 August 1941 | and Strigova | 26 | Ustaše | massacre of Serbs by Ustaše.[56] | |
Early August 1941 | Novoselci | 31 | Ustaše | massacre of Serbs by Ustaše at Novoselci.[55] | |
August 1941 | Srebrenica | 81 | Chetniks | massacre of Muslims by Chetniks under the command of Jezdimir Dangić; a group of Muslims barricaded in a local mekteb (Muslim religious school) at Zaklopača which was then set alight.[57] | |
Otočac massacre | 1941 | Otočac | 331 | Ustaše | massacre of Serbs by Ustaše.[58] |
3 September 1941 | Plana | 425 | Chetniks | Muslims massacred by Chetniks in Plana and surrounding villages.[59] | |
Kulen Vakuf massacre | 5–8 September 1941 | Kulen Vakuf | 1,000-3,000 | Partisan Drvar Brigade, local Serb rebels | massacre of Muslims and Croats by the Partisan Drvar Brigade and local peasants at Kulen Vakuf.[15] |
1941 | Jošan | 338 | Ustaše | massacre of Serbs by Ustaše.[60] | |
1941 | Javor | 100+ | Ustaše | massacre of Serbs by Ustaše at Javor, near Srebrenica and Ozren.[61] | |
30 September 1941 | Ibarski Kolašin | 150 | Albanians | massacre of Serbs civilians by Albanian Vulnetari commanded by Shaban Polluzha.[62][63][64] | |
Rogatica massacre | October 1941–January 1942 | Rogatica district | 2,000 | Chetniks | massacre of Muslims by Chetniks after the capture of the town.[65] |
Kraljevo massacre | October 1941 | Kraljevo | 1,755 | German forces | Wehrmacht murder of almost 1,800 civilians in reprisal shootings[66] |
Kragujevac massacre | 20–21 October 1941 | Kragujevac | 2,778 | German forces | More than 2,000 Serb men and boys murdered by Wehrmacht in reprisal shootings |
Koraj massacre | 28 November 1941 | , near Brčko | 100+ | Chetniks | massacre of Muslim peasants by Chetniks. The massacre was in response to the 1941 anti-Communist Tuzla Rebellion.[67][68] |
1941 | 85 | Ustaše | massacre of Serbs by Ustaše at .[69] | ||
5 December 1941–January 1942 | Foča | 2,000+ | Chetniks | massacre of Muslims at Foča by Chetnik forces who received the town of Foča from the Royal Italian Army.[70][71] | |
30 December 1941 – 26 January 1942 | Goražde | 1,370–2,050 | Chetniks | massacre of mainly Bosniak Muslims and some Croats by Chetnik forces; corpses left hanging in the town or thrown into the Drina river.[72][73] | |
late 1941 | Žepa | c. 300 | Chetniks | massacre of Muslims by Chetnik forces at Žepa.[74] | |
Voćin massacre | 14 January 1942 | Voćin | 350 | Ustaše | massacre of Serbs by Ustaše.[75][76] |
January 1942 | Čelebić | 54 | Chetniks | massacre of Muslims by Chetnik forces at Čelebić; village later torched.[74] | |
Christmas at January 1942 | Žabalj | 700 | Hungarian Army | massacre of Serbs by Hungarian forces at Žabalj.[citation needed] | |
Christmas at January 1942 | Gospođinci | 100 | Hungarian Army | massacre of Serbs by Hungarian forces at Gospođinci | |
4–9 January 1942 | Čurug | 900 | Hungarian Army | massacre of Serbs by Hungarian forces at Čurug | |
January 1942 | Đurđevo | 300 | Hungarian Army | massacre of Serbs by Hungarian forces at Đurđevo | |
January 1942 | Titel | 60–80 | Hungarian Army | massacre of Serbs by Hungarian forces at Titel | |
January 1942 | Temerin | 48 | Hungarian forces | massacre of Jews by Hungarian forces at Temerin | |
Novi Sad raid | 22–23 January 1942 | Novi Sad | 1264 | Hungarian Army | massacre of Jews and Serbs driven onto the frozen Danube by Hungarian forces at Novi Sad |
27 January 1942 | Bečej | 250 | Hungarian Army | massacre of Jews and Serbs driven onto the frozen Tisa River by Hungarian forces at Bečej. | |
January 1942 | Srebrenica and environs | c. 1,000 | Chetniks | massacre of Muslims by Chetniks in Srebrenica and nearby villages.[77] | |
January 1942 | Višegrad | 1,000+ | Chetniks | massacre of Muslims by Chetniks at Višegrad.[74] | |
Battle of Dražgoše | 11–12 January 1942 | Dražgoše | 41 | German forces | 41 Slovene hostages executed by the Wehrmacht in Dražgoše.[78] |
13–15 January 1942 | Draksenić | c. 360 | Ustaše | massacre of approximately 360 Serbs by Ustaše and Home Guard at Draksenić.[79] | |
February 1942 | Pljeva, Central Bosnia | 41 | Partisans | 41 captured Croatian Home Guards executed by Partisans.[80] | |
5, 12 February 1942 | and | 520 | Ustaše | massacre of Serbs by Ustaše at Piskavica and Ivanjska [81] | |
7 February 1942 | Drakulić, Šargovac, Motike | 2,315 | Ustaše | massacre of Serbs by Ustaše at Drakulić, Šargovac, and Motike [82] | |
3 March 1942 | Drakan | 42 | Chetniks | massacre of Muslims by Chetniks at Drakan [77] | |
22 March-May 1942 | Stari Brod and Miloševići, near Višegrad | 6,000+ | Ustaše | massacre of more than 6,000 Serbs committed by the Black Legion and Ustaše Muslim militia.[83] | |
24 April–24 July 1942 | Ljubljana | 103 | Italian forces | Massacre of Slovene hostages by Italian forces [84] | |
Late June 1942 | Pristina area | 100 | Albanians | killings of 100 Serbs by Albanians in Pristina and vicinity.[85] | |
July 1942 | Čabar | 132 | Italian forces | Italian forces massacred 132 Croats.[86] | |
July 1942 | Gerovo | , near40-60 | Italian forces | Italian forces massacred 40-60 Croats.[86] | |
Podhum massacre | 12 July 1942 | Podhum | 118 | Italian forces | massacre of 118 Croat men and boys by Italian forces in the village Podhum[87][88] |
July–August 1942 | Rog, near Kočevje | 300 | Italian forces | massacre of 300 Slovenian civilians by Italian forces during anti-Partisan operations.[89] | |
July–August 1942 | Jermendol, near Babno Polje | 40 | Italian forces | 40 Slovenian civilians massacred by Italian forces [90] | |
August 1942 | Foča | c. 2,000–3,000 | Chetniks | massacre of Muslims by Chetniks in Foča region.[91][92] | |
August 1942 | Ustikolina | 2,500 | Chetniks | massacre of Muslims by Chetniks.[93] | |
August 1942 | , near Vrgorac | 150 | both Chetniks and Italian forces | massacre of 150 Croats by Chetnik and Italian forces[94] | |
29 August 1942 | Zabiokovlje region, near Makarska | 141–160 | Chetniks | massacre of 141-160 Croats from several villages in the Zabiokovlje, Biokovo and Cetina areas of southern Croatia by Chetniks, under the command of Petar Baćović, that had been participating in the Italian anti-Partisan "Operation Albia".[95][96] | |
September 1942 | Makarska | 900 | Chetniks | Chetniks, under the command of Petar Baćović, massacre 900 Croats around the town of Makarska[93] | |
Gata massacre | 1 October 1942 | Gata | 100+ | Chetniks | Over 100 Croat civilians killed by Chetniks for pro-Yugoslav Partisan sympathies and in retaliation for the destruction of the Split-Omiš road.[97] |
2 October 1942 | Maribor | 143 | German forces | massacre of Slovene hostages held in the Maribor prison.[98] | |
5 October 1942 | Dugopolje, and neighbouring settlements | 120 | both Chetniks and Italian forces | 120 Croats killed by Chetniks, supported by Italian forces.[99][100] | |
8 October 1942 | Španovica | 143 | Partisans | massacre of Croat civilians by Partisans.[101] | |
Kriva Reka massacre | 11–14 October 1942 | Kriva Reka and neighbouring areas | 690 | German forces | Serb civilians massacred in reprisals by the 7th SS Volunteer Mountain Division Prinz Eugen during and after Operation Kopaonik.[102] |
Prozor massacre | 14–15 October 1942 | Prozor area | 543–2,500 | Chetniks | massacre of Croats and Bosnian Muslims by Chetniks due to suspected harboring and aiding the Partisans.[97] It took place during Operation Alfa. |
16 November 1942 | Primošten | 150 | Italian forces | 150 Croats killed by Italian forces by deliberately shelling the town of Primošten in retaliation for an earlier Partisan attack.[103] | |
January 1943 | Vrlika and surrounding areas | 103 | Chetniks | massacre of Croats by Chetniks, under the command of Petar Baćović and Momčilo Đujić.[104] | |
January 1943 | Široka Kula | 185 | Italian forces | massacre of 185 Croat civilians in the village of Široka Kula by Italian forces [105] | |
January–February 1943 | , near Slunj | 208 | Italian forces | massacre of 208 Croat hostages and civilians by Italian forces [106] | |
27 January 1943 | Kijevo | 45 | Chetniks | massacre of 45 Croats by Chetniks in the village of Kijevo.[107] | |
January–February 1943 | Pljevlja, Čajniče and Foča districts and surrounding villages | 9,200 | Chetniks | massacre of Muslims (including 8,000 civilians) by Chetniks, led by Pavle Đurišić, across several districts and villages in southeastern Bosnia and Montenegrin Sandžak.[108][109] | |
Bukovica massacre | 4–7 February 1943 | Bukovica, Pljevlja | more than 500 | Chetniks | massacre of more than 500 Muslim civilians during Chetnik attack on positions held by Sandžak Muslim militia. |
17 February 1943 | , near Udbina | 30 | both Chetnik and Italian forces | 30 Croats killed by Chetniks and Italian forces.[106] | |
April 1943 | Kninsko Polje, near Knin | 1,000 | Chetniks | massacre of 1,000 Croats at a makeshift execution site near Knin.[110] | |
23 April–15 June 1943 | Šibenik and its environs | 240 | Italian forces | Execution of 240 Croat hostages in the Šibenik district by Italian forces, in retaliation for Partisan attacks[111] | |
22 May 1943 | Vrpolje and Perković | 66 | Italian forces | Massacre of Croat civilians, rounded up from the villages of Vrpolje and Perković, in retaliation for a Partisan attack on the Šibenik-Split railway[112] | |
May–June 1943 | , near Nikšić | 72 | Italian forces | massacre of 72 Montenegrin and Serb civilians by Italian forces.[113] | |
June 1943 | Bar, Montenegro | 180 | Italian forces | Massacre of Montenegrin prisoners being held in the Bar concentration camp[114] | |
June 1943 | Komin, near Ploče | 228 | Italian forces | 228 Croats massacred by Italian forces.[94] | |
Trepča mine executions | 3 June 1943 | Trepča mine, Mitrovica | 37 | Albanians | mass shooting of 37 Serbs by Albanians, Albanian gendarmerie and prison guards at the Trepča mine prison, most of whom were workers that had fell ill, and among whom several were peasants from the Mitrovica vicinity.[115] |
Trepča mine executions | 7 June 1943 | Trepča mine, Mitrovica | 27 | Albanians | mass shooting of 27 Serbs by Albanians, Albanian gendarmerie and prison guards.[115] |
June 1943 | Vareška Reka–Ibar confluence | 15 | Vulnetari and gendarmerie | massacre of Serbs.[clarification needed][116] | |
10 July 1943 | Lovreć and surrounding areas | 112 | both Chetnik and Italian forces | 112 Croats (Partisan POWs and civilians) killed by Chetniks and Italian forces.[117] | |
12 July 1943 | Rotimlja, near Stolac | 66 | German forces | Muslims massacred in reprisals the 7th SS Volunteer Mountain Division Prinz Eugen.[118] | |
12 July 1943 | Košutica, near Sokolac | 68 | German forces | Muslims massacred in reprisals by the 7th SS Volunteer Mountain Division Prinz Eugen.[119] | |
September 1943 | Dugopolje | 40 | German forces | 40 Croat civilians massacred by 7th SS Volunteer Mountain Division Prinz Eugen. [99] | |
9-10 September 1943 | Zrin | 270 | Partisans | massacre of 270 Croat civilians in Zrin by Partisans[why?][120][better source needed] | |
Foibe massacres | 9 September 1943 – 1946 | Istria and Dalmatia | c.5,000–11,000 | Partisans | Massacres of reprisals against Italian people and anticommunist Yugoslav people[121][better source needed][122] |
Uroševac massacre | 11–12 September 1943 | Uroševac area | 60 | Albanians | massacre of Serbs by Albanians, commanded by Amdija Jašarević[123] |
17-30 September 1943 | Imotski, Sinj and neighboring villages | 230 | German forces | 230 Croats massacred by the 7th SS Volunteer Mountain Division Prinz Eugen.[124] | |
29 September 1943 | Košute and neighbouring villages | 102 | German forces | Croat civilians massacred in reprisals by the 7th SS Volunteer Mountain Division Prinz Eugen.[125] | |
Rakoš massacre | October 1943 | Rakoš | 63 | Albanians | shooting of Serb villagers[126] |
2 October 1943 | , Cere and , near Žminj | 44 | German forces | Croats massacred by German forces; 28 in , 10 in Cere and 6 in .[127] | |
Višegrad massacre (1943) | 5 October 1943 | Višegrad | 2,000+ | Chetniks | Muslim civilians massacred by Chetniks after the capture of Višegrad.[128] |
7 October 1943 | , near Žminj | 57 | German forces | Croats massacred by German forces of the II SS Panzer Corps during the anti-Partisan offensive (Unternehmen Istrien).[127] | |
Peć killings | November–December 1943 | Peć district | 230 | Albanians | killings of Serbs[129] |
2 November 1943 | Baćina and neighbouring areas | 107 | German forces | Croat civilians massacred in reprisals by the 7th SS Volunteer Mountain Division Prinz Eugen.[130] | |
Ivanci massacre | 30 November 1943 | Ivanci | 73 | German forces | Serb civilians massacred. |
16 December 1943 | Lug and Kuk, near Tomislavgrad | 81 | German forces | massacre of 81 Croats by the 7th SS Volunteer Mountain Division Prinz Eugen in retaliation for nearby Partisan attacks[131] | |
20 December 1943 | Zagreb | 16 | Ustaše | 16 anti-Fascists (14 Croats, 2 Slovenes) hanged on 20 December 1943 on butcher hooks on a public street at the western end of Dubrava in retaliation for the killing of an Ustaše agent, Ljudevit Tiljk, by the Partisans[132] | |
20–21 December 1943 | Vranić | 68 | Chetniks | 68 Serb civilians killed by Chetniks at Vranić under suspicion of harbouring and/or supporting the Partisans[133] | |
8-9 January 1944 | Šajini and | 76 | German forces | 76 Croat civlians killed (54 in Šajini and 22 in ) by Wehrmacht forces of the 71st Infantry Division.[134] | |
26–30 March 1944 | Several villages between Kamešnica and Mosor near Split[clarification needed] | 1,525 | German forces | 1,525 Croatian civilians massacred by members of the 7th SS Volunteer Mountain Division Prinz Eugen across several Croat villages in the Kamešnica and Mosor region, near Split[135][verification needed] | |
Lipa massacre | 30 April 1944 | , near Rijeka | 269 | German forces | massacre of 269 Croatian civilians in , near Rijeka by the SS Police Regiment Bozen in retaliation for a Partisan ambush near Rupa[136] |
May 1944 | Dobranje | 136 | Partisans | massacre of 136 Domobrani POWs and Croat civilians by Partisans.[137] | |
30 June 1944 | Štrpce | 50 | Bulgarian forces | mass execution of 50 in retaliation for the death of a Bulgarian soldier.[126] | |
Velika massacre | 28 July 1944 | Velika, near Plav | 428+ | SS Skanderbeg | massacre of 428 Serbs, mostly children, women and elderly, by Albanian SS members during Operation Draufgänger.[138] |
18–19 September 1944 | Hrvatska Dubica | c. 55 | Ustaše | massacre of mostly Serb victims by Ustaše at Hrvatska Dubica. | |
Daksa executions | October 1944 | Daksa | c. 53 | Partisans | Partisans executed around 53 Croat prisoners suspected of being collaborationists [139] |
October 1944 | Sremska Kamenica | 196 | Partisans | massacre of Croat and Šokci men after their arrest by the Partisans.[140] | |
Communist purges in Serbia | October 1944–May 1945 | Central Serbia and Vojvodina | at least 55,973 | Partisans | Massacres against people perceived as war criminals, quislings, ideological opponents and ethnic minorities by Partisans. In 2009, the government of Serbia formed a State Commission to investigate the secret burial places of victims. The Commission compiled a registry of names, basic biographical data, and details of persecution. The registry contains a total of 55,973 names, including 27,367 Germans, 14,567 Serbs and 6,112 Hungarians.[141] |
Flight and expulsion of Germans in Yugoslavia | November 1944-March 1948 | German-speaking areas of Yugoslavia, especially Banat and other areas | c.58,000 | Partisans | A total of 48,447 people died in camps; 7,199 were massacred or executed by Partisans, and another 1,994 perished in Soviet labour camps after being deported by Yugoslav authorities.[142] |
December 1944 | Tovarnik | 51 | Partisans | massacre of 51 Croat and Germans (Volksdeutsche) civilians by Partisans[143] | |
December 1944 | Bribir | 33 | Chetniks | Croats massacred by Chetniks from the Dinara Division. The village was razed to the ground.[144] | |
7–15 February 1945 | Široki Brijeg | 28 | Partisans | massacre of Croatian Franciscan Friars by Partisans, twelve of whom were burned alive.[145] | |
12 February 1945 | Frankolovo | 100 | German forces | Slovene hostages shot or hanged in retaliation for a Partisan ambush that fatally wounded the Nazi district administrator of Celje, Anton Dorfmeister.[146] | |
17–22 February 1945 | Kozara | 140+ | Ustaše | massacre of mostly Serb victims by Ustaše at Kozara[citation needed] | |
Bar massacre | March 1945 | Bar, Montenegro | 400–450 to 1,500–2,000 | Partisans | massacre of Albanians by Partisans.[147][better source needed] |
24 April 1945 | Hrastina | 43 | German forces | massacre of German Sinti civilians found in hiding.[148] | |
Jakljan executions | May 1945 | Jakljan | 214 | Partisans | German prisoners executed by Partisans at Jakljan.[149] |
Gračani massacre | May 1945 | Zagreb | 295 (excavated bodies) | Partisans | execution of NDH prisoners of war and local civilians by Partisans.[150] |
May 1945 | Kucja Dolina | 800+ | Partisans | killing of Slovene and Croat Home Guard prisoners and civilians by Partisans.[151][152][153] | |
Fiume Autonomists purge | May 1945 | Rijeka and surrounding areas | 650 | Partisans | Partisan and OZNA liquidations of prominent members and supporters of the Rijeka Autonomist Party and the Liburnian Autonomist Movement after the liberation of Rijeka.[154] |
Pečovnik massacre | 8–9 May 1945 | Pečovnik | 12,000 | Partisans | killing of Croat POWs and civilians by Partisans.[155] |
Tezno massacre | 19–26 May 1945 | Tezno, near Maribor | 15,000 | Partisans | execution of NDH prisoners of war and civilians by Partisans.[156] |
Kočevski Rog massacre | Late May 1945 | Kočevski Rog | 10,000–12,000 | Partisans | execution of Slovene Home Guard members, Croat, Serb and Montenegrin collaborationists, Italian and German troops, by the Partisans.[157] |
Macelj massacre | May–June 1945 | Macelj | 1,163 (excavated bodies) | Partisans | execution of NDH prisoners and local civilians by Partisan forces[158][better source needed] |
Barbara Pit massacre | 25 May–6 June 1945 | Huda Jama | 1,416[159] | Partisans | Croat and Slovene POWs with their families killed by Partisans for reprisal.[160] |
See also
- Bloody Christmas (1945)
- List of massacres in the Bosnian War
- List of massacres in the Croatian War
- List of massacres in the Kosovo War
References
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- Tomasevich, Jozo (1975). War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: The Chetniks. Stanford: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-0857-9.
- Tomasevich, Jozo (2001). War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: Occupation and Collaboration. Stanford: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-3615-2.
- Tucaković, Šemso (1995). Srpski zločini nad Bošnjacima-muslimanima: 1941-1945. El-Kalem i OKO.
- Journals
- Jareb, Mario (December 2011). "Prilog raspravi o karakteru ustanka od 27. srpnja 1941. godine" [An addition to the debate about the character of the uprising of 27 July 1941]. Journal of Contemporary History (in Croatian). Zagreb, Croatia: Croatian Institute of History. 43 (3): 751–771.
- Conference papers and proceedings
- Matović, Ivan, ed. (2012). Zločini četničkog pokreta u Srbiji 1941-1945: Zbornik radova sa okruglog stola održanog 25.9.2012. godine. Belgrade.
- SANU (1995). Genocid nad Srbima u II svetskom ratu. Muzej žrtava genocida i Srpska književna zadruga.
- Web
- "Dostojno pokopani nakon 66. godina mučkog smaknuća". Dubrovački vjesnik (in Croatian). 19 June 2010. Archived from the original on 29 July 2012.
- "Na dubrovačkom Domobranskom groblju pokopani posmrtni ostaci 214 njemačkih mornara". Slobodna Dalmacija (in Croatian). 1 March 2013.
- Toljaga, Daniel (18 November 2010). "Prelude to the Srebrenica genocide". Bosnian Institute. Archived from the original on 6 September 2013. Retrieved 3 October 2013.
- World War II massacres
- Lists of massacres by country
- Yugoslavia-related lists
- Massacres in Yugoslavia
- Lists of massacres by war