List of events named massacres
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The following is a list of events for which one of the commonly accepted names includes the word "massacre".[1]
Definition
Massacre is defined in the Oxford English Dictionary as "the indiscriminate and brutal slaughter of people or (less commonly) animals; carnage, butchery, slaughter in numbers". It also states that the term is used "in the names of certain massacres of history".[2]
The first recorded use in English of the word massacre in the name of an event is due to Christopher Marlowe, who in c. 1600 referred to what is now known as the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre as "The massacre at Paris".[3]
Massacre can also be used as a verb, as "To kill (people or, less commonly, animals) in numbers, esp. brutally and indiscriminately".[4] The first usage of which was "(c. 1588) Men which make no conscience for gaine sake, to breake the law of the æternall, and massaker soules (...) are dangerous subjects",[4] and this usage is not recorded in this list.
There are many alternative terms with similar connotations, such as butchery, carnage, bloodbath, mass killing, atrocity, etc. as well as euphemisms such as Vespers, Blutgericht or "attack", "incident", "tragedy" (etc.), use of which are outside the scope of this list.
Massacre is also used figuratively to describe dramatic events that did not involve any deaths, such as the "Hilo massacre" and the "Saturday Night Massacre"; this usage is also outside of the scope of this list.
Before or in 1945
| Date | Location | Name | Deaths | Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 260 BC | State of Zhao | Battle of Changping | 400,000 | Live burial of surrendered State of Zhao soldiers during Qin's wars of unification.[5] |
| 207 BC | Xin'an, Qin dynasty | Xin'an massacre | 200,000+ | Live burial of surrendered Qin dynasty soldiers after the Battle of Julu.[6] |
| 88 BC | Kingdom of Pontus | Asiatic Vespers[failed verification][7] | 80,000–150,000 | Wholesale massacre of all Roman and Italic citizens in Asia Minor, starting the Mithridatic Wars. |
| 61 | Anglesey, Britannia | Menai massacre[failed verification] | Unknown | Gaius Suetonius Paulinus ordered the Roman army to destroy the Celtic Druid stronghold on Anglesey in Britain, sacking Druidic colleges and sacred groves. The massacre helped impose Roman religion on Britain and sent Druidism into a decline from which it never recovered.[8][9] |
| 193 | Xu Province, Eastern Han dynasty | Massacre of Xuzhou | Hundred-thousands | Warlord Cao Cao invaded several cities of Xu Province after his father, Cao Song, was killed in the province. Dead bodies of civilians blocked the Si River.[10] |
| 390 | Thessaloniki, Macedonia | Massacre of Thessaloniki (1760)[11] | 7,000 | Emperor Theodosius I of Rome ordered the executions after the citizens of Thessaloniki murdered a top-level military commander during a violent protest against the arrest of a popular charioteer.[12][13] |
| 627 | Fortress of Banu Qurayza, Saudi Arabia | Massacre of Banu Qurayza (1956)[14] | 600–900 | Muhammad ordered his followers to attack the Banu Qurayza because according to Muslim tradition he had been ordered to do so by the angel Gabriel.[15][16][17][18][19][20] Muhammad had a treaty with the tribe which was betrayed. 600–900 members of the Banu Qurayza (all males old enough to have pubic hair, all of whom were non-combatants) were beheaded, while the women and children of the tribe were sold into slavery (Tabari, Ibn Ishaq).[18][19][21] Al Waqidi influence is in Ibn Ishaqs biography. Stillman and Watt deny the authenticity of al-Waqidi.[22] Al-Waqidi has been frequently criticized by Muslim Ulama, who claim that he is unreliable.[23][24] A reliable source says all the warriors were killed based on Sa'd ibn Mu'adh judgement whom was appointed by Banu Qurzaya for arbitration.[25][26][27] 2 Muslims were killed[18] |
| 782 | Verden, Lower Saxony, Germany | Massacre of Verden (1830)[28] | 4,500 | Charlemagne ordered the massacre of 4,500 imprisoned rebel pagan Saxons in response to losing two envoys, four counts, and twenty nobles in battle with the Saxons during his campaign to conquer and Christianize the Saxons during the Saxon Wars.[29] |
| November 13, 1002 | various cities, England | St. Brice's Day massacre (1871)[30] | Unknown | King Æthelred II "the Unready" of England ordered all Danes living in England killed. The Danes were accused of aiding Viking raiders. The King of Denmark, Sweyn Forkbeard, invaded England and deposed King Ethelred in 1013.[31][32][33] |
| 1033 | Fez, Morocco | 1033 Fez massacre | 6,000+ | Following their capture of the city of Fez from the Maghrawa tribal confederation, warriors of the Zenata Berber Banu Ifran tribe slaughtered over 6,000 Moroccan Jews. |
| December 30, 1066 | Granada, Al-Andalus | Massacre of the Jews of Granada (1906)[34] | 4,000 | Apparently angered by a rumour that Jewish vizier Joseph ibn Naghrela intended to assassinate the king and take the throne for himself, a Muslim mob killed him and hung his body on a cross. The mob went on to kill the Jewish population of the city.[35][36][37][38] |
| 1096 | Rhineland, Germany and France | Massacre of the Rhineland Jews (2015)[39] | 12,000[40] | Series of mass murders of Jews perpetrated by mobs of French and German Christians of the People's Crusade. |
| 1099 | Jerusalem, Fatimid Caliphate | Jerusalem Massacre[41][42] | Thousands | The culminating massacre of the First Crusade: Frankish expeditionary forces broke into besieged Jerusalem (then part of the Fatimid Caliphate) and killed Muslims and Jews. |
| May 1182 | Constantinople, Byzantine Empire | Massacre of the Latins (1789)[43] | 60,000–80,000 | Wholesale massacre of all Latin (Western European) inhabitants of Constantinople by a mob. |
| 1209 | France | Massacre at Béziers | 15,000+ | First major military action of the Albigensian Crusade |
| 1282 | Kingdom of Sicily | Massacre of the French in Sicily (1695)[44] | 3,000 | Revolt against king Charles I, starting the War of the Sicilian Vespers |
| March 21, 1349 | Erfurt, Holy Roman Empire (now Germany) | 1349 Erfurt massacre | 100+ | Against the backdrop of the Black Death persecutions, members of Erfurt's Jewish community were lynched. Any survivors were expelled from the city. |
| mid-14th century | Crow Creek Site, Great Plains, North America | Crow Creek massacre (1978)[45][46] | 500[47] | Prehistoric massacre of Central Plains villagers in what is now South Dakota, involving scalping and dismemberment of the victims.[47][48] |
| 1370 | Brussels, Duchy of Brabant (now part of Belgium | Brussels massacre | 6-20 | When a clerical usury scandal led to allegations of host desecration, multiple local Jews were executed or otherwise killed and the rest of the Jewish community was banished. |
| April 1506 | Lisbon, Portugal | Lisbon massacre | 1,900+ | When a New Christian expressed skepticism about an apparent miracle, he was dragged out of the Church of São Domingos and beaten to death by an enraged crowd. Afterwards, New Christians in general were scapegoated for drought and plague sweeping the country at the time. Encouraged by seditionist Dominican friars, mobs of local townspeople and foreign sailors tortured and killed nearly 2,000 known or suspected New Christians for alleged heresy and deicide. |
| May 22, 1520 | Tenochtitlan, Aztec Empire, Central America | Massacre in the Great Temple of Tenochtitlan | Thousands | Spanish troops and Tlaxcalan allies under the command of conquistador Pedro de Alvarado killed a large number of Aztec priests, nobles and warriors in the Templo Mayor for unclear reasons. |
| November 8, 1520 | Stockholm, Sweden | Stockholm massacre (1845)[49] | 80–90[50] | Days after his coronation in Stockholm, King Christian II of Denmark—trying to maintain the Kalmar Union, a personal union between Sweden, Norway and Denmark, and thus keep up his claims to the Swedish throne—liquidated nobles and bishops who earlier had opposed him, or who might stir up fresh opposition.[51][52][53] |
| November 16, 1532 | Cajamarca, Atahualpa, Peru | Cajamarca massacre | ~2,000 | The Battle of Cajamarca was the unexpected ambush and seizure of the Inca ruler Atahualpa by a small Spanish force led by Francisco Pizarro, on November 16, 1532. The Spanish killed thousands of Atahualpa's counsellors, commanders and unarmed attendants in the great plaza of Cajamarca, and caused his armed host outside the town to flee. The capture of Atahualpa marked the opening stage of the conquest of the pre-Columbian Inca civilization of Peru. |
| 1545 | Mérindol, Vaucluse, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, France | Mérindol massacre | Hundreds or even thousands | Francis I of France ordered that the Waldensians of the village of Mérindol be punished for their dissident religious activities. Provençal and papal soldiers killed large numbers of Waldensian villagers. |
| March 1, 1562 | Wassy, France | Massacre of Vassy | 63 | The murder of Huguenot worshipers and citizens in an armed action by troops of Francis, Duke of Guise. |
| April 12, 1562 | Sens, France | Massacre of Sens | 100 | French Catholics tied 100 French Huguenots to poles and drowned them in the Yonne. |
| 1570 | Cyprus | Cyprus massacre | 30,000–50,000[54][55][56][57] | Ottoman forces capturing Cyprus killed mostly Greek and Armenian Christian inhabitants. |
| 1570 | Novgorod, Tsardom of Russia | Massacre of Novgorod | 2,000–60,000 | Oprichniki were unleashed upon the city of Novgorod by Ivan the Terrible. |
| August 23, 1572 | Paris, France | Massacre of St. Bartholomew's Day (1835) "Massacre at Paris" (1600)[58] |
5,000–70,000[59] | The French King's soldiers and subjects slaughtered Huguenots; it was the first massacre to be labeled by that word in the English language.[59][60][61] |
| November 1574 | Belfast, Ireland | Clandeboye massacre | 200 | During a meeting between The Earl of Essex and Sir Brian McPhelim O'Neill at Belfast Castle, the English forces turned on the O'Neills and killed 200 of them. |
| October 10, 1580 | Kerry, Ireland | Massacre of Smerwick (1824) Smerwick massacre (1976)[62] |
~600 | English troops commanded by Grey de Wilton massacred Papal invasion forces at Dun an Oir in West Kerry[63] |
| July 3, 1586 | Junkersdorf, Holy Roman Empire (now part of Cologne's Third District) | Junkersdorf massacre | 108 | During the Cologne War, marauding soldiers in the employ of prince-elector Archbishop Ernest of Bavaria attacked a civilian convoy. |
| October 1603 | Manila, Captaincy General of the Philippines | Chinese massacre of 1603 | 15,000–25,000[64] | Fearing an uprising by the large Chinese community in the Philippines, the Spanish colonists carried out a preemptive massacre, largely in the Manila area, in October 1603. |
| March 22, 1622 | Jamestown, Virginia | Jamestown massacre[65][66] | 347 | The Powhatans killed 347 settlers, almost one-third of the English population of the Virginia colony. |
| May 26, 1637 | Mystic, Connecticut | Fort Mystic massacre (1910)[67] | 400–700 | Connecticut colonists under the command of Captain John Mason and Narragansett and Mohegan allies set fire to a fortified Pequot village near the Mystic River. |
| November 1639 | Luzon, Captaincy General of the Philippines | "Chinese massacre of 1639" (1961)[68] | 17,000–22,000[64] | The Spanish and their Filipino allies carried out a large-scale massacre, in which 17,000 to 22,000 Chinese rebels died. |
| 1641 | Ulster, Ireland | Ulster massacres | 4,000–12,000 | The Ulster Massacres were a series of massacres and resulting deaths amongst the ~40,000 Protestant settlers which took place in 1641 during the Irish Rebellion.[69][70][71] |
| November 1641 | Portadown, Ireland | Portadown massacre | ~100 | The Portadown massacre took place in November 1641 at what is now Portadown, County Armagh. Up to 100 mostly English Protestants were killed in the River Bann by a group of armed Irishmen. This was the biggest massacre of Protestant colonists during the 1641–42 uprising.[72] |
| May 28, 1644 | Bolton, England | Bolton massacre | 200–1,600 | Royalist forces killed many of the town's defenders and citizens.[73][74][75] |
| 1645 | Yangzhou, China | Yangzhou massacre | Up to 800,000 | Qing troops killed residents of Yangzhou as punishment for resistance[76][77] |
| 1645–46[78] | Sichuan, China | Sichuan massacre | 1,000,000 est.[78] | There is no reliable figure, but estimated 1 million out of 3 million Sichuanese died mainly due to the massacre by army of Zhang Xianzhong.[78] |
| June 3, 1652 | Batih Hill, near Ladyzhyn, Ukraine | Batih massacre | 8,000–8,500 | After the Battle of Batih, Zaporozhian Cossacks under the command of Hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky carried out a mass execution of Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth prisoners of war, horrifying even the Cossacks' own Crimean Tatar allies. |
| 1646 | Dunoon, Scotland | Dunoon massacre | 71 | The Clan Campbell after receiving requested hospitality according to custom, slaughtered their Lamont Clan hosts in their beds and threw their bodies down the well to poison the water should they have missed anyone. |
| August 5, 1689 | Lachine, New France | Lachine massacre | 24–250 | 1,500 Mohawk warriors launch a surprise attack on the small (375 inhabitants) French settlement of Lachine, destroying a substantial portion of it and killing or capturing many of its inhabitants. |
| February 13, 1692 | Scotland | Massacre of Glencoe[79] | 38[80] | Government soldiers, mainly from Clan Campbell, killed members of the Clan MacDonald of Glencoe.[80] |
| September 29, 1714 | Hailuoto, Finland (Sweden) | Massacre of Hailuoto[81] | >800 | The Cossacks of the Russian Empire killed inhabitants of the Hailuoto Island with axes during the Great Wrath (part of the Great Northern War).[81] |
| October 9 – November 22, 1740 | Batavia, Dutch East Indies | 1740 Batavia massacre | >10,000 | At least 10,000 Chinese Indonesians in and near Batavia were slaughtered by members of other ethnic groups living in the area, in collaboration with Dutch soldiers.[82] |
| October 16, 1755 | Snyder County, Pennsylvania | Penn's Creek massacre | 14[83] | A group of Indians attacked settlers on Penn's Creek. |
| 1768 | Uman, Ukraine | Massacre of Uman | 2,000–33,000 | During the Koliivshchyna, a Haydamak rebel leader named Maksym Zalizniak ordered the slaughter of many civilians in the town of Uman, with priority given to targeting Poles, Jews and Uniates. |
| May 10, 1768 | Southwark in South London | Massacre of St George's Fields | 7 | British troops fired at a mob that was protesting at the imprisonment of John Wilkes, whose crime was criticizing King George III. |
| March 5, 1770 | Boston, Province of Massachusetts Bay | Boston Massacre [84] |
5[85] | British troops fired at a mob of colonists. This helped spark the American Revolution even though an all-colonist jury found the soldiers innocent.[86][87] |
| July 17, 1771 | Kugluktuk, Nunavut | Bloody Falls massacre | 20[88] | Chipewyan warriors attacked an Inuit camp, killing men, women and children.[89][90][91] |
| September 28, 1778 | River Vale, New Jersey | Baylor Massacre | 15[92] | British infantry troops attacked sleeping Continental Light Dragoons using bayonets.[92] |
| October 15, 1778 | Tuckerton, New Jersey | Little Egg Harbor massacre | 30–50 | British loyalists bayonetted Continental Light Dragoons as they slept. |
| November 11, 1778 | Cherry Valley, New York | Cherry Valley massacre | 44 | A mixed force of Loyalists, British soldiers, and Iroquois of the Mohawk and Seneca tribes descended upon the town of Cherry Valley. They slaughtered 14 of the town's defenders and 30 noncombatants. |
| May 29, 1780 | Lancaster, South Carolina | Waxhaw massacre | 113[93] | Loyalist troops under the command of British Colonel Banastre Tarleton slashed and bayoneted fallen American troops during the late stages of the Battle of Waxhaws. Conflicting contemporary accounts claim violation of an American white flag by one or the other of the sides involved.[94] |
| September 11, 1780 | Luzerne County, Pennsylvania | Sugarloaf massacre | 15[95] | A group of loyalists and Indians during the American Revolutionary War led by Roland Montour attacked a group of American soldiers. |
| February 24, 1781 | Alamance County, North Carolina | Pyle's Massacre | 93 | Patriot militia leader Colonel Henry Lee deceived Loyalist militia under Dr. John Pyle into thinking he was British commander Banastre Tarleton sent to meet them. Lee's men then opened fire, surprising and scattering Pyle's force. |
| November 29, 1781 | Caribbean Sea, east of Jamaica | Zong massacre | 132–142 | In order to claim on insurance, 132 to 142 African slaves were thrown overboard by the crew of the British slave ship Zong when potable water ran low.[96] |
| March 8, 1782 | Gnadenhutten, Ohio | Gnadenhutten massacre[97] (Moravian massacre) |
96 | Pennsylvania militia men attacked a Moravian mission and killed 96 peaceful Christian American Indians there in retaliation for unrelated deaths of several white Pennsylvanians.[97][98] |
| 1790 | Maui | Olowalu Massacre | ~100 | In retribution for several thefts, maritime fur traders under the command of Simon Metcalfe fired cannons at the approaching canoes of Native Hawaiian villagers. |
| July 17, 1791 | Champ de Mars, Paris, France | Champ de Mars massacre | 12–50 | Soldiers of the French National Guard fire into a crowd of republican protesters. |
| 1792 | France | September Massacres[99][100] | ~1,440 | Popular courts in the French Revolution sentenced prisoners to death, including around 240 priests.[101] |
| March 11, 1793 | Machecoul, Loire-Atlantique, France | First Massacre of Machecoul | Around 200 | Vendean peasants angered at mass conscription and the Civil Constitution of the Clergy slaughtered many republican troops and officials, along with locals believed to be supporters of the republic. |
| November 21, 1793 | Avranches, France | Avranches massacre | Around 800 | Catholic and Royal Army prisoners of war, and later suspected counterrevolutionaries and royalist sympathizers, were murdered by republican troops. |
| 1794 | Warsaw, Poland | Massacre of Praga | 20,000 | Inhabitants of the Warsaw district Praga were massacred by pillaging Russian troops following the Battle of Praga. |
| 1804 | Haiti | 1804 Haiti massacre | 3,000–5,000 | Massacre of French people in Haiti. |
| December 1809 | Whangaroa, New Zealand | Boyd massacre | 66 | Whangaroa Māori killed and ate 66 crew and passengers on board the Boyd.[102] |
| August 30, 1813 | Near Bay Minette, Alabama, United States | Fort Mims massacre | A force of Creek Indians belonging to the Red Sticks stormed and captured Fort Mims, then killed almost all of the surviving pro-American natives, métis people, white settlers, slaves, and militia still inside it. | |
| December 9, 1817 | Madulla, Central Province, Sri Lanka | Madulla massacre | 22 | British troops killed 22 unarmed native civilians who were hiding in a cave.[103][104] |
| 1818 | Uva Province, Sri Lanka | Uva–Wellassa massacre | Unknown | During the suppression of the 1818 Uva–Wellassa uprising (also known as the Great Rebellion) Sir Robert Brownrigg ordered that all males between 15 and 60 years in the Uva-Wellassa region to be driven out, exiled or killed.[105][106][107][108] |
| August 16, 1819 | Manchester, England | Peterloo Massacre | 11[102] | Manchester and Salford Yeomanry charged a meeting of 60,000–80,000 people campaigning for reform of parliamentary representation.[102] |
| March 1821 | Constantinople | Constantinople Massacre of 1821 | Unknown | Hundreds of Greeks were massacred by the Ottomans, including the Greek patriarch, bishops and officials. |
| August 19, 1821 | Navarino, Peloponnese, Greece | Navarino massacre | 3,000[109] | The whole Turkish population of Navarino, which was around 3000, were killed by Greeks.[109] |
| March 1822 | Chios, Greece | Chios massacre | ~52,000 | Tens of thousands of Greeks on the island of Chios were slaughtered by Ottoman troops in 1822. |
| April 13, 1822 | Naousa, Greece | Naousa massacre | 2,000 | Greek civilians were slaughtered by Ottoman Empire. |
| June 7, 1824 | Kasos, Greece | Kasos massacre | 7,000 | Ottoman-Egyptian army slaughtered Greek civilians |
| April 11, 1831 | Salsipuedes Creek, Uruguay | Massacre of Salsipuedes | At least 40 | Uruguayan army under command of president Fructuoso Rivera slaughtered the last remains of the indigenous Charrua People, survivors were sent into a forced walk and then sold into slavery. |
| 1833 | Kiowa County, Oklahoma, United States | Cutthroat Gap massacre | 150 | A group of Osage warriors charged into a Kiowa camp and brutally slaughtered everyone there, including children. |
| December 28, 1835 | Florida, United States | Dade massacre | 108 | Two U.S. Army companies under the command of Major Francis L. Dade were marching from Fort Brooke (Tampa) to Fort King (Ocala) when they were attacked by about 200 Seminoles. One hundred and eight soldiers were killed; only two men from the command survived. |
| March 27, 1836 | Goliad, Texas | Goliad massacre | ~400 | Around 400 Texians killed by Santa Anna's Mexican Army Presidio la Bahia Goliad Palm Sunday March 27, 1836. |
| January 1838 | Waterloo Creek, Australia | Waterloo Creek massacre[110] | 100–300 | Aboriginal Australians killed by a force of colonial mounted police.[111] |
| February 6, 1838 | uMgungundlovu, KwaZulu-Natal, Zulu Kingdom | Piet Retief Delegation massacre | 100 | Under the orders of Dingane kaSenzangakhona, a Voortrekker delegation led by Piet Retief was seized during land treaty negotiations and taken to the Kwa-Matiwane hillside, where its members and their servants were summarily executed. |
| February 17, 1838 | Around the area of what is now Weenen, KwaZulu-Natal, Zulu Kingdom | Weenen massacre | 532 | Zulu impis sent by Dingane attacked and slaughtered Khoikhoi, Basuto and Voortrekkers who were camped at multiple sites. |
| June 10, 1838 | Myall Creek, Australia | Myall Creek massacre[110] | 28 | A posse (which was mostly white, but included a black African) killed Aboriginal Australians. The perpetrators were convicted and sentenced to death.[112] |
| August 1, 1838 | Victory, Wisconsin | Bad Axe Massacre | 66 | 150 Sauk and Meskwaki killed by the U.S. Army |
| October 5, 1838 | Cherokee County, Republic of Texas | Killough massacre[113] | 18 | In the largest attack by Native Americans on white settlers in Texas, a disaffected band of Cherokee, Caddo, Coushatta, and perhaps other ethnicities formed a war party and killed 18 members of the extended Killough family, who had settled in the area after the Senate of the Republic of Texas nullified the (land) treaty which President Sam Houston had negotiated with the Cherokee. |
| October 30, 1838 | Caldwell County, Missouri, United States | Haun's Mill massacre[114] | 19 | About 240 Livingston County Missouri Regulators, Missouri State militiamen and anti-Mormon volunteers killed 18 Mormons and one non-Mormon friend.[115][116] |
| 1840 | Gippsland, Australia | Gippsland massacres[117] | ~450[citation needed] | A series of massacres spanning several years: 1840 – Nuntin, 1840 – Boney Point, 1841 – Butchers Creek – 30–35, 1841 – Maffra, 1842 – Skull Creek, 1842 – Bruthen Creek – "hundreds killed", 1843 – Warrigal Creek – between 60 and 180 shot, 1844 – Maffra, 1846 – South Gippsland – 14 killed, 1846 – Snowy River – 8 killed, 1846–47 – Central Gippsland – 50 or more shot, 1850 – East Gippsland – 15–20 killed, 1850 – Murrindal – 16 poisoned, 1850 – Brodribb River – 15–20 killed.[citation needed] See also Angus McMillan. |
| January 6, 1842 | Afghanistan | Massacre of Elphinstone's army | 16,000 | Afghan tribes massacred Elphinstone's British army including some 12,000 civilians.[118][119][120] |
| May 23–26, 1856 | Franklin County, Kansas | Pottawatomie massacre | 5 | In retaliation for the Sacking of Lawrence by proslavery settlers, John Brown led a band of abolitionist settlers-including some members of the Pottawatomie Rifles—in a massacre of five proslavery settlers north of Pottawatomie Creek. |
| April 8, 1857 | Caborca, Sonora, Mexico | Crabb massacre | 84 | Mexican rebels fought American rebels at Caborca, Sonora. Out of less than ninety Americans, about thirty were killed in battle and the rest were executed by the Mexicans. |
| September 11, 1857 | Mountain Meadows, Utah, United States | Mountain Meadows massacre | 120–140[121][122] | Mormon militia, some dressed as Indians, and Paiute tribesmen killed and plundered unarmed members of the Baker-Fancher emigrant wagon train.[123] |
| May 19, 1858 | Missouri | Marais des Cygnes massacre | 5 | Proslavery leader Charles Hamilton and about 30 men under his command capture 11 Free-Staters from Kansas and takes them to a defile in Missouri, where they begin shooting at them. Five of the prisoners are killed, and another five are severely wounded. |
| September 2, 1861 | Gallinas Mountains, Confederate Arizona (present-day Lincoln County, New Mexico), Confederate States of America | Gallinas massacre | 3 | A war party of Mescalero Apache attacked a small group of Confederate soldiers, killing three of them. |
| August 10, 1862 | Kinney County, Texas, United States | Nueces massacre | 37 | German Texans trying to flee to Mexico to avoid being drafted into the Confederate Army were attacked by Confederate soldiers. |
| January 18, 1863 | Madison County, North Carolina, United States | Shelton Laurel massacre | 13 | Thirteen boys and men, accused of being Union sympathizers and spies, were summarily executed by members of the 64th North Carolina Regiment of the Confederate Army.[124] |
| January 29, 1863 | Washington Territory near present day Preston, Idaho United States | Bear River massacre | ~225[125] | 3rd Regiment California Volunteer Infantry destroyed a village of Shoshone in southeastern Idaho.[126] |
| August 21, 1863 | Lawrence, Kansas, United States | Lawrence massacre | ~150[127][128] | Pro-Confederate bushwhackers known as Quantrill's Raiders attacked the town of Lawrence, Kansas during the American Civil War in retaliation for the Union attack on Osceola, Missouri.[129][130] |
| April 12, 1864 | Henning, Tennessee, United States | Fort Pillow massacre | 350[131] | After their surrender following the Battle of Fort Pillow, most of the Union garrison—consisting primarily of black troops—as well as civilians, including women and children, were massacred by Confederate forces under the command of General Nathan Bedford Forrest.[132][133][134][135] |
| November 29, 1864 | Kiowa County, Colorado, United States | Sand Creek massacre | ~200[136] | Colorado Territory 90-day militia destroyed a peaceful village of Cheyenne and Arapaho on the eastern plains.[137][138] |
| January 14, 1865 | Colorado Territory (near present-day Sterling), United States | American Ranch massacre | 8 | Cheyenne and Sioux warriors attacked a ranch and killed eight people, three of them cowboys. |
| November 27, 1868 | Indian Territory, United States | Washita Massacre (1938)[139] | 29–150 | Lt. Col. G. A. Custer's 7th cavalry attacked a village of sleeping Cheyenne led by Black Kettle. Custer reported 103—later revised to 140—warriors, "some" women and "few" children killed, and 53 women and children taken hostage. Other casualty estimates by cavalry members, scouts and Indians vary widely, with the number of men killed ranging as low as 11 and the numbers of women and children ranging as high as 75. Before returning to their base, the cavalry killed several hundred Indian ponies and burned the village.[140][141][142][143][144][145][146][147][148][149][150] |
| 1870 | Tianjin, China | Tianjin Massacre | 60 | Attacks on French Catholic priests and nuns, violent belligerence from French diplomats, and armed foreign intervention in Tianjin. |
| October 24, 1871 | Los Angeles California, United States | Chinese massacre of 1871[151] | 17–20 | A mob of over 500 men entered Chinatown in Los Angeles, rioted, ransacked, then tortured and killed 18 Chinese-Americans, making this among the largest mass lynchings in American history.[152] |
| July 1, 1873 | Cypress Hills region, Sasketchewan, Canada | Cypress Hills Massacre | 13 | A group of American and Canadian wolfers got into a dispute with some Assiniboine warriors over a missing horse. Violence broke out in unclear circumstances, causing the deaths of thirteen Assiniboine. |
| August 5, 1873 | Hitchcock County, Nebraska | Massacre Canyon | approx. 65–100 | A Lakota war party attacked a band of Pawnee during their summer buffalo hunt, with many victims mutilated and some set on fire. The victims were mostly women and children.[153] |
| April 30, 1876 | Batak Ottoman Empire | Batak massacre[154][155][156] | 3,000–5,000 | Ottoman army irregulars killed Bulgarian civilians barricaded in Batak's church.[157] |
| April 2, 1885 | Frog Lake, North-West Territories, Canada | Frog Lake Massacre | 9 | Cree warriors, dissatisfied with the lack of support from the Canadian Government for Treaty Indians, and exacerbated by food shortages resulting from the near-extinction of bison, killed nine white settlers, including Indian agent Thomas Quinn.[158][159] |
| September 2, 1885 | Rock Springs, Wyoming, United States | Rock Springs massacre | 28 | Rioting white immigrant miners killed 28 Chinese miners, wounded 15, and 75 Chinese homes burned.[160][161][162] |
| November 1887 | Thibodaux, Louisiana | Thibodaux massacre | 35+ | Members of white paramilitary groups attack striking black sugar cane planation workers. |
| February 14, 1889 | St. Lucie County, Florida, United States | Jim Jumper massacre | At least 7 | At a Seminole camp northeast of Lake Okeechobee, a biracial (half-black, half-Native American) man named Jim Jumper shot and killed several Seminole for unclear reasons before being killed himself by a Seminole man named Billy Martin. |
| December 29, 1890 | Wounded Knee, South Dakota, United States | Wounded Knee Massacre | 200–300[163] | The U.S. 7th Cavalry intercepted a band of Lakota people on their way to the Pine Ridge Reservation for shelter from the winter; as they were disarming them, a gun was fired, and the soldiers turned their artillery on the Lakota, killing men, women and children.[164][165] |
| August 16, 1893 | Aigues-Mortes, France | Massacre of Italians at Aigues-Mortes | 8–150 | Italian immigrant workers were attacked by French villagers and laborers. |
| 1894–1896 | Armenian Highlands, Ottoman Empire | Hamidian massacres | 100,000–300,000[166] |
Sultan Abdul Hamid II ordered Ottoman forces to kill Armenians across the empire.[166][167][168] |
| 1895 | Gutian County, China | Kucheng massacre | 11 | Members of a Chinese cult attacked British missionaries, killing eleven people and destroying two houses. |
| September 10, 1897 | Pennsylvania, United States | Lattimer massacre | 19 | Unarmed striking miners were shot in the back: many were wounded and 19 were killed. |
| January 18, 1900 | Guaymas, Mexico | Mazocoba massacre | ~400 | Mexican Army troops attack Yaqui hostiles west of Guaymas, Sonora, Mexico. |
| July 17, 1900 | Blagoveshchensk and Sixty-Four Villages East of the River | Blagoveshchensk massacre and Sixty-Four Villages East of the River massacre | 7,000 | The Russian Empire invaded the two cities ruled by the Qing Dynasty. A total of 7,000 innocent Chinese civilians were killed in the massacres. |
| January 31, 1902 | Leliefontein, Northern Cape, South Africa | Leliefontein massacre[169] | 35 | During the Second Boer War, Boer forces under Manie Maritz massacred 35 Khoikhoi for being British sympathisers. |
| March 10, 1906 | Bud Dajo, Jolo Island, Philippines | Moro Crater massacre[170][171] | 800–1,000 | A U.S. Army force of 540 soldiers under the command of Major General Leonard Wood, accompanied by a naval detachment and with a detachment of native constabulary, armed with artillery and small firearms, attacked a Muslim village hidden in the crater of a dormant volcano.[172] |
| 1906 | Atlanta, Georgia, United States | Atlanta massacre of 1906 | At least 27 killed, over 90 wounded | White on black violence |
| December 21, 1907 | Chile | Santa María School massacre | 2,200–3,600[citation needed] | A massacre of striking workers, mostly saltpeter (nitrate) miners, along with wives and children, committed by the Chilean Army in Iquique, Chile. It occurred during the peak of the nitrate mining era, which coincided with the Parliamentary Period in Chilean political history (1891–1925). With the massacre and an ensuing reign of terror, not only was the strike broken, but the workers' movement was thrown into limbo for over a decade.[citation needed] |
| April–May 1909 | Adana Province, Ottoman Empire | Adana massacre | 15,000–30,000 | In April 1909, a religious-ethnic clash in the city of Adana, amidst governmental upheaval, resulted in a series of anti-Armenian pogroms throughout the district, resulting in an estimated 15,000 to 30,000 deaths.[173][174][175][176][177] |
| 1912–1913 | territories occupied by Serbia, especially in the regions of today's Kosovo, Western Macedonia and Northern Albania | Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars | 20,000–25,000 | Montenengrin and Serbian army massacred Albanian civilians |
| April 17, 1912 | Near Lena River, Northeast Siberia, Russian Empire | Lena massacre | 270 | Striking gold miners were shot at by Russian troops while marching. |
| April 20, 1914 | Ludlow, Colorado, United States | Ludlow massacre | 20 | Twenty people, 11 of them children, died during an attack by the Colorado National Guard on a tent colony of 1,200 striking coal miners and their families at Ludlow, Colorado. The event led to wider conflict quelled only by Federal troops sent in by U.S. President Woodrow Wilson.[178][179][180] |
| August 29, 1914 | Abschwangen, East Prussia, German Empire | Abschwangen massacre | 65 | Soldiers of the Imperial Russian Army summarily executed 65 German civilians (including 28 locals and 37 refugees from southern East Prussia) in retaliation for a German cavalry reconnaissance unit killing a Russian officer who happened to be a member of the Trubetskoy family. |
| January 28, 1918 | Porvenir, Texas, United States | 1918 Porvenir massacre | 15 | In retaliation for the Brite Ranch raid, Texas Rangers, soldiers of the 8th Cavalry Regiment and local ranchers killed unarmed Mexican Americans. |
| April 28 – May 3, 1918 | Vyborg, Finland | Vyborg massacre | 360–420 | At least 360 mostly Russian military personnel and civilians were killed after the Finnish Civil War Battle of Vyborg by the Finnish Whites. The victims include a large number of other nationalities which the Whites presumed as Russians. The killed were not affiliated with the Reds, but most were even White supporters. Also 450–1,200 captured Finnish Red Guard fighters were executed.[181] |
| April 5, 1919 | Pinsk, Belarus | Pinsk massacre | 35 | Soldiers of the Polish Land Forces under the command of General Antoni Listowski killed a group of Jews for holding an "illegal meeting". |
| April 13, 1919 | Amritsar, India | Jallianwala Bagh massacre | 379–1,526[182][full citation needed][183][184] | 90 British Indian Army soldiers, led by Brigadier Reginald Dyer, opened fire on an unarmed gathering of men, women and children. The firing lasted for 10 to 15 minutes, until they ran out of ammunition.[183][184] |
| June 16, 1919–17, 1919 | Menemen, Izmir, Turkey | Menemen massacre | 200 | Greek troops and local Greeks massacred Turks.[185] |
| September 30, 1919 | Phillips County, Arkansas, United States | Elaine massacre | 105–242 | White mobs slaughtered between 100 and 237 black people along with 5 white people. |
| November 11, 1919 | Centralia, Washington, United States | Washington State Centralia massacre | 6 | A conflict breaks out between members of the Industrial Workers of the World and the American Legion on the first anniversary of Armistice Day in unclear circumstances, killing one Wobbly and five Legionnaires. |
| 1920–1921 | Armutlu Peninsula, Turkey | Yalova Peninsula massacres | 5,500–9,900[186][187] | Local Muslims of the peninsula were massacred by Greek troops, local Greeks, Armenians and Circassians.[188][189] |
| 1920–1921 | Jiandao, Eastern Manchuria | Gando massacre | 5,000+ | After the Hunchun incident, soldiers of the Imperial Japanese Army murdered thousands of Korean civilians. |
| November 2, 1920 | Ocoee, Florida, United States | Ocoee massacre | 30–35 blacks, 2 whites | On election day, to stop "niggers" from voting, many local blacks were attacked by white mobs. The black population of Ocoee was forced to leave. |
| November 21, 1920 | Dublin, Ireland | Croke Park massacre | 23[190] | British Auxiliary police and Black and Tans fired at Gaelic football spectators at Croke Park.[190][191] |
| May 31 – June 1, 1921 | Tulsa, Oklahoma, United States | Tulsa race massacre | 100–300 | Mobs of white residents attacked black residents and businesses of the Greenwood District in Tulsa, Oklahoma. |
| December 14, 1922 | Perry, Florida, United States | Perry massacre | 3 | White on black violence |
| January 1923 | Rosewood, Florida, United States | Rosewood massacre | 8 | Several days of violence by white mobs, ranging in size up to 400 people, resulted in the deaths of six blacks and two whites and the destruction of the town of Rosewood, which was abandoned after the incident.[192] |
| September 1923 | Kantō region, Japan | Kantō Massacre | 6,000+ | In the aftermath of the 1923 Great Kantō earthquake, Japanese soldiers and police officers, along with vigilantes, slaughtered at least six thousand Japanese Koreans and left-wing political dissidents. |
| July 19, 1924 | Napalpí, Chaco Province, Argentina | Napalpí massacre | 400 | Argentine police officers and ranchers killed hundreds of Toba people in retaliation for the murder of a French immigrant. |
| September 9, 1924 | Hanapepe, Hawaii | Hanapepe massacre | 20 | A dispute between officers of the Kauai County Police Department and striking Visayan sugar workers over the kidnapping of two Ilocano strikebreakers escalated into a violent exchange that killed 16 strikers and four cops. |
| June 23, 1925 | Eastern Jiaochang, China | Shaji massacre | ~50 | A group of strikers in Canton, China, in support of a workers' strike in Hong Kong, were fired upon by British and French troops, who claimed to have been provoked by gunfire. Over 200 casualties resulted. |
| May 30, 1925 | Shanghai, China | Shanghai massacre of 1925 | 30–200 | Members of the Shanghai Municipal Police opened fire on Chinese protesters. |
| April 12, 1927 | Shanghai and other locations, China | Shanghai Massacre | 300–5000 | KMT elements carried out a full-scale purge of Communists in all areas under their control. |
| November 21, 1927 | Serene, Colorado | Columbine Mine massacre (1928)[193] | 6 | In a fight between Colorado state police and a striking coal miners, the police used firearms, killing six and wounding dozens. The miners claimed that machine guns were fired at them, which was denied by the state police. |
| May 18, 1927 | Bath Township, Michigan, United States | Bath School massacre (1981)[194] | 45 | 37 children and a 30-year-old teacher at Bathtown elementary school were killed by a major explosion set off by school board treasurer Andrew Kehoe. About a half-hour after the explosion, Kehoe then detonated dynamite in his truck, killing himself and five others, including a fourth-grader and four adults. Also, some hours before the event, Kehoe killed his wife at their Bath Township home. This event was the deadliest mass murder in a school in United States history. |
| August 14, 1928 | Coniston, Central Australia, Australia | Coniston massacre (1981)[195] | 31–170 | The last known officially sanctioned massacre of indigenous Australians which took place in the vicinity of Coniston cattle station in the Territory of Central Australia, Australia in revenge for the death of a dingo hunter named Frederick Brooks. |
| December 6, 1928 | Ciénaga, Magdalena, Colombia | Banana Massacre | 47–2,000 | The Banana massacre was a massacre of workers for the United Fruit Company that occurred on December 6, 1928 in the town of Ciénaga near Santa Marta, Colombia. An unknown number of workers died after the Conservative government of Miguel Abadía decided to send the Colombian army to end a month-long strike organized by the workers' union in order to secure better working conditions. The government of the United States of America had threatened to invade with the U.S. Marine Corps if the Colombian government did not act to protect United Fruit's interests. |
| February 14, 1929 | Chicago, United States | Saint Valentine's Day massacre | 7[196] | Al Capone's gang shot rival gang members and their associates.[197] |
| August 1929 | Hebron, Mandatory Palestine | 1929 Hebron massacre | 69[198] | Arabs kill 69 Jews after being incited by religious leaders. Survivors were relocated to Jerusalem, "leaving Hebron barren of Jews for the first time in hundreds of years."[198] |
| August 1929 | Safed, Mandatory Palestine | 1929 Safed massacre | 18[199] | Arabs killed 18 Jews, wounded around 40, and some 200 houses were burned and looted.[200] |
| December 6, 1929 | Marchaterre, Les Cayes, Haiti | Les Cayes massacre | 12–22 | United States Marine Corps troops fire upon a group of 1,500 Haitians in Les Cayes who were protesting against the United States occupation of Haiti[201][202][203] |
| April 23, 1930 | Peshawar, British Raj | Qissa Khwani bazaar massacre | 200–250[204][205] | Soldiers of the British Raj fired on unarmed non-violent protestors of the Khudai Khidmatgar with machine guns during the Indian independence movement[204][205] |
| July 1930 | Van Province, Turkey | Zilan massacre | 4,500–47,000[206][207] | Turkish troops massacred Kurdish residents during the Ararat rebellion. |
| January 22–July 11, 1932 | El Salvador | La Matanza | 10,000–40,000 | After a peasant rebellion occurred in the western departments of El Salvador, President Maximiliano Hernández Martínez would order the violent repression against the rebellion, ending in an ethnocide that killed between 10,000 to 40,000 peasants and civilians, many of them from the Pipil people. |
| August 1933 | Iraq | Simele massacre | 3,000[208] | Iraqi Army killed 3,000 Assyrian men, women and children.[208] The massacre, amongst other things, included rape, cars running over children and bayoneting children and pregnant women.[208] |
| June–July 1934 | Alto Bío Bío, Chile | Ranquil massacre | 477 | The Chilean Army and Carabineros de Chile assassinated 477 workers and Mapuche indigenous after they started a revolt. |
| February 13, 1936 | Near Mai Lahlà, Ethiopia | Gondrand massacre | 80 | Ethiopian soldiers acting under the orders of Ras Imru attacked Italian civilians working for the Gondrand logistics company, killing 80 of them. |
| November – December 1936 | Paracuellos del Jarama and Torrejón de Ardoz, Spain | Paracuellos massacres | 2,000–3,000 | Mass killings against right-wing civilians and soldiers perpetrated by Republican troops and militiamen. |
| March 21, 1937 | Ponce, Puerto Rico | Ponce massacre | 19[209] | The Insular Police fired on unarmed Nationalist demonstrators peacefully marching to commemorate the ending of slavery in Puerto Rico.[209] It was the biggest massacre in Puerto Rican history.[210] |
| July 29, 1937 | Tongzhou, China | Tungchow massacre | 223–260 | East Hebei Army massacred Japanese civilians and troops in Tongzhou. |
| October 2–8, 1937 | Dominican Republic | Parsley massacre | Up to 38,000[211] | The Dominican military used machetes to brutally slash people to death and decapitate thousands of black Haitians; they also took people to the port of Montecristi, where thousands of Haitians were thrown into the ocean to drown with their hands and feet bound. Their executioners often inflicted wounds on their bodies before throwing them overboard in order to attract sharks. Survivors who managed to cross the border and return to Haiti told stories of family members being hacked with machetes and strangled by the soldiers, and children dashed against rocks and tree trunks.[212] |
| 1937–38 | Tunceli Province, Turkey | Dersim massacre | 13,160–70,000[213][214] | Turkish troops massacred Alevi residents during the Dersim Rebellion. |
| December 1937 – January 1938 | Nanjing, China | Nanking Massacre[215][216] | 300,000+[217] | The Imperial Japanese Army pillaged and burned Nanking while, at the same time, murdering, enslaving, raping, and torturing prisoners-of-war and civilians.[218] |
| May 21, 1938 | Kamo, Okayama, Empire of Japan | Tsuyama massacre | 30 | Mutsuo Toi, believing he was mistreated by his neighbors and rejected by women after being diagnosed with tuberculosis, murdered his own grandmother and 29 of his neighbors in a spree killing before shooting himself. |
| September 5, 1938 | Santiago, Chile | Seguro Obrero massacre | 80 | After members of the National Socialist Movement of Chile (nicknamed "Nacistas") attempted a coup by taking over the Edificio del Seguro Obrero, he started a shootout with Carabineros de Chile. After the Nacistas surrendered when they were outmatched, the carabineros entered the place, and later they would group them together and shoot them. |
| September 4, 1939 | Częstochowa, Poland | Częstochowa massacre | Approximately 1,140 | Polish civilians were shot, stabbed and beaten to death by soldiers of the Wehrmacht. |
| April–May 1940 | Katyn, Soviet Union | Katyn massacre | 21,857–25,700[219][220][221] | Soviet NKVD executed Polish intelligentsia, POWs and reserve officers.[222][223] |
| 27 May 1940 | Le Paradis village, commune of Lestrem, Northern France | Le Paradis massacre | 97 | Soldiers of the 14th Company, S.S. Division Totenkopf, under the command of Hauptsturmführer Fritz Knöchlein shot prisoners-of-war during the Battle of France.[224] |
| 14 September 1940 | Ipp, Kingdom of Hungary (present-day Ip, Sălaj, Romania) | Ip massacre | 168–174 | After two Hungarian soldiers died in an explosion, a detachment of the Royal Hungarian Army killed between 152 and 158 ethnic Romanians, along with 16 reported deserters. |
| 26 November 1940 | Jilava, Romania | Jilava massacre | 64 | Members of the Iron Guard murdered 64 political prisoners held in Jilava penitentiary. |
| April 1, 1941 | Fântâna Albă, Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic | Fântâna Albă massacre | 44–3,000 | Ethnic Romanians trying to cross the border from the Soviet Union into Romania were met with open fire by Soviet Border Troops. |
| 28 April 1941 | Independent State of Croatia | Gudovac massacre | 184–196[225] | The mass killing of around 190 Bjelovar Serbs by the Croatian nationalist Ustaše |
| May–August 1941 | Independent State of Croatia | Glina massacres | 2,400[226] | The mass killings of Serb peasants by the Ustashe in the town of Glina, that occurred between May and August 1941 |
| June 2, 1941 | Kondomari, Chania, Crete, Kingdom of Greece (under German occupation) | Massacre of Kondomari | 23–60 | Cretan civilians were shot by an ad hoc firing squad of German paratroopers as part of a series of reprisal killings. |
| June–October 1941 | Soviet Union, Baltic states | NKVD prisoner massacres | 100,000+[227] | The Soviet NKVD executed thousands of political prisoners in the initial stages of Operation Barbarossa.[227][228] |
| August 27, 1941 | [[Kamianets-Podilskyi, Soviet Union]] | Kamianets-Podilskyi massacre | Police Battalion 320 and Einsatzgruppen under Friedrich Jeckeln, assisted by Hungarian troops and members of the Ukrainian Auxiliary Police, wipe out the city's Jewish community. | |
| September 11, 1941 | Medvedev Forest, near Oryol, Russia | Medvedev Forest massacre | 157 | On the personal orders of Joseph Stalin, the NKVD took a number of political prisoners held at Oryol Prison into Medvedev Forest and shot them. |
| September 29, 1941 | Ukraine | Babi Yar massacre | 30,000[229] | Nazi Einsatzgruppen killed the Jewish population of Kyiv.[229][230][231][232][233] |
| October 20–21, 1941 | Serbia | Kragujevac massacre | 2,796–5,000 | Nazi soldiers massacred Serb and Roma hostages in retaliation for attacks on the occupying forces. |
| October 22–24, 1941 | Odessa, Soviet Union | Odessa massacre | 25,000–34,000 | Romanian and German troops, supported by local authorities, massacred Jews in Odessa and the surrounding towns in Transnistria. The Romanians blamed Jews and communists for the detonation of a mine that was placed by Red Army sappers prior to their defeat.[234] |
| November 25 and 29, 1941 | Kaunas, Lithuania | Ninth Fort massacres of November 1941 | 4,934 | The first systematic mass killings of German Jews during the Holocaust. |
| November 30 and December 8, 1941 | Riga, Latvia | Rumbula massacre | 25,000 | 25,000 Jews were killed in Rumbula Forest, near Riga, Latvia, by the Nazis.[235] |
| 1942 | Arakan, Burma (present-day Rakhine State, Myanmar) | Arakan massacres in 1942 | 60,000 | After local British forces retreated, violence erupted between pro-Japanese Rakhine Buddhists and pro-British Rohingya Muslims as a result of the power vacuum. |
| February 1942 | Laha Airfield, Ambon Island | Laha massacre | 300+[236] | The Japanese killed surrendered Australian soldiers.[236][237] |
| April 30, 1942 | Zdzięcioł (now, Dzyatlava) German-occupied Poland, present-day Belarus | First Dzyatlava massacre | About 1,200 | Around 1,200 Jews were marched out of the Dzyatlava Ghetto into the Kurpiesze (Kurpyash) forest and shot by Order Police battalions, aided by members of the Lithuanian and Belarusian auxiliary police forces. |
| June 10, 1942 | Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia | Lidice massacre | 340[238] | Nazis killed 192 men, and sent the women and children to Nazi concentration camps where many died.[238][239][240] |
| August 10, 1942 | Zdzięcioł (now, Dzyatlava) German-occupied Poland, present-day Belarus | Second Dzyatlava massacre | 2,000–3,000 | Liquidation of the Dzyatlava Ghetto. Thousands of Jews were taken to mass graves on the southern outskirts of town and shot so that they fell in them. |
| March 22, 1943 | Khatyn, Lahoysk District, Minsk Region, Belarus | Khatyn massacre | 156 | In retaliation for a Soviet partisan attack, the Dirlewanger Brigade and Schutzmannschaft Battalion 118 of the Ukrainian Auxiliary Police slaughter almost the entire population of Khatyn. |
| May 8, 1943 | Naliboki, German-occupied Poland | Naliboki massacre | 129 | Soviet partisans killed 129 Polish villagers. |
| July 11, 1943 | Wołyń Voivodeship, Occupied Poland | Dominopol massacre | 250–490 | Polish villagers were attacked by a death squad of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army aided by local Ukrainian peasants. |
| August 3, 1943 | Szczurowa, Poland | Szczurowa massacre | 93 | 93 Romani people were rounded up and murdered in the village cemetery by Nazi occupiers. |
| September 21, 1943 | Kefalonia, Greece | Massacre of the Acqui Division | 5,155[241] | Wehrmacht troops executed 5,155 POWs from the Italian 33 Infantry Division Acqui after the latter refused to hand over their weapons and resisted. A further 3,000 Italian POWs drowned at sea on transports that sank after hitting mines. |
| October 7, 1943 | Wake Island | Wake Island massacre | 98 | Japanese forces under Rear Admiral Shigematsu Sakaibara massacred the remaining 98 U.S. civilians in fear of the anticipation U.S. invasion of Wake Island two days after a U.S. air raid on the island.[242][243] |
| December 13, 1943 | Kalavryta, Greece | Massacre of Kalavryta | 511–1,200 | The extermination of the male population and the subsequent total destruction of the town of Kalavryta, in Greece, by a Jäger division that was part of the German occupying forces during World War II on 13 December 1943. It is the most serious case of war crimes committed during the Axis occupation of Greece during World War II. |
| 1943–1947 | Italy-Yugoslavia border | Foibe massacres | 3,000–11,000 | Multiple massacres against Italian civilians by Yugoslav Partisans. |
| January 27, 1944 | Chechnya, Soviet Union | Khaibakh massacre | 700 | The Khaibakh massacre refers to a report of mass execution of the ethnically Chechen population of the aul of Khaibakh, in the mountainous part of Chechnya by Soviet forces under NKVD Colonel Mikhail Gveshiani during the Deportation of the Chechens and Ingush. |
| January 29, 1944 | Kaniūkai, Lithuania | Koniuchy massacre | At least 38 | Soviet and Jewish partisans murdered Lithuanian civilians, along with burning down their houses and slaughtering their livestock. |
| February 28, 1944 | [[Huta Pieniacka, Ukraine]] | Huta Pieniacka massacre | 1,200 | Polish civilians were murdered by members of the 14th SS Volunteer Division "Galizien" accompanied by a paramilitary unit of Ukrainian nationalists (though some Ukrainian historians put the blame on SS police regiments instead). |
| March 24, 1944 | Rome, Italy | Ardeatine massacre | 335 | Mass killing carried out by German occupation troops as a reprisal for a partisan attack conducted on the previous day in central Rome against the SS Police Regiment Bozen. |
| April 1, 1944 | Ascq, France | Ascq massacre | 86 | The Waffen-SS killed 86 men after a bomb attack in the Gare d'Ascq. |
| June 10, 1944 | Oradour-sur-Glane, France | Oradour-sur-Glane massacre | 642[244] | The Waffen-SS killed 642 men, women and children without giving any specific reasons for their actions.[244][245][246][247][248][249] |
| June 10, 1944 | Distomo, Greece | Distomo massacre | 218 | Nazi war crime perpetrated by members of the Waffen-SS in the village of Distomo, Greece, during the Axis occupation of Greece during World War II. |
| August 8, 1944 | Warsaw, Poland | Wola massacre | 40,000–100,000 | Special groups of SS and German soldiers of the Wehrmacht went from house to house in Warsaw district Wola, rounding-up and shooting all inhabitants. |
| August 12, 1944 | Sant'Anna di Stazzema, Italy | Sant'Anna di Stazzema massacre | 560 | Retreating SS-men of the II Battalion of SS-Panzergrenadier–Regiment 35 of 16th SS Panzergrenadier Division Reichsführer-SS, rounded up 560 villagers and refugees—mostly women, children and older men—shot them and then burned their bodies. |
| August 4–25, 1944 | Warsaw, Poland | Ochota massacre | 10,000 | Mass murders of citizens of Warsaw district Ochota in August 1944, committed by Waffen-SS, specifically the S.S. Sturmbrigade R.O.N.A. commanded by Bronislav Kaminski. |
| August 26, 1944 | Rüsselsheim, Germany | Rüsselsheim massacre | 6 | The townspeople of Rüsselsheim killed six American POWs who were walking through the bombed-out town while escorted by two German guards. |
| September 29 – October 5, 1944 | Marzabotto, Italy | Marzabotto massacre | 700–1,800[250] | The SS killed Italian civilians in reprisal for support given to the resistance movement.[250][251] |
| December 17, 1944 | Malmedy, Belgium | Malmedy massacre | 88 | Nazi Waffen-SS soldiers shot American POWs (43 escaped).[252][253] |
| January 1, 1945 | Chenogne, Belgium | Chenogne massacre | 60 | German prisoners of war were shot by American soldiers in an unauthorized retaliation for the Malmedy Massacre. |
| February 1945 | Manila, Philippines | Manila massacre | 100,000 | Japanese occupying forces massacred an estimated 100,000 Filipino civilians during the Battle of Manila. |
| March 3, 1945 | Pawłokoma, Poland | Pawłokoma massacre | 150–500 | Members of the Polish Home Army, aided by Poles living in nearby villages, massacred ethnic Ukrainians. |
| April 10, 1945 | Celle, Germany | Celle massacre[254] | 300 | Massacre of concentration camp inmates that took place in Celle at the end of the Second World War. |
| May 15, 1945 | Bleiburg, Austria | Bleiburg massacre | 50,000–250,000[255] | Fleeing Croatian soldiers, members of the Chetnik movement and Slovene Home Guard associated with the fascist Ustaše Regime of Croatia were apprehended by Yugoslav Partisans at the Austrian border. Among those killed were an unknown number of civilians. |
| May 1945 | Sétif, Algeria | Sétif massacre | 6,000 | Muslim villages were bombed by French aircraft and the cruiser Duguay-Trouin standing off the coast, in the Gulf of Bougie, shelled Kerrata. Pied noir vigilantes lynched prisoners taken from local gaols or randomly shot Muslims[256][257][258] |
| July 8, 1945 | Salina, Utah | Utah prisoner of war massacre | 9 | Nine German prisoners of war are killed and 19 were wounded when, at midnight, an American soldier named Clarence V. Bertucci climbed a guard tower and fired at the tents of the sleeping prisoners. By the time his fifteen-second rampage was stopped, six of the POWs were already dead, and three more would later die of their wounds.[259][260][261] |
| July 31, 1945 | Ústí nad Labem, today Czech republic | Ústí massacre | 80–2,700 | The Ústí massacre (Czech: Ústecký masakr, German: Massaker von Aussig) was a lynching of ethnic Germans in Ústí nad Labem (German: Aussig an der Elbe), a largely ethnic German city in northern Bohemia ("Sudetenland") shortly after the end of the World War II, on July 31, 1945. |
After 1945
| Date | Location | Name | Deaths | Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| February 28, 1947 | Taiwan | February 28 Incident (February 28 massacre)[265][266] | 5,000–28,000 | It was an anti-government uprising in Taiwan, and was violently suppressed by the Kuomintang government. |
| May 1, 1947 | Piana degli Albanesi, Italy | Portella della Ginestra massacre | 11 | 11 people were killed and 27 wounded during May Day celebrations in Sicily on May 1, 1947, in the municipality of Piana degli Albanesi, by the bandit and separatist leader Salvatore Giuliano and his band. |
| December 9, 1947 | , Karawang, West Java, Indonesia | Rawagede massacre | 431 | Almost all men in the Indonesian village of Rawagede (modern-day Balongsari) were killed in retaliation by the KNIL, having refused to disclose the location of a wanted Indonesian independence fighter, Lukas Kustaryo. Most estimates place the number at 431. |
| December 30, 1947 | Haifa, Mandatory Palestine | Haifa Oil Refinery massacre | 39 | Irgun members throw bombs at a group of 100 Palestinian refinery workers, killing 6 and wounding 42. Palestinian workers then attack Jewish refinery workers in retaliation, resulting in 39 deaths and 49 injuries,[267] |
| December 31, 1947 | Haifa, Mandatory Palestine | Balad al-Shaykh massacre | 17–71 | Haganah attacks residents of Palestinian Balad al-Shaykh village, killing 21 while residents were asleep. |
| April 3, 1948 | Jeju island, South Korea | Jeju massacre | 14,000[268]–60,000[269] | Brutal suppression of an uprising. Many Communist sympathizer civilians were killed by South Korean troops while putting down the rebellion. Between 14,000 and 60,000 people died during the uprising.[269] |
| April 9, 1948 | Deir Yassin, Mandatory Palestine | Deir Yassin massacre | 107–254 | The Deir Yassin massacre took place when the Irgun and Lehi militant groups attacked the Palestinian Arab village of Deir Yassin near Jerusalem, population of 750. Fatalities were estimated between 107–254 villagers, including civilian men, women, and children.[270] |
| April 13, 1948 | Mount Scopus, Mandatory Palestine | Hadassah medical convoy massacre | 79 | Convoy, escorted by Haganah militia, bringing medical and fortification supplies and personnel to Hadassah Hospital on Mount Scopus was ambushed by Arab forces. 78 Jews, mainly doctors and nurses, were killed in the ambush.[271] |
| May 13, 1948 | Kfar Etzion, Mandatory Palestine | Kfar Etzion massacre | 157 | Arab armed forces attacked a Jewish kibbutz the day before the Declaration of Independence of the state of Israel[272][273] |
| July 11, 1948 | Lydda, Mandatory Palestine | Massacre in Lydda (Dahamsh Mosque massacre) | 250–426 | Over 150 Palestinian civilians had taken shelter in the Dahamsh Mosque during the Israeli conquest of Lydda (today's Lod) when an Israeli soldier dug a hole in the wall of the mosque and shot an anti-tank shell through it. All were crushed against the walls by the pressure from the blast and killed.[274] Also killed were 20 more after cleaning up the scene of the massacre. More civilians were killed as Israeli soldiers of the 89th Brigade, led by Moshe Dayan, throw grenades inside Palestinian houses, and those who fled to the streets were shot at by Israeli forces. Almost the entire population of Lydda, about 50,000 civilians at the time, which included many refugees, were then expelled and hundreds of men, women and children died due to dehydration, exhaustion and disease during a "death march" to the Arab front lines.[275] |
| August 12, 1948 | Charsadda, Pakistan | Babrra massacre | 600+[276] | The Pakistani police and militia forces killed more than 600 unarmed Pashtuns, who were supporters of the Khudai Khidmatgar movement, and injured more than 1200 others on Babrra ground in the Hashtnagar region in Charsadda District, North-West Frontier Province (now Khyber Pakhtunkhwa), Pakistan.[276] |
| October 29, 1948 | Al-Dawayima, Mandatory Palestine | Al-Dawayima massacre | 80–200 | The killing of civilians by the Israeli army (IDF) that took place in the Palestinian Arab town of al-Dawayima on during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War.[277][278] |
| October 29 | Safsaf, Palestine | Safsaf massacre | 52–64 | The Israeli army (IDF) killed Palestinian civilians using two platoons of armored cars.[279][280] |
| October 30, 1948 | Eilabun, Israel | Eilabun massacre | 14 | Israeli army kills 14 Palestinian Christians from the Eilaboun village, in north Israel, and expels the rest of the residents to Lebanon. Part of the community returns some months thereafter, due to pressure from the United Nations and the Vatican. |
| October 31 – November 1, 1948 | Hula, Lebanon | Hula massacre | 35–58 | Hula is a Lebanese Shi'a Muslim village near the Lebanese Litani River. It was captured by the Carmeli Brigade of the Israel Defense Forces without any resistance. 35–58 captured men were reportedly shot down in a house which was later blown up on top of them. Two officers were responsible for the massacre; one served a one-year prison sentence and later received presidential amnesty. Shmuel Lahis was later to become Director General of the Jewish Agency.[281][282] |
| December 12, 1948 | Batang Kali, Malaya | Batang Kali massacre | 24 | Villagers were purportedly shot by British troops before the village was burnt.[283][284][285] |
| January 5, 1949 | Rengat, Indonesia | Rengat massacre | 80–2600 | Part of Operation Kraai, and the bodies were disposed in the Indragiri River, the deaths included the father of an author named Chairil Anwar.[286] |
| December 24, 1949 | Mungyeong, South Korea | Mungyeong massacre | 86–88[287][288] | Communist sympathizer civilians were killed by South Korean troops. |
| June 28, 1950 | South Korea | Bodo League massacre | 100,000–200,000[289][290] | During the Korean War, communist sympathizer civilians or prisoners were killed by South Korean troops. Some scholars insist that the number of victims is between 100,000 and 200,000,[291] but the confirmed number by Truth and Reconciliation Commission(2005) is 4,934. |
| June 28, 1950 | Seoul, South Korea | Seoul National University Hospital massacre | 900[292] | During the Korean War, medical personnels, inpatients and wounded soldiers were killed by North Korean troops. There were 900 victims.[292] |
| July 26–29, 1950 | No Gun Ri, South Korea | No Gun Ri massacre | 163–400 | Early in the Korean War, South Korean refugees trying to cross U.S. lines at No Gun Ri were killed by U.S. troops fearing North Korean infiltrators. In 2005, the South Korean government certified the names of 150 dead, 13 missing and 55 wounded, some of whom died of wounds, and said reports on many more victims were not filed.[293] The South Korean government-funded No Gun Ri Peace Foundation estimated in 2011 that 250–300 were killed, mostly women and children.[294] Survivors estimated 400 dead.[295] |
| August 14, 1950 | Waegwan, South Korea | Hill 303 massacre | 41[296] | During the Korean War, American POWs were massacred by North Korean Army on August 14, 1950.[296] |
| October 1950 – early 1951 | Namyangju, North Korea | Namyangju massacre | 460[297] | During the Korean War, South Korean citizens were massacred by South Korean police between October 1950 and early 1951.[298][299] |
| October 9–31, 1950 | Goyang, South Korea | Goyang Geumjeong Cave massacre | 153[300] | During the Korean War, South Korean civilians were massacred by South Korean police between October 9 to October 31, 1950.[300] |
| October 17 – December 7, 1950 | Sinchon, North Korea | Sinchon Massacre | 30,000[297] | The North Korean government claims that North Korean citizens were massacred by United States forces between October 17 to December 7, 1950.[297] This is widely disputed. |
| January 6–9, 1951 | Ganghwa, South Korea | Ganghwa massacre | 212–1,300[301][302] | During the Korean War, Communist collaborator civilians were massacred by South Korean forces, South Korean Police forces and pro-South Korea forces militia. |
| February 7, 1951 | Sancheong and Hamyang, South Korea | Sancheong and Hamyang massacre | 705[303] | During the Korean War, Communist sympathizer civilians were massacred by South Korean Army on February 7, 1951.[303] |
| February 9–11, 1951 | Geochang, South Korea | Geochang massacre | 719[304] | During the Korean War, Communist sympathizer civilians were massacred by South Korean Army between February 9 and February 11, 1951.[304] |
| March 26, 1953 | Lari near Nairobi, Kenya | Lari massacre | ~150 | About 150 Kikuyu were killed by fellow tribesmen.[305][306] |
| October 14, 1953 | Qibya, West Bank, Palestine | Qibya massacre | 69+ | Also known as the Qibya incident, occurred during "Operation Shoshana" when Israeli troops of Unit 101 under Ariel Sharon attacked the village of Qibya in the West Bank. At least sixty-nine Palestinian villagers were killed, two-thirds of them women and children. |
| October 29, 1956 | Kafr Qasim, Israel | Kafr Qasim massacre | 48–49 | Israeli Border Police shoot Israeli Arab farmers returning to their village from work, unaware of a curfew imposed on it. The police command ordered that civilians caught disobeying the curfew be shot. Over half the casualties were women and children. |
| March 21, 1960 | Sharpeville, South Africa | Sharpeville massacre | 72–90[307] | South African police shot down black protesters.[308] |
| June 16, 1960 | Mueda, Mozambique | Mueda massacre | 200–325 | Makonde nationalists organized a demonstration in front of the Mueda District headquarters on the Mueda town square demanding independence from Portugal, apparently the district administrator had invited them to present their grievances.[309] The administrator ordered the leaders arrested, and the crowd protested.[310] The Portuguese administrator ordered his pre-assembled troops to fire on the crowd,[311] and then many more were thrown to their death into a ravine.[312] The number of dead is in dispute.[313] However, resentment generated by these events led ultimately to independentist guerrilla FRELIMO gaining needed momentum in the outset of the Mozambican War of Independence.[310][311] |
| October 17, 1961 | Paris, France | Paris massacre of 1961 | 200–325 | French police, commanded by Maurice Papon, crushed a pacific demonstration of Algerians independentists. |
| June 2, 1962 | Novocherkassk, Soviet Union | Novocherkassk massacre | 23–70[314][315] | The MVD open fire on a crowd of protesters demonstrating against inflation.[316] |
| July 5, 1962 | Oran, Algeria | Oran massacre of 1962 | 95[317] | Massacre of civilians including Europeans by an angry mob at the end of the Algerian War (1954–62). |
| December 28, 1962 | Dominican Republic | Liborista massacre | 600 | The Dominican military dropped napalm on the Liboristas from airplanes—burning six hundred people to death. |
| August–October 1964 | Jérémie, Haiti | Jérémie Vespers | 27 | In 1964, a group of exiled opponents of the François Duvalier regime called "Jeune Haiti" landed in Haiti to try to overthrow Duvalier, which ended in failure. Because many of those who participated in the overthrowing were originally from the city of Jérémie, the government ordered reprisals against their relatives, so the army and other elements of the Duvalier regime entered the city and killed 27 people. |
| 1965–1966 | Indonesia | Indonesian massacres of 1965–1966 | 400,000–3,000,000 | Massacre of those accused of being communists in Indonesia.[318][319][320] |
| August 1, 1966 | Austin, Texas, United States | University of Texas massacre | 16 | University of Texas at Austin was the site of a massacre by Charles Whitman, who killed his mother and wife at their homes before killing 15 and wounding 32 others at the University atop the university tower before the police killed him. |
| October 9, 1966 | Binh Tai village in Phước Bình District of Sông Bé Province, South Vietnam | Binh Tai Massacre | 68[321] | South Korean soldiers purportedly killed 68 South Vietnamese villagers.[321] |
| December 3–6, 1966 | Binh Hoa village in Quảng Ngãi Province, South Vietnam | Bình Hòa massacre | 422–430[322][323] | South Korean soldiers purportedly killed South Vietnamese villagers.[322] |
| October 5-7, 1967 | Asaba, Nigeria | Asaba massacre | 500–1,000 | Igbo civilians are killed by the Nigerian 2nd Division commanded by Murtala Mohammed, during the Nigerian Civil War. |
| January 31 – February 28, 1968 | Huế, South Vietnam | Massacre at Huế | 2,800–6,000[324] | During the 1968 Tet Offensive in the Vietnam War, unarmed South Vietnamese civilians were massacred by North Vietnamese Army and Vietcong. Numerous mass graves were discovered in and around Huế after the Offensive. Victims included women, men, children, and infants.[325] Estimated death toll was between 2,800 and 6,000 civilians and POWs.[326] The Republic of Vietnam released a list of 4,062 victims identified as having been either murdered or abducted.[327][328] Victims were found bound, tortured, and often buried alive.[329][330][331] Many victims were also clubbed to death.[332] |
| March 18, 1968 | Corregidor, Philippines | Jabidah massacre | 11–200 | The Jabidah massacre was the killing of Moro soldiers by members of the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) on March 18, 1968.[333][334][335] |
| February 12, 1968 | Phong Nhi and Phong Nhat hamlets, Dien Ban District of Quảng Nam Province, South Vietnam |
Phong Nhi and Phong Nhat massacre | 79[336] | South Korean soldiers killed unarmed South Vietnamese villagers. |
| February 25, 1968 | Hà My village, Quảng Nam Province, South Vietnam | Hà My massacre | 135[337] | South Korean soldiers purportedly killed unarmed South Vietnamese villagers. |
| March 16, 1968 | Mỹ Lai and Mỹ Khê hamlets, Sơn Mỹ, Quảng Ngãi, South Vietnam |
My Lai Massacre | 347–504[338] | U.S. soldiers murdered, tortured and assaulted 347–504 unarmed South Vietnamese villagers suspected of aiding the Vietcong, ranging in ages from 1–81 years, mostly women and children.[338][339] |
| October 2, 1968 | Mexico City, Mexico | Tlatelolco massacre | 25–250[340][341] | Government troops massacred between 25 (officially) and 250 (according to human rights activists, CIA documents[342] and independent investigations) students 10 days before the 1968 Summer Olympics taking place in Mexico City, and then tried to wash the blood away, along with evidence of the massacre.[341][343] |
| May 4, 1970 | Kent State University, Ohio, United States | Kent State massacre | 4[344] | 29 members of the Ohio National Guard opened fire on unarmed students protesting the expansion of the Vietnam War into Cambodia on the Kent State University college campus, killing 4 and wounding 9, one of whom was permanently paralyzed.[344][345][346] |
| May 15, 1971 | Barisal District, East Pakistan | Ketnar Bil massacre | 500+ | Massacre of unarmed Bengali Hindus in Ketnar Bil region of Barisal District by the Pakistan Army. |
| June 10, 1971 | Mexico City, Mexico | Corpus Christi massacre | Unknown (officially); 120 (according to independent investigations) | Similar to the Tlatelolco Massacre, the Corpus Christi Massacre took place on Thursday, June 10, 1971 when a student march got brutally attacked by a shock group called Los Halcones. |
| January 30, 1972 | Derry, Northern Ireland | Bogside massacre (31 January 1972)[347] | 14[348] | British paratroopers fired on unarmed civil rights protesters, killing 14.[349] The government sponsored Saville Report, released in June 2010, found all those killed were innocent civil rights demonstrators, prompting an apology by UK Prime Minister David Cameron. As of that time, no one had been prosecuted for the killings.[350] |
| May 30, 1972 | Lod, Israel | Lod Airport massacre | 26[351] | Three members of the Japanese Red Army, on behalf of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine, killed 26 people and injured 80 others at Tel Aviv's Lod airport (now Ben Gurion International Airport).[351][352][353][354][355] |
| September 5, 1972 | Munich, Germany | Munich massacre[356] | 12[357] | Members of the Israeli Olympic team were taken hostage and killed by the Palestinian Black September group. A West German police officer was also killed. |
| May 25, 1973 | Ezeiza, Argentina | Ezeiza massacre[358] | 13[358] | Members of the right wing of the Peronist party shot and killed at least 13 after Peron's return to Argentina. |
| February 7, 1974 | Jolo, Sulu, Philippines | Battle of Jolo (1974)[359] | 20,000[359]–50,000 | Soldiers of the Armed Forces of the Philippines looted and burned the southern Philippine town of Jolo, Sulu and killed many of its Muslim Tausug inhabitants while leaving many more homeless after an engagement with the Moro rebels. |
| May 15, 1974 | Ma'alot, Israel | Ma'alot massacre[360][361] | 29[361] | Members of the Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine infiltrate Israel from Lebanon, shoot and kill a Christian Arab woman and a Jewish couple and their 4-year-old son, and then take hostage and kill 22 high school students and three of their adult escorts.[361] |
| August 14, 1974 | Maratha, Santalaris and Aloda, Cyprus | Maratha, Santalaris and Aloda massacre[362][363][364] | 126[365] | EOKA-B gunmen massacred the Turkish Cypriot inhabitants of the villages of Maratha, Santalaris and Aloda.[362][365] |
| August 14, 1974 | Tochni, Cyprus | Tochni massacre | 84 | EOKA-B gunmen massacred the Turkish Cypriot inhabitants of the Tochni.[366][367][368][369][370][371][372] |
| September 24, 1974 | Palimbang, Sultan Kudarat, Philippines | Malisbong Massacre[373] | 1,000–1,500[373] | Soldiers of the Armed Forces of the Philippines murdered male Muslim Moros aged 11–70 years old in a village surrounding a nearby mosque. |
| July 31, 1975 | Northern Ireland | Miami Showband massacre | 5 | Members of the Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) with backing from the British Army forces killed three members of pop group the Miami Showband in a gun and bomb attack. Two UVF members also died when the bomb exploded prematurely.[374][375][376][377][378] |
| January 5, 1976 | Northern Ireland | Kingsmill massacre | 10[379] | Irish republicans shot ten Protestant workers dead outside the village of Kingsmill in County Armagh, Northern Ireland.[379][380] |
| January 18, 1976 | Lebanon | Karantina massacre | 1,500 | Lebanese Christian militia overrun the Karantina district in East Beirut and kill up to 1,500 Palestinians and Muslims during the Lebanese Civil War.[381] |
| January 20, 1976 | Lebanon | Damour massacre | 150–582[382] | Palestinian militia aligned with the Lebanese National Movement kill 150–582 Christian civilians in the village of Damour during the Lebanese Civil War, in retaliation for the Karantina massacre.[382] |
| June 16, 1976 | Soweto, South Africa | Soweto massacre | 176–700 | The South African Police shoot a group of young black protesters who were protesting. |
| August 8, 1976 | Letipea, Estonia | Letipea massacre | 11 | A conflict between workers and drunken Soviet border guards escalated when one of the guards opened fire with a machine gun, killing multiple workers as well as one of his fellow guards. |
| August 12, 1976 | Lebanon | Tel al-Zaatar massacre | 1,500–3,000 | Lebanese Christian militias enter the Tel al-Zaatar refugee camp and kill up to 3,000 people during the Lebanese Civil War.[383][384] |
| September 4, 1977 | Chinatown, San Francisco, United States | Golden Dragon massacre | 5 | Five members of a Chinese-American gang called the Joe Boys attempt to kill leaders of a rival gang called the Wah Ching. Their attack on the Golden Dragon restaurant kills 5 people and wounds another 11, none of them gang members. |
| October 18, 1977 | La Troncal Canton, Ecuador | Aztra massacre | 100+ | Workers from the Aztra ingenio who were on strike are assassinated by the National Police of Ecuador. |
| March 11, 1978 | Israel | Coastal Road massacre | 35[385] | Palestinian Fatah members based in Lebanon land on a beach north of Tel Aviv, kill an American photographer, and hijack an inter-city bus driving along Israel's Coastal Highway. 35 civilians are killed and 80 wounded.[385][386][387][388] |
| January 31, 1979 | Marichjhapi, West Bengal, India | Marichjhapi massacre | 50–1,000[389] | Marichjhapi massacre refers to the forcible eviction of Bangladeshi refugees and their subsequent death by starvation, exhaustion and police firing in the period between January–June, 1979. |
| November 3, 1979 | Greensboro, United States | Greensboro massacre | 5 | Members of the Ku Klux Klan and the American Nazi Party assassinate 5 members of the Communist Workers' Party who were protesting. |
| May 18, 1980 | South Korea | Gwangju massacre | 165–2,000 | An escalated popular uprising in the city of Gwangju, South Korea during which some of the civilian protesters armed themselves by raiding police stations and military depots led to the South Korean army violently ending the protests, causing 165 (maximum estimated) of deaths (including 24 soldiers, 4 policemen). |
| June 27, 1980 | Palmyra, Syria | Tadmor Prison massacre | about 1,000 | The massacre occurred the day after a failed attempt to assassinate Syrian president Hafez el-Assad. Members of the units of the Defence Brigades, under the command of Rifaat El Assad, brother of the president, entered in Tadmor Prison and assassinated about a thousand prisoners in the cells and the dormitories. |
| December 11, 1981 | El Salvador | El Mozote massacre | 1,000 | The El Mozote Massacre took place in the village of El Mozote, in Morazán department, El Salvador, on December 11, 1981, when Salvadoran armed forces trained by the United States military killed at least 1,000 civilians in an anti-guerrilla campaign.[390] |
| January 14, 1982 | Mexico | Tula massacre | 13 | 13 tortured bodies were found at Tula, Hidalgo, Mexico at the time of Arturo Durazo Moreno Administration. |
| February 2, 1982 | Syria | Hama massacre | 7,000–35,000[391] | The Syrian Army killed an estimated 30,000 people in the city of Hama. Instances of mass execution and torture by the Syrian military were documented during the attacks.[392] |
| September 16–18, 1982 | Lebanon | Sabra and Shatila massacre | 460–3,500 | Residents of Sabra and Shatila, mostly Palestinian refugees and Lebanese Shia, are killed by the Christian Lebanese Forces militia in the refugee camps, with the help of Israeli forces that encircled the area. The United Nations General Assembly condemned the massacre and declared it to be an act of genocide.[393][394][395] |
| December 6, 1982 | Dos Erres, Guatemala | Dos Erres Massacre | More than 250 | US-trained Guatemalan, elite forces came to the village and claimed the village were hiding weapons from rebels. They searched the entire village but they could not find any weapons. The next day, these soldiers massacred everyone in the village. There were only 3 survivors.[396] |
| February 19, 1983 | Chinatown–International District, Seattle, United States | Wah Mee massacre | 13 | Three Chinese-American gangsters bind, rob, and shoot 14 people in the Wah Mee gambling club at the Louisa Hotel, 13 of whom die.[397][398] |
| April 3, 1983 | Peru | Lucanamarca massacre | 69 | Maoist Shining Path guerrillas massacre 69 men, women and children with axes, machetes and guns in and around the town of Lucanamarca, Peru.[399] |
| February 10, 1984 | Kenya | Wagalla massacre | ~5,000 | a massacre of ethnic Somalis by Kenyan security forces who first gathered them at the Wagalla Airstrip, Wajir County, Kenya. |
| July 18, 1984 | San Diego, United States | San Ysidro McDonald's massacre | 21 | Gunman James Oliver Huberty killed 21 people in a McDonald's restaurant before being fatally shot by a SWAT team sniper.[400][401][402] |
| October 31 – November 3, 1984 | India | 1984 Sikh massacre | 2,732–8,000 | Mobs composed primarily of Indian National Congress workers and local hoodlums chase down and lynch Sikhs in northern India following the assassination of India PM, Indira Gandhi, at the hands of her Sikh guards. |
| March 23, 1985 | Iraq | Dujail Massacre | 129[403] (33 died in detention before trial) |
Dujail was the site of an unsuccessful assassination attempt against then Iraqi president, Saddam Hussein by the Shiite Dawa Party, on July 8, 1982. Saddam Hussein ordered his special security and military forces to arrest all Dawa members and their families, imprisoning 787 men, women and children. In March 1985, 96 of the 148 who had confessed to having taken part in the assassination attempt were executed.[403][404][405][406] |
| May 14, 1985 | Sri Lanka | Anuradhapura massacre | 146[407] | Tamil Tiger gunmen shot dead 146 Sinhalese civilians including Buddhist nuns and monks and injured 85 others as they were praying at Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi, a sacred Buddhist shrine in Anuradhapura.[408] |
| August 14, 1985 | Peru | Accomarca massacre | 47–74[409][410][411] | An army massacre of campesinos (including six children) in Accomarca, Ayacucho.[410] |
| March 7, 1987 | Donggang, Lieyu, Kinmen, Fujian, China | Lieyu massacre (Donggang Incident) | 19+ | Republic of China Army executed all the unarmed Vietnamese refugees in a disoriented fishing boat seeking for political asylum at Donggang beach of Lieyu, Kinmen on March 7–8, 1987.[412] |
| June 2, 1987 | Sri Lanka | Aranthalawa Massacre | 37 | Tamil Tigers stopped a bus carrying Buddhist monks in Arantalawa and massacred all except of one monk. Killed in the massacre are Chief Priest Ven. Hegoda Indrasara and several novice monks (under the age of 18)[413] |
| June 20, 1987 | Pınarcık, Mardin Province, Turkey | Pınarcık massacre | 30 | On 20 June 1987, PKK committed a massacre in the village of Pınarcık in the Mardin Province of Turkey, killing more than 30 people, mainly women and children.[414][415][416] |
| August 9, 1987 | Clifton Hill, Victoria, Australia | Hoddle Street massacre | 7[417] | The Hoddle Street massacre was a killing spree which claimed the lives of 7 people and wounded 19 others at Hoddle Street in Clifton Hill in north-eastern Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.[418] |
| August 19, 1987 | Hungerford, England | Hungerford massacre | 16[419] | A gunman armed with semi-automatic rifles and a handgun killed 16 people before committing suicide.[420] |
| November 8, 1987 | Enniskillen, Northern Ireland | Remembrance Day bombing (Poppy Day massacre).[421][422][423] | 12 | Provisional IRA bombing at the town's cenotaph on Remembrance Sunday.[424] |
| December 8, 1987 | Melbourne, Victoria, Australia | Queen Street massacre | 8[417] | The Queen Street massacre was a killing spree which claimed the lives of 8 people and wounded 5 others in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.[418] |
| March 16, 1988 | Belfast, Northern Ireland | Milltown massacre | 3 | Ulster Defence Association (UDA) member Michael Stone kills three people and injures 60 others in a gun and grenade attack at the funeral of three IRA members being held in Milltown Cemetery, Belfast.[425][426] |
| June 4, 1989 | Beijing, China | Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 | 300–2,700 | The mourning of Hu Yaobang eventually evolved into a large-scale anti-corruption and democratic demonstration, which was ended in a violent suppression by state-controlled army. The actual number of deaths is still unknown. The massacre did not occur within Tiananmen Square, but in the surrounding areas of the square.[427][428] |
| October 3, 1989 | Panama City, Panama | Albrook Massacre[429][430] | 12 | Following a failed coup, 12 officers were shot dead by forces loyal to Panamanian leader Manuel Noriega.[431][432][433][434] |
| December 6, 1989 | École Polytechnique, Montreal, Quebec, Canada | École Polytechnique massacre[435] | 14 | Marc Lépine, a misogynist and anti-feminist, shot and killed 14 female students of the École Polytechnique de Montréal and wounded 14 other people before turning his gun on himself. The event led to stricter gun control laws and changes in police tactical response to shootings in Canada.[436][437] |
| September 5, 1990 | Batticaloa District, Sri Lanka | Eastern University massacre | 158[438] | Eastern University massacre is the massacre of 158 minority Sri Lankan Tamil civilians by the Sri Lankan Army in the eastern Batticaloa District, Sri Lanka.[438][439][440] |
| January 20, 1990 | Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir | Gawkadal massacre | 50+ | Indian paramilitary troops of the Central Reserve Police Force opened fire on Kashmiri protesters. |
| July 29, 1990 | Sinkor, Monrovia, Liberia | Monrovia Church massacre | ~600 | Around 30 government soldiers loyal to Samuel Doe and belonging to his Krahn tribe entered St. Peter's Lutheran Church, indiscriminately slaughtering the mostly Gio and Mano people inside. |
| September 9, 1990 | Batticaloa District, Sri Lanka | Sathurukondan massacre | 184[441][442] | Sathurukondan massacre, also known as the 1990 Batticaloa massacre is the massacre of 184 minority Sri Lankan Tamil civilians by the Sri Lankan Army in the eastern Batticaloa District, Sri Lanka.[441][442][443][444][445] |
| November 13, 1990 | Aramoana, New Zealand | Aramoana massacre | 13 | Lone gunman David Malcolm Gray began shooting indiscriminately at people, killing 13 people before being killed by police himself, allegedly after a dispute with his next door neighbor. It remains New Zealand's deadliest criminal shooting.[446][447][448][449] |
| January - March 1991 | Awdal, Somalia | Dilla Massacre | 1000 + | The Dilla Massacre, was a series of events that spanned from January 1991 to March 1991, perpetrated by members of the Somali National Movement (SNM) rebel group, against the Gadabuursi clan. The most violent episode was on February 4, 1991 in Dilla, Awdal where hundreds of people were murdered within a single day.[450][451] The killings were referred to and classified as ethnic cleansing, against the Gadabursi, by the United Nations.[452] |
| October 16, 1991 | Killeen, Texas, United States | Luby's shooting | 22 | George Jo Hennard drove his pickup truck into a Luby's Cafeteria and shot and killed 22 people, wounded another 20 and then committed suicide by shooting himself.[453][454][455][456][457] |
| November 3, 1991 | Lima, Peru | Barrios Altos massacre | 22 | Fifteen people were killed and four injured when Grupo Colina, the anti-communist paramilitary squad, opened fire on a neighborhood barbecue which they had mistaken for a gathering of Maoist Shining Path rebels.[458] |
| November 12, 1991 | Dili, Timor Leste | Santa Cruz massacre | ~270 | An estimated 270 pro-independence demonstrators were killed in the Santa Cruz Cemetery while conducting a peaceful memorial service during the Indonesian Occupation of East Timor and is part of the East Timorese Genocide.[459] |
| November 15, 1991 | Sudan, Bor | Bor massacre | 2,000–27,000 | An estimated 2,000 civilians were massacred in Bor during the Second Sudanese Civil War by Nuer fighters from SPLA-Nasir, led by Riek Machar, and the militant group known as the Nuer White Army.[460] |
| November 18–21, 1991 | Vukovar, Croatia | Vukovar massacre | 264 | Members of the Serb militias, aided by the Yugoslav People's Army, killed Croat civilians and POWs.[461][462][463][464] |
| February 12, 1992 | Bara, Bihar, India]] | Bara massacre | 35-40 | An armed group of the Maoist Communist Centre of India containing members of schedule castes and OBCs killed a large group of Bhumihar men. |
| February 26, 1992 | Khojaly, Nagorno-Karabakh, Azerbaijan | Khojaly Massacre | 613[465] | Armenian armed forces, reportedly with help of the Russian 366th Motor Rifle Regiment, raided the town of Khojaly and massacred its Muslim civilian population. The death toll according to the Government of Azerbaijan was 613 civilians, of whom 106 were women and 83 were children.[466][467][468] |
| April 10, 1992 | Maraga, Nagorno-Karabakh, Azerbaijan | Maraga massacre | 43–100 | Armenian inhabitants of village were killed by Azerbaijani Armed Forces. |
| June 17, 1992 | Boipatong, South Africa | Boipatong massacre | 45[469] | 45 African National Congress (ANC) supporters were killed by members of the Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP). |
| July 18, 1992 | Lima, Peru | La Cantuta massacre | 45[470] | 9 students and a professor on La Cantuta University were kidnapped and killed by Grupo Colina, an anticommunist paramilitary group. |
| September 7, 1992 | Bisho, Ciskei/South Africa | Bisho massacre | 29 | 28 African National Congress (ANC) supporters and one soldier were shot dead by the Ciskei Defence Force during a protest march. |
| October 2, 1992 | São Paulo, Brazil | Carandiru massacre | 111 | The massacre was triggered by a prisoner revolt within the prison. The police made little if any effort to negotiate with the prisoners before the military police stormed the building, as the prison riot became more difficult for prison guards to control. The resulting casualties were of 111 prisoners killed. |
| January 8, 1993 | Palatine, Illinois, United States | Brown's Chicken massacre | 7 | Seven people were murdered at the Brown's Chicken and Pasta in Palatine[citation needed] |
| 1993 | Autonomous republic of Abkhazia, Georgia | Sukhumi massacre (1993)[471] | 1,000 civilians killed (Georgian estimate)[472] | Incidents of ethnic cleansing of Georgians in Abkhazia,[473][474][475][476]
[477][478][479][480][481][482][483][484] also known as the "massacres of Georgians in Abkhazia"[485][486] and "genocide of Georgians in Abkhazia"[487]—refers to ethnic cleansing,[488] massacres[489] and forced mass expulsion of thousands of ethnic Georgians. |
| April 19, 1993 | Waco, Texas, United States | Massacre at Waco (July 1993) Davidian Massacre (1995)[490] |
82 | Seventy-six members of the Branch Davidian church died after a 51-day siege in a fire started either accidentally or by church members after a Federal Bureau of Investigation tank attack upon the main building. Earlier, on February 28, 1993, six others died by gunfire after the original Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms raid.[491] |
| June – July 1993 | Brazil | Yanomami or Haximu massacre | 16–73[492][493] | Garimpeiros (illegal gold miners) killed Yanomami people. |
| July 2, 1993 | Sivas, Turkey | Sivas massacre | 35 | 35 people (mostly Alevi intellectuals) were killed when a mob of Islamic extremists set fire to the hotel where the group had assembled.[494][495][496] |
| July 5, 1993 | Başbağlar, Erzincan, Turkey | Başbağlar massacre | 33 | Several PKK members stormed the village and killed 33 civilians after rounding them up. Also over 200 houses, a clinic, a school and a mosque were burned down.[497][498] |
| July 25, 1993 | Cape Town, South Africa | St James Church massacre | 11 | 11 People were killed during a church service by Azanian People's Liberation Army (APLA) armed with assault rifles and grenades. |
| October 30, 1993 | Greysteel, Northern Ireland | Greysteel massacre | 8 | Ulster Defence Association (UDA) opened fire in a crowded bar using an AK-47 and automatic pistol. Eight civilians were killed and thirteen wounded.[499][500][501][502][503][504][505][506] |
| February 25, 1994 | West Bank | Cave of the Patriarchs massacre[507][508] (Ibrahimi Mosque massacre)[509] |
29 | Israeli settler Baruch Goldstein opens fire with an assault rifle against Palestinian Muslims, killing 29 and wounding 150 at prayer in the Ibrahimi Mosque in Hebron before being subdued and beaten to death by survivors.[510][511] |
| 1994 | Algeria | Algerian Village massacres of the 1990s | 10,000[512][513] | During the 1990s, many large-scale massacres of villagers in Algeria were perpetrated by groups attacking villages at night and cutting the throats of the inhabitants. The Armed Islamic Group (GIA) has avowed its responsibility for many of them. The massacres peaked in 1997 (with a smaller peak in 1994). According to a few reports former Algerian army officer, Habib Souaidia testified to his government's involvement in the massacres. The differing accounts are not yet reconciled.[512][514][515][516] The academic consensus is that at least the majority of the massacres were carried out by Islamist radicals; however, the government notably failed to intervene in a number of these massacres.[517] |
| March 28, 1994 | Johannesburg, South Africa | Shell House massacre | 19 | Security guards of the African National Congress (ANC) fired on 20,000 Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP) marchers.[518][519][520] |
| April 22, 1994 | Gonaïves, Haiti | Raboteau massacre | 23 | Military and paramilitary forces loyal to the coup leader Raoul Cédras carried out an incursion in the Raboteau neighborhood, in Gonaïves, after its inhabitants demonstrated in support of the ousted president Jean-Bertrand Aristide. The inhabitants of Raboteau were beaten, arrested and later shot. |
| June 18, 1994 | Loughinisland, Northern Ireland | Loughinisland massacre | 6 | Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) opened fire in a crowded bar using assault rifles, killing six civilians and wounding five.[521][522][523][524][525][526][527] |
| January 22, 1995 | Israel | Beit Lid massacre | 22[528] | First suicide attack by Palestinian Islamic Jihad, killing 22 and wounding 69. Carried out by two bombers; the second waited until emergency crews arrived to assist the wounded and dying before detonating his bomb.[529][530][531][532] |
| July 1995 | Bosnia and Herzegovina | Srebrenica massacre | 8,372 | The Srebrenica massacre involved the genocidal killing, in July 1995, of 8,372 Bosniaks, mainly men and boys, in and around the town of Srebrenica during the Bosnian War. |
| March 13, 1996 | Scotland | Dunblane massacre | 17[533] | A gunman opened fire in a primary school, killing sixteen children and one teacher before killing himself.[534][535][536] |
| April 29, 1996 | Port Arthur, Tasmania, Australia | Port Arthur massacre | 35[417] | The Port Arthur massacre of 28 April 1996 was a killing spree which claimed the lives of 35 people and wounded 21 others mainly at the historic tourist site Port Arthur in south-eastern Tasmania, Australia. It later emerged that the gunman had severe intellectual disability.[537] The massacre remains Australia's deadliest mass killing spree and remains one of the deadliest such incidents worldwide in recent times.[418] |
| April 18, 1996 | Lebanon | First Qana massacre[538][539] | 106 | Israeli artillery struck the Unifil Headquarters in Qana which was providing shelter to approximately two hundred Lebanese civilians. The Israeli military said the strike was in error and that they were not targeting the UN shelter. An amateur film was released showing that, contrary to Israeli assertions, an Israeli drone was spying on the UN compound just before it was shelling.[540] The UN concluded that the attack was intentional. Amnesty International also concluded, "the IDF intentionally attacked the UN compound.[541][542][543][544][545][546] |
| February 5, 1997 | Ghulja, China | Ghulja incident (2006)[547] | 9 | After two days of protests during which the protesters had marched shouting "God is great" and "independence for Xinjiang" the demonstrations were crushed by the People's Liberation Army. Official reports put the death toll at 9 while dissident reports estimated the number killed at more than 100.[548][549][550][551][552][553] |
| October 22, 1997 | Ituango, Antioquia, Colombia | El Aro Massacre | 15 | 15 individuals accused of being leftist supporters of FARC were massacred by the AUC. |
| November 17, 1997 | Luxor, Egypt | Luxor massacre | 64 | Massacre carried out by Egyptian Islamist militants, in which 64 people (including 59 visiting tourists) were killed using automatic weapons and machetes.[554][555][556] |
| December 1, 1997 | Laxmanpur Bathe, Bihar, India | Laxmanpur Bathe massacre | 58 | 58 Dalits were shot, allegedly by members of the Ranvir Sena in retribution for mass murders perpetrated by Maoists. |
| December 22, 1997 | Acteal, Mexico | Acteal massacre | 45 | Massacre carried out by paramilitary forces of 45 people attending a prayer meeting of indigenous townspeople, who were members of the pacifist group Las Abejas ("The Bees"), in the village of Acteal, municipality of Chenalhó, in the Mexican state of Chiapas.[557][558][559] |
| August 15, 1998 | Omagh, Northern Ireland | Omagh bombing (November 1998)[560] | 29 | The Omagh bombing was a car bomb attack carried out by the Real Irish Republican Army, a splinter group of former Provisional Irish Republican Army members opposed to the Good Friday Agreement. Twenty-nine people died and approximately 220 people were injured.The attack was described by the BBC as "Northern Ireland's worst single terrorist atrocity".[561][562][563][564][565][566] |
| March 13, 1999 | Istanbul, Turkey | Blue Market massacre | 13 | Terrorist attack of Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) resulted in killing of 13 civilians. |
| April 20, 1999 | Littleton, Colorado, United States | Columbine High School Massacre (May 1999)[567] | 15[568] | Two teenagers, Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold open fire on their classmates on April 20, 1999 at Columbine High School, killing 12 students and a teacher and injuring 21 others before committing suicide in the school's library. |
| July 27, 2000 | West Bengal, India | Nanoor massacre | 11 | Killing of 11 landless labourers allegedly by activists of Communist Party of India (Marxist), a political party in India, in Suchpur, near Nanoor and under Nanoor police station, in Birbhum district in the Indian state of West Bengal.[569][570][571] |
| June 1, 2001 | Tel Aviv, Israel | Dolphinarium discotheque massacre | 25 | A Hamas suicide bomber blows himself up outside a nightclub in Tel Aviv, killing at least 21 teenage girls and 4 adults. The youngest victim was 14 years old, and a majority of the teenage girls were of Russian origin.[572] |
| June 1, 2001 | Kathmandu, Nepal | Nepalese royal massacre | 9 | Crown Prince Dipendra of Nepal kills 9 members of the Nepalese royal family in a mass shooting. |
| June 7, 2001 | Ikeda, Osaka, Japan | Osaka school massacre | 8 | Mamoru Takuma, an ex-convict with a history of mental disturbance and anti-social behavior, entered Ikeda Elementary School and stabbed multiple children and teachers there before being subdued. |
| December 20, 2001 | Buenos Aires, Argentina | 2001 Massacre of Plaza de Mayo | 5 | Members of the Argentine Federal Police fired against a group of protesters who were protesting in the Plaza de Mayo. As a result, 5 people were killed and 227 were injured. |
| January 17, 2002 | Hadera, Israel | Bat Mitzvah massacre | 6 | An attack carried out in January 2002 by al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades in which a Palestinian gunman hurling grenades killed six and wounded 33 in a Bat Mitzvah celebration, a traditional Jewish celebration held for a 12-year-old girl.[573][574] |
| February 28, 2002 | Ahmedabad, India | Gulbarg Society massacre | 69 | During the 2002 Gujarat riots, a mob attacked the Gulbarg Society, a lower middle-class Muslim neighbourhood in Chamanpura, Ahmedabad. Most of the houses were burnt, and at least 35 victims including a former Congress, Member of Parliament, Ehsan Jafri, were burnt alive, while 31 others went missing after the incident, later presumed dead, bringing the total of the dead to 69.[575][576][577] |
| March 27, 2002 | Netanya, Israel | Passover massacre | 30[578] | Killing of 30 guests at the Park Hotel in Netanya, Israel, sitting down to the traditional Passover Seder meal. Another 143 were injured. Hamas claimed responsibility.[578][579][580][581][582] |
| May 19, 2004 | Iraq | Mukaradeeb wedding party massacre | 42 | US military shoots and bombs civilians celebrating a wedding; 42 are killed, including 13 children. US military maintains no such party was taking place at the time of the attack, but two videos, one of the party and the other of the remains taken the next day, refute the US denial.[583][584] |
| September 1, 2004 | Beslan, Russian Federation | Beslan school hostage crisis | 334 | Armed Chechen separatists[585] took more than 1,200 people hostage at a school. 334 civilians were killed, including 186 school children, and hundreds wounded.[586][587][588] |
| March 5, 2005 | near Rehoboth, Namibia | Kareeboomvloer massacre | 8 | Brothers Sylvester and Gavin Beukes murder the owners' couple of farm Kareeboomvloer and execute all witnesses, including two children.[589] The motive was revenge for a previous theft charge laid by the farm owner.[590] |
| May 13, 2005 | Andijan, Uzbekistan | Andijan massacre | 187–1,500 | Uzbek Interior Ministry and National Security Service troops fired into a crowd of protesters.[591][592] |
| August 4, 2005 | Shefa-Amr, Israel | Shafram massacre (2005)[593] | 4 | In protest of Ariel Sharon's government evacuation of Gaza colonies, Jewish IDF deserter Eden Natan-Zada travels to Israeli Arab city Shefa-Amr and unloads his gun against residents of a Druze neighborhood. |
| November 19, 2005 | Haditha, Iraq | Haditha massacre | 24 | US Marines slaughter 24 unarmed Iraqi civilians, among whom numerous children and the elderly. Although the unit's commander, Staff Sgt Frank Wuterich, claimed his forces came under attack just before the rampage, no weapons were found in the area.[citation needed] |
| March 12, 2006 | Iraq | Mahmudiyah massacre[594] | 6 | U.S. soldiers invade Iraqi family residence; kill a father and mother and their three youngest children; rape the eldest child, Abeer Qassim Hamza al-Janabi (14); and kill her. |
| March 25, 2006 | Seattle, Washington, United States | Capitol Hill massacre | 6 | 28-year-old Kyle Aaron Huff entered a rave afterparty in the southeast part of Seattle's Capitol Hill neighborhood and opened fire, killing six and wounding two, before committing suicide.[595] |
| April 16, 2007 | Blacksburg, Virginia, United States | Virginia Tech massacre | 32 | Gunman Seung-Hui Cho, killed 32 people and wounded many others[596] before committing suicide. The massacre one of the deadliest peacetime shooting incidents by a single gunman in United States history, on or off a school campus.[597] |
| May 4, 2009 | Bilge, Mardin, Turkey | Mardin engagement ceremony massacre | 44 | The Mardin engagement ceremony massacre was a massacre carried out by Mehmet Çelebi,[598] a village guard, at an engagement ceremony, where at least forty-four people were killed on May 4, 2009, in the village of Bilge in Mazıdağı district of south-eastern Mardin Province in Turkey. The attack was perpetrated using grenades and automatic weapons by at least two masked assailants, who authorities believe are involved in a feud between two families.[599] According to some sources it was an internal feud of the Kurdish Çelebi clan.[600][601] |
| September 28, 2009 | Conakry, Guinea | 28 September massacre | 157 | Guinean uniformed security forces opened fire on a political rally trapped in the 28 September Stadium.[602] |
| November 5, 2009 | Ft. Hood, Texas, United States | 2009 Fort Hood shooting | 13 | Gunman Nidal Hasan, a Major in the U.S. Army, killed 12 soldiers and one civilian, and wounded at least 30 on the base at Ft. Hood. Initial reports indicate Hassan was upset at being deployed to Iraq.[603][604][605][606][607][608] |
| November 23, 2009 | Ampatuan, Maguindanao, Philippines | Maguindanao massacre | 57 | A group of 100 armed men, alleged to include police and private militia led by Andal Ampatuan, Jr., stopped a convoy of five cars transporting Genalyn Tiamzon-Mangudadatu, the wife of Esmael Mangudadatu, who is running for provincial governor in the 2010 Philippine elections. She was en route to the town of Shariff Aguak to file a certificate of candidacy for her husband, accompanied by his sisters, other supporters, and members of the press. The attackers kidnapped and later killed all members of the Mangudadatu group; reports state that women in the group were raped before being killed. Five other people not part of the group, in a car behind the convoy, were also kidnapped and killed.[609][610][611][612][613] |
| July 22, 2011 | Utøya island, Norway | Utøya massacre | 69 | Right-wing terrorist Anders Behring Breivik opened fire at a summer camp held by the Workers' Youth League killing 69 and wounding 200 before surrendering to police.[614] Breivik also killed eight people in a bombing in Oslo in a separate attack hours earlier.[615] |
| August 18, 2011 | Uror County, South Sudan | Uror massacre | 640+ | In what was believed to be a revenge operation, members of the Murle tribe attacked members of the Nuer tribe, burning down over 3,400 houses and the hospital ran by Médecins Sans Frontières. An initial estimate showed that 38,000 heads of cattle were stolen and 208 children were kidnapped.[616] |
| October 5, 2011 | Chiang Khong, Chiang Rai, Thailand | Mekong River massacre | 13 | Two Chinese cargo ships were attacked on a stretch of the Mekong River in the Golden Triangle area. All 13 crew members were killed and dumped in the river.[617] It is the deadliest assault on Chinese nationals abroad in modern times.[618] |
| December 23 – January 4, 2012 | Pibor, South Sudan | Pibor massacre | 900–3,141 | Partly as reaction for previous massacres, the Nuer White Army released a statement stating its intention to "wipe out the entire Murle tribe on the face of the earth as the only solution to guarantee long-term security of Nuer's cattle"[619] and massacred members of the Murle people.[620] |
| March 11, 2012 | Kandahar, Afghanistan | Kandahar massacre | 17 | 17 Afghan civilians were killed by U.S. Army Soldier Robert Bales.[621] Some witnesses have indicated more than one person was involved.[622] |
| May 25, 2012 | Houla, Syria | Houla massacre | 108 | Approximately 108 people were killed with knives in the Syrian town of Houla. Approximately 25 men, 49 children and 34 women were among the victims.[623] |
| August 14, 2013 | Cairo, Egypt | Rabaa massacre | 600–800+ | Egyptian security forces and army raided two camps of protesters in Cairo: one at al-Nahda Square and a larger one at Rabaa al-Adawiya Square. The two sites had been occupied by supporters of ousted President Mohamed Morsi. Reports of fatalities range from 600 to more than 800 civilians, while at least 3,994 were injured. |
| December 2013 | Juba, South Sudan | Gudele massacre | 240 | During the breakout of the South Sudanese Civil War, Dinka SPLA soldiers rounded up and killed Nuer men from Nuer suburbs in the capital, Juba.[624] |
| April 15, 2014 | Bentiu, South Sudan | 2014 Bentiu massacre | 400+ | During the South Sudanese Civil War, rebels massacred mostly non-Nuer civilians after taking control of Bentiu.[625] |
| August 2014 | Sinjar District, Nineveh Governorate, Iraq | Sinjar massacre | 2,000–5,000 | An ISIS massacre of Yazidi men. |
| December 16, 2014 | Peshawar, Pakistan | 2014 Peshawar school massacre | 148 | Seven gunmen affiliated with the Tehrik-i-Taliban (TTP) conducted a terrorist attack on the Army Public School killing more than 150 people, including 134 schoolchildren, ranging between eight and eighteen years of age. |
| June 17, 2015 | Charleston, SC, United States | Charleston church shooting (Charleston church massacre)[626][627][628] | 9 | A mass shooting perpetrated by Dylann Roof, a 21-year-old white supremacist, opened fire at the Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church, killing 9.[629] |
| November 13, 2015 | Paris, France | Bataclan massacre (2016)[630] | 130 | November 2015 Paris attacks. The single deadliest terrorist attack in French history. Multiple shooting and grenade attacks occurred on a Friday night; among the locations targeted were a music venue, sports stadium and several bar and restaurant terraces. 90 persons were killed during a siege at an Eagles of Death Metal concert inside the Bataclan. French president François Hollande evacuated from a football match between France and Germany at the Stade de France, slated venue for the UEFA Euro 2016 Final, after three separate suicide bombings over the course of about 40 minutes. ISIS claimed responsibility for the attacks and President Hollande named the Paris attacks an "act of war".[631] |
| June 12, 2016 | Orlando, Florida, United States | Orlando massacre | 49 | A mass shooting perpetrated by Omar Mateen, a 29-year-old U.S. citizen, opened fire in the Pulse Nightclub, a gay nightclub, killing 49, and injuring 50+. ISIS claimed responsibility for the attacks. It was the worst shooting massacre by a lone perpetrator in modern U.S. history, until the 2017 Las Vegas shooting.[632] |
| September 2, 2017 | Inn Din, Rakhine State, Myanmar | Inn Din massacre | 10 | Mass execution of Rohingyas by the Myanmar Army and armed Rakhine locals in the village of Inn Din, in Rakhine State, Myanmar. |
| December 1, 2018 | Nduga Regency, Papua, Indonesia | Nduga massacre | 19 | Papuan separatists attacked a construction camp and took 25 construction workers hostage. The separatists took their captives to a nearby hill and proceeded to shoot them, killing 19 of them. The West Papua Liberation Army, the military arm of the West Papua Liberation Organization, claimed responsibility for the attack, but claimed that the workers were in reality Indonesian soldiers disguised as civilians. |
| March 15, 2019 | Christchurch, Canterbury, New Zealand | Christchurch mosque massacre | 51 | Australian white supremacist Brenton Harrison Tarrant went to the Al Noor Mosque and the Linwood Islamic Centre, shooting at the people who were there, while broadcasting the entire event live on Facebook. |
| May 26, 2019 | North Waziristan, Pakistan | Kharqamar incident (Khar Qamar massacre)[633] | 13–17[634][633] | Pakistan Army shot into a Pashtun protest gathering, killing more than 13 protesters and injuring over 25 others.[633] |
| May 23, 2019 | Northern Mali | Ogossagou massacre | 160 | Two villages of Fulani herders in central Mali, Ogossagou and Welingara, were particularly affected during several attacks by gunmen.[635] |
| June 10, 2019 | Northern Mali | Sobane Da massacre | 76[636][637] | The Dogon village of Sobane-Kou in Mali was attacked by a suspected Fulani militia group.[638] |
| August 3, 2019 | El Paso, Texas, United States | El Paso massacre | 23 | White supremacist Patrick Wood Crusius commits a mass shooting at a Walmart that kills 23, mostly Hispanics. |
| October 20, 2020 | Lekki, Lagos, Nigeria | Lekki massacre | 12 | The Nigerian Army shoot at End SARS protesters at the Lekki toll gate in Lagos, killing 12 people. |
| November 28, 2020–November 29, 2020 | Aksum, Ethiopia | Aksum massacre | 100–800 | Eritrean soldiers attacked the city of Aksum after they were attacked by local militia loyal to the TPLF. |
| January 8, 2021 | La Vega, Caracas, Venezuela | La Vega massacre | 23 | Members of the Venezuelan National Police (PNB), the Special Armed Forces (FAES) and the Venezuelan National Guard seized control of the parish, killing a number of people in the neighborhood. |
| June 4, 2021 | Solhan and Tadaryat, Burkina Faso | Solhan and Tadaryat massacres | 174 | Unknown insurgents attacked the villages of Solhan and Tadaryat, marking one of the deadliest massacres in the insurgency in Burkina Faso. |
| July 30, 2021 | Meram, Turkey | Konya massacre | 7 | Seven family members were shot.[639][640] |
See also
- Category:Massacres
- Category:Lists of massacres by country
- Genocides in history
- List of battles and other violent events by death toll
- List of events named pogrom
- List of genocides by death toll
- List of massacres at sea
- List of massacres in the United States
- List of terrorist incidents
- List of mass car bombings
- Crimes against humanity
References
- ^ Mikaberidze 2013
- ^ Oxford English Dictionary Massacre, n.
- ^ "Marlowe (c. 1600) (title) The massacre at Paris". Oxford English Dictionary Massacre, n.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Oxford English Dictionary Massacre, v.
- ^ Sima, Guang (1084). Zizhi Tongjian. 5. 「趙師大敗，卒四十萬人皆降。武安君曰：『秦已拔上黨，上黨民不樂為秦而歸趙。趙卒反覆，非盡殺之，恐為亂。』乃挾詐而盡坑殺之，遺其小者二百四十人歸趙。」
- ^ Sima, Guang (1084). Zizhi Tongjian. 9. 「於是楚軍夜擊坑秦卒二十餘萬人新安城南。」
- ^ "; innocent and guilty were slain alike in what has been called the "Asiatic Vespers." The number who died in the massacre is usually given as 80,000." Finley Hooper, Roman realities (1979), p. 199.
- ^ Morgan, Williams (1880). Saint Paul in Britain Or, The Origin Of British As Opposed To Papal Christianity by Rev. R. W. Morgan. Retrieved 2013-04-16.
- ^ John, Benjamin (February 2003). Pillar in the Wilderness by Benjamin John. ISBN 9780766139275. Retrieved 2013-04-16.
- ^ Sima, Guang (1084). Zizhi Tongjian. 60. 「秋，操引兵擊謙，攻拔十餘城，至彭城，大戰，謙兵敗，走保郯。初，京、雒遭董卓之亂，民流移東出，多依徐土，遇操至，坑殺男女數十萬口於泗水，水為不流。」
- ^ Thomas Flloyd, Bibliotheca Biographica (1760) s.v. "Abmrose".
- ^ Norwich, John Julius (1989). Byzantium: The Early Centuries. New York: Knopf. p. 112. ISBN 0-394-53778-5. OCLC 18164817., "and 7,000 were dead by morning" (Page 139)
- ^ Gibbon, Edward; Low, D. M. (1960). The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. New York: Harcourt Brace. pp. ch. 27 2:56. OCLC 402038.
- ^ Kenneth Cragg, The Call of the Minaret (1956), p. 79. Muir, William (2003), The life of Mahomet, Kessinger Publishing, p. 317, ISBN 9780766177413
- ^ Ibn Ishaq, A. Guillaume (translator) (2002), The Life of Muhammad (Sirat Rasul Allah), Oxford University Press, pp. 461–464, ISBN 978-0-19-636033-1CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
- ^ Peters, Muhammad and the Origins of Islam, p. 222-224.
- ^ Stillman, The Jews of Arab Lands: A History and Source Book, pp. 137–141.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, pp. 201–205. (online)
- ^ Jump up to: a b Ibn Kathir, Saed Abdul-Rahman (2009), Tafsir Ibn Kathir Juz'21, MSA Publication Limited, p. 213, ISBN 9781861796110(online Archived 2015-03-05 at the Wayback Machine)
- ^ Inamdar, Subhash C. (2001), Muhammad and the Rise of Islam: The Creation of Group Identity, Psychosocial Press, p. 166 (footnotes), ISBN 1887841288
- ^ Al Tabari, Michael Fishbein (translator) (1997), Volume 8, Victory of Islam, State University of New York Press, pp. 35–36, ISBN 9780791431504
- ^ Stillman, The Jews of Arab Lands: A History and Source Book, pp. 14-16.
- ^ Encyclopedia of Islam, section on "Muhammad"
- ^ Watt, Encyclopaedia of Islam, Section on "Kurayza, Banu".
- ^ Muhammad: Husayn Haykal, The Life of Muhammad, pp. 313–314.
- ^ Sunan Abu Dawood, 14:2665
- ^ Sahih al-Bukhari, 4:52:280
- ^ William Cooke Taylor, History of France and Normandy (1830)
- ^ Barbero, Alessandro (2004). Charlemagne: Father of a Continent, pages 46–47. University of California Press.
- ^ Robert Furley, A History of the Weald of Kent (1871).
- ^ Williams, Ann (2003). Æthelred the Unready: The Ill-Counselled King. London: Hambledon and London. p. 54. ISBN 978-1-85285-382-2. OCLC 51780838.
"It is usually assumed that this story relates to the St Brice's Day massacre ..." p. 55
- ^ Hall, Simon (1998). The Hutchinson Illustrated Encyclopedia of British History. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers. p. 297. ISBN 1-57958-107-2. "1002 St Brice's Day massacre; Danes in England were killed on order of King Ethelred." p. 340
- ^ "Saint Brices Day massacre" Archived May 9, 2008, at the Wayback Machine, Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved December 26. 2007.
- ^ called "massacre of the Jews of Granada" by Archibald Sayce in Ancient empires of the East (1906), p. 417.
- ^ Gubbay, Lucien (1999). Sunlight and Shadow: The Jewish Experience of Islam. New York: Other Press. p. 80. ISBN 1-892746-69-7. "It should be noted though that the Granada massacre of 1066 was the first instance of persecution of Jews in Muslim Spain, which had enjoyed an almost unblemished record of tolerance for the preceding 350 years." (Page 80)
- ^ Roth, Norman (1994). Jews, Visigoths, and Muslims in Medieval Spain: Cooperation and Conflict. Netherlands: E. J. Brill. p. 110. ISBN 90-04-09971-9. "Assuming that he was at least ten years old, however, it is again surprising that no more personal recollection of the Granada massacre is found in his writing..." (Page 110)
- ^ Gottheil, Richard; Kayserling, Meyer. "Granada". Jewish Encyclopedia. G (1906 ed.). "More than 1,500 Jewish families, numbering 4,000 persons, fell in one day, Ṭebet 9 (December 30), 1066."
- ^ Daud, Abraham Ibd (2007). Halsall, Paul (ed.). "On Samuel Ha-Nagid, Vizier of Granada, 993-d after 1056". Medieval Sourcebook. Fordham University. Retrieved July 9, 2011. He was proud to his own hurt, and the Berber princes were jealous of him, with the result that on the Sabbath, on the 9th of Tebet in the year 4827 (Saturday, December 30, 1066), he and the Community of Granada were murdered.
- ^ According to David Nirenberg,Communities of Violence: Persecution of Minorities in the Middle Ages – Updated Edition, Princeton University Press (2017), p. 7, the events of 1096 in the Rhineland occupy a significant place in modern Jewish historiography and are often presented as the first instance of an antisemitism that would henceforth never be forgotten and whose climax was the Holocaust.
- ^ Edward H. Flannery, The Anguish of the Jews: Twenty-Three Centuries of Antisemitism. Paulist Press, 1985: 93.
- ^ Benjamin Kedar, "The Jerusalem Massacre of July 1099 in the Western Historiography of the Crusades", Crusades 3 (2004): 15–75.
- ^
Hofreiter, Christian (2018). "The Jerusalem Massacre 1099". Making Sense of Old Testament Genocide: Christian Interpretations of Herem Passages. Oxford Theology and Religion Monographs. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 170. ISBN 9780192539007. Retrieved 21 Apr 2019.
When in July 1099 the crusaders finally reached the goal of their long, perilous, and arduous campaign, they acted in ways that resonated with elements of one of the Bible's best known herem narratives: just as [...] the Israelites had done at Jericho, so the crusaders killed a large proportion of the city's inhabitants, including women and children.
- ^ Gibbon, The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire uses "Massacre of the Latins" in the general index (vol. 12) and "their massacre" in the margin notes while the text has (vol. 11, p. 11) "the Latins were slaughtered in their houses and in the streets".
- ^ "Massacre of the French in Sicily" is used in the English translation of Johannes Sleidanus, De quattuor monarchiis (1556) published as De Quatuor Summis Imperiis: An Historical Account of the Four Chief Monarchies Or Empires of the World, Nathaniel Rolls, 1695 (p. 186). The name is also in modern use, often glossing the conventional name "Sicilian Vespers", e.g. in Henry Smith Williams, Italy (1908), p. 665. The term "Sicilian Vespers" was also used of a supposed massacre perpetrated by the Sicilian mafia in 1930/1 described by [[Valachi hearings |Joseph Valachi]] in 1963.
- ^ Prehistoric event reconstructed from excavations in 1978, named "Crow Creek Massacre" in Early Man vols. 1–3 (1978), p. 285. Beck, Lane A. (1995). Regional Approaches to Mortuary Analysis. New York: Plenum Press. p. 231. ISBN 0-306-44931-5.
- ^ Strutin, Michal (1999). A Guide to Contemporary Plains Indians. Tucson, Arizona: Southwest Parks and Monuments Association. p. 37. ISBN 1-877856-80-0.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "The Crow Creek Massacre" Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine www.nebraskastudies.org
- ^ "Crow Creek Massacre" Archived July 18, 2009, at the Wayback Machine, University of South Dakota
- ^ Usually called "Stockholm bloodbath" (natively Stockholms blodbad), the event is also known as "Stockholm massacre" in English, so called in the English translation of Erik Gustaf Geijer's Svenska folkets historia (1832–36), published in 1845 as The History of the Swedes (p. 102).
- ^ Lauritz Weibull. "Nordisk historia. Forskningar och undersökningar. Del III. Från Erik den helige till Karl XII", Stockholm 1949, p. 160–163
- ^ González, Justo K., The Story of Christianity: Volume Two – The Reformation to the Present Day, HarperCollins Publishers, 1984, p. 92, ISBN 0-06-063316-6
- ^ Gjerset, Knut, History of the Norwegian People, Volume 2 MacMillan Co., 1915, pp. 111–114, ISBN 978-0-404-02818-3
- ^ Riis, Jacob A., Hero Tales of the Far North, Project Gutenberg, 2004
- ^ Change and Development in the Middle East: essays in honour of W.B. Fisher, John Innes Clarke, Howard Bowen-Jones, 1981, p.290
- ^ The Heritage of Armenian Literature, A. J. (Agop Jack) Hacikyan, Nourhan Ouzounian, Gabriel Basmajian, Edward S. Franchuk, 2000, p.777
- ^ "Turkey" by Edward Shepherd Creasy, Page 195
- ^ "Eric Solsten, ed. Cyprus: A Country Study. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1991". Countrystudies.us. Retrieved 2013-04-16.
- ^ Notable for the historically first use of "massacre" in the name of an event, by Marlowe (c. 1600); the name used by Marlowe was "The massacre at Paris". The now-current name of "Massacre of St. Bartholomew's Day" dates to the first half of the 19th century (Francis Alexander Durivage, A Popular Cyclopedia of History, 1835), translating French massacre de la Saint-Barthélemy which term had been in use since the 17th century (Louis Maimbourg, Histoire De La Ligue, 1686). Appositional "St. Bartholomew's Day massacre" (rather than genitival "Massacre of St. Bartholomew's Day") first appears in American English in the first half of the 20th century (Oberlin Alumni Magazine 31.4, 1935, p. 102).
- ^ Jump up to: a b "Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre", Columbia Encyclopedia
- ^ Staff, Massacre of Saint Bartholomews Day (French history) Archived May 10, 2008, at the Wayback Machine, Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 23 December 2007.
- ^ Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre, Catholic Encyclopedia
- ^ "the wanton massacre of Smerwick" 'The Monthly Repertory of English Literature, Parsons Galignani, 1824, p. 75. "Massacre at Smerwick" recorded 1899; appositional "Smerwick massacre" in T. J. Barrington, Discovering Kerry: Its History, Heritage & Topography (1976), p. 76.
- ^ Massacre of Smerwick article, The Encyclopedia of Irealand, p. 998, Gill & Macmillan, 2003
- ^ Jump up to: a b Clodfelter, Micheal (2017-05-09). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015. p. 61. ISBN 9780786474707.
- ^ Janell Broyles, A Timeline of the Jamestown Colony, p. 22, The Rosen Publishing Group, 2004
- ^ Alfred Abioseh Jarrett, The Impact of Macro Social Systems on Ethnic Minorities in the United States, Page 29, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2000
- ^ Herbert Milton Sylvester, Indian Wars of New England vol. 1 (1910), p. 426.
- ^ " the Chinese massacre of 1639" Political Participation in Modern Indonesia, Yale University Southeast Asia Studies, 1961, p. 50.
- ^ Bowcott, Owen. "Witness statements from Irish rebellion and massacres of 1641 go online". The Guardian.
- ^ "BBC – History – Wars and Conflicts – Plantation of Ulster – English and Scottish Planters – 1641 Rebellion".
- ^ The Story Of Ireland By Emily Lawless, XXXVII p146
- ^ Beresford Ellis, 'Eyewitness to Irish History', John Wiley & Sons, 9 Feb 2007, p108
- ^ "Bolton history". Bolton.org.uk. Retrieved 2013-04-16.
- ^ Lonely Planet[dead link]
- ^ John Tincey, Marston Moor 1644: The Beginning Of The End: Osprey Publishing (March 11, 2003) ISBN 1-84176-334-9 p 33 "the 'massacre at Bolton' became a staple of Parliamentarian propaganda"
- ^ Ebrey, Patrician Buckley (1993). Chinese Civilization: a sourcebook. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 0-02-908752-X. Retrieved 2013-04-16 – via Books.google.com.
- ^ Lee, Khoon Choy (2005). Pioneers of Modern China. World Scientific. ISBN 981-256-618-X. Retrieved 2013-04-16 – via Books.google.com.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c Parsons, James B. (May 1957). "The Culmination of a Chinese Peasant Rebellion: Chang Hsien-chung in Szechwan, 1644-46". The Journal of Asian Studies. Association for Asian Studies. 16 (3): 387–400. doi:10.2307/2941233. JSTOR 2941233.
- ^ Oxford English Dictionary Cites "a1715 BP. G. BURNET Hist. Own Time (1734) II. 156 The Massacre in Glencoe, made still a great noise." and "1957 'H. MACDIARMID' Battle Continues 1 Franco has made no more horrible shambles Than this poem of Campbell's, The foulest outrage his breed has to show Since the massacre of Glencoe!"
- ^ Jump up to: a b Glencoe, engraved by W. Miller after J.M.W. Turner, Edinburgh University library
- ^ Jump up to: a b Kaitasuo, Pia (August 15, 2015). "Pietari Suuren synkkä tuhon kylvö". Kaleva (in Finnish). No. 221. Oulu: Kaleva Oy. p. 34–35. ISSN 0356-1356.
- ^ Tan, Mely G. (2005). "Ethnic Chinese in Indonesia". In Ember, Melvin; Ember, Carol R. & Skoggard, Ian (eds.). Encyclopedia of Diasporas: Immigrant and Refugee Cultures Around the World. New York: Springer Science+Business Media. pp. 795–807. ISBN 978-0-387-29904-4.
- ^ "The Penn's Creek Massacre of 1755". Archived from the original on December 10, 2013. Retrieved March 24, 2016.
- ^ The event was almost immediately termed a "massacre" and used for propagandistic purposes, especially by Samuel Adams. A pamphlet with the title A short narrative of the horrid massacre in Boston, perpetrated in the evening of the fifth day of March, 1770, by soldiers of the 29th regiment, which with the 14th regiment were then quartered there; with some observations on the state of things prior to that catastrophe was printed still in 1770. Appositional "Boston massacre" was in use by the early 1800s (Benjamin Austin, Constitutional Republicanism, in Opposition to Fallacious Federalism, 1803, p. 314). The term "Massacre Day" for the annual remembrance held during 1771–1783 dates to the late 19th century (Augusta De Grasse Stevens, Old Boston: An American Historical Romance, 1888, p. 126) The 1772 "Massacre Day of Oration" by Joseph Warren was originally titled An Oration Delivered March 5th, 1772. At the Request of the Inhabitants of the Town of Boston; to Commemorate the Bloody Tragedy of the Fifth of March, 1770.
- ^ Zobel, The Boston Massacre, W.W.Norton and Co.(1970), 199–200.
- ^ "Boston Massacre – Britannica Online Encyclopedia". Britannica.com. Retrieved 2013-04-16.
- ^ "Boston Massacre". Americaslibrary.gov. Archived from the original on October 7, 2009. Retrieved 2013-04-16.
- ^ Kenn Harper A Day in Arctic History: July 17, 1771 — Slaughter at Bloody Falls Archived May 16, 2008, at the Wayback Machine, Nunatsiaq News, 29 July 2005
- ^ Robin McGrath. Samuel Hearne And The Inuit Oral Tradition, University of New Brunswick, libraries. Retrieved 23 December 2007.
- ^ Samuel Hearne and David Thompson, trekking in the footsteps Archived January 12, 2009, at the Wayback Machine, (From: Manitoba History Society June 1, 2005 Binning, Alexander)
- ^ Bloody Falls Archived June 8, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, The Canadian Encyclopedia
- ^ Jump up to: a b Wright, Kevin W. "OVERKILL: Revolutionary War Reminiscences of River Vale". Bergen County Historical Society. Retrieved 2008-10-31.
- ^ "Buford's Massacre". Rootsweb.ancestry.com. Retrieved 2013-04-16.
- ^ "rsar.org" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-12-17.
- ^ Moore, Rogan H. (2009). The Bloodstained Field: A History of the Sugarloaf Massacre, September 11, 1780.
- ^ The Zong case at understandingslavery.com
- ^ Jump up to: a b "Gnadenhutten Massacre". Ohio History Central. Retrieved June 5, 2009.
- ^ "Gnadenhutten Massacre (United States history)". Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2013-04-16.
- ^ "Historywiz.com". Historywiz.com. Retrieved 2013-04-16.
- ^ David Andress, The Terror: The Merciless War for Freedom in Revolutionary France, Chapter 4, Macmillan, 2006
- ^ Dwyer, Phillip & McPhee, Peter (2002). The French Revolution and Napoleon: A Sourcebook. Routledge. p. 66. ISBN 978-0-415-19907-0.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c "New plaque for massacre memorial", BBC, 17 August 2007. Retrieved 19 February 2008.
- ^ "The Madulla massacre by the British (9th of Dec. 1817)". WWW Virtual Library Sri Lanka. Retrieved 2013-10-23.
- ^ "A Moral Audit of the British Empire". Brendon, Piers. History Today.
- ^ "Sumanawathie's success brings lustre back to Uva Wellassa", Ceylon Daily News, 21st October 2013. Retrieved 21 October 2013.
- ^ Sri Lanka is to revoke British Governor's infamous Gazette Notification Archived 2016-01-02 at the Wayback Machine, Asian Tribune, Sat, 2011-03-12. Retrieved 21 October 2013.
- ^ Müller, J. B. (6 November 2010). "Anglophiles, Eurocentric arrogance and Reality". The Island.
- ^ Keerthisinghe, Lakshman I. (2013). "The British duplicity in protecting human rights in Sri Lanka". Daily Mirror. Archived from the original on 21 October 2013. Retrieved 21 October 2013.
- ^ Jump up to: a b William St. Clair, That Greece Might Still Be Free The Philhellenes in the War of Independence, Oxford University Press, London, 1972 p.43 ISBN 0-19-215194-0
- ^ Jump up to: a b National Centre for History Education Archived January 12, 2016, at the Wayback Machine (Australia)
- ^ "Frontier Conflict: The Australian Experience", Bruce Elder, Sydney Morning Herald, March 29, 2003
- ^ "Myall Creek Massacre" Archived 2010-08-28 at the Wayback Machine, Parliament of New South Wales Hansard, June 8, 2000
- ^ Christopher Long, "KILLOUGH MASSACRE," Handbook of Texas Online <https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/btk01>, accessed February 25, 2015. Uploaded on June 15, 2010. Published by the Texas State Historical Association.
- ^ FAQ Archived 2008-04-28 at the Wayback Machine "What was the Haun's Mill Massacre?" – Brigham Young University website (abstracted from "Haun's Mill Massacre", in Encyclopedia of Mormonism, ed. Daniel H. Ludlow, New York: Macmillan, 1992)
- ^ Historical Record, Jenson, Vol. 7 & 8, p 671.
- ^ History of the Church, Vol. III, pp 182–186.
- ^ Gardner, P.D. (2001), Gippsland massacres: the destruction of the Kurnai tribes, 1800–1860, Ngarak Press, Essay, Victoria ISBN 1-875254-31-5
- ^ "Afghan and Northwest Border Wars 1834 to 1897". Archived from the original on July 19, 2014.
- ^ "Summary: the First Anglo-Afghan War, 1838–42". Archived from the original on May 9, 2008.
- ^ Blog Post (2007-10-09). "Massacre of Elphinstone's army". Iqballatif.newsvine.com. Retrieved 2013-04-16.
- ^ Carleton, James Henry (1902). Special Report on the Mountain Meadows Massacre. Washington: Government Printing Office. p. 126.
- ^ Thompson, Jacob (1860). Message of the President of the United States: communicating, in compliance with a resolution of the Senate, information in relation to the massacre at Mountain Meadows, and other massacres in Utah Territory, 36th Congress, 1st Session, Exec. Doc. No. 42. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of the Interior..
- ^ *Bagley, Will (2002). Blood of the Prophets: Brigham Young and the Massacre at Mountain Meadows. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-3426-7..
- Brooks, Juanita (1950). The Mountain Meadows Massacre. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-2318-4..
- Denton, Sally (2003). American Massacre: The Tragedy at Mountain Meadows. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 0-375-41208-5.
- ^ Paludan, Philip S. 1981. Victims: A True Story of the Civil War. Knoxville, Tennessee: The University of Tennessee Press. 144 p.
- ^ Brigham D. Madsen (with foreword by Charles S. Peterson), The Shoshoni Frontier and the Bear River Massacre, University of Utah Press (1985-hardcover 1995-paperback), trade paperback, 286 pages, pp. 190–192, ISBN 0-87480-494-9
- ^ Pages 183 to 194, The Shoshoni Frontier and the Bear River Massacre, by Brigham D. Madsen, foreword by Charles S. Peterson, University of Utah Press (1985-hardcover 1995-paperback), trade paperback, 286 pages, ISBN 0-87480-494-9
- ^ "William Quantrill and the Lawrence Massacre". Xroads.virginia.edu. Archived from the original on 2016-05-07. Retrieved 2013-04-16.
- ^ "Lawrence (Kansas, United States)". Britannica.com. Archived from the original on May 9, 2008. Retrieved 2013-04-16.
- ^ "The Bloodiest Man In American History". Archived from the original on December 1, 2008.
- ^ "Erastus D. Ladd's Description of the Lawrence Massacre, by Russell E. Bidlack, Summer 1963". Kshs.org. Retrieved 2013-04-16.
- ^ Dyer, Frederick H. (1908). A Compendium of the War of Rebellion. Des Moines: The Dyer Publishing Company. p. 590.
- ^ "Fort Pillow Massacre". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved August 5, 2013.
- ^ Critchell, Robert S. (May 3, 1864). "The Fort Pillow Massacre". The New York Times. Retrieved August 5, 2013.
- ^ U.S. Congress (2006) [February 6, 1905]. Fort Pillow Massacre. ISBN 978-1-933706-00-9.
- ^ Cimprich, John; Mainfort, Robert C., Jr. (December 1989). "The Fort Pillow Massacre: A Statistical Note". The Journal of American History. 76 (3): 830–837. doi:10.2307/2936423. JSTOR 2936423. PMID 11617251.
- ^ "Chapter 14 Winning the West The Army in the Indian Wars". American Military History, Volume I. United States Army Center of Military History. 2005. CMH Pub 30-21.
- ^ ""Inquiry into the Sand Creek Massacre, November, 1864." The Wynkoop Family Research Library. Rootsweb.com: Freepages. Retrieved on 2008-02-19". Freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com. Retrieved 2013-04-16.
- ^ Hoig, Stan. (1977). The Sand Creek Massacre. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-1147-6
- ^ Charles J. Brill, Custer, Black Kettle, and the Fight on the Washita (1938), p. 155.
- ^ "ABC-CLIO Schools|Washita Massacre". Historyandtheheadlines.abc-clio.com. 2007-09-26. Retrieved 2013-04-16.
- ^ Andrist, Ralph K., The Long Death: The Last Days of the Plains Indians, University of Oklahoma Press, 2001, 371 pages, pp 157–162, ISBN 978-0-8061-3308-9
- ^ Brown, Dee, Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee, Henry Holt and Co., 2007, 487 pages, pp 167–169, ISBN 978-0-8050-8684-3
- ^ Churchill, Ward, A Little Matter of Genocide: Holocaust and Denial in the Americas, 1492 to the Present, City Lights, 1997, 381 pages, p 236, ISBN 978-0-87286-323-1
- ^ "Sand Creek Memorial and Washita Sites". Colorado Humanities. Archived from the original on 2012-02-27. Retrieved 2013-04-16.
- ^ Cox, Dale. "Washita Battlefield, Oklahoma". ExploreSouthernHistory.com. Archived from the original on May 2, 2013. Retrieved 2013-04-16.
- ^ "Giago, Tim – Honoring Those Who Died at Washita". Huffington Post. 2007-04-22. Retrieved 2013-04-16.
- ^ "The 140th Anniversary of the Washita Massacre of Nov. 27, 1868". Native American Netroots. Retrieved 2013-04-16.
- ^ "THE WEST – Washita". PBS. Retrieved 2013-04-16.
- ^ The Saint Francis Herald, "Cherry Creek Massacre recognized in magazine", St. Francis, Kansas, November 17, 2005
- ^ Zeman, Scott C., Chronology of the American West from 23,000 B.C.E. through the Twentieth Century, ABC-CLIO, 2002, 381 pages, p 155, ISBN 978-1-57607-207-3
- ^ "Chinese Massacre of 1871". University of Southern California. June 23, 2002. Archived from the original on October 14, 2012.
- ^ Erika Lee, Review of The Chinatown War: Chinese Los Angeles and the Massacre of 1871, by Scott Zesch, Journal of American History, vol. 100, no. 1 (June 2013), pg. 217.
- ^ The Nebraska Indian Wars reader, 1865–1877 By R. Eli Paul p.88 Publisher: University of Nebraska Press (April 1, 1998) Language: English ISBN 0-8032-8749-6
- ^ Greenway, Paul. (2002). Bulgaria: Centuries of History Ripe for Discovery. P141. Lonely Planet. ISBN 1-86450-148-0
- ^ Bousfield, Jonathan. (2002). The Rough Guide to Bulgaria. P352. Rough Guides. ISBN 1-85828-882-7
- ^ Crampton, R.J. (2007). Bulgaria. P92. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-820514-7
- ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. 4 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
- ^ Chaput, John (2007). "Frog Lake Massacre". The Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan. University of Regina and Canadian Plains Research Center. Archived from the original on 4 September 2009. Retrieved 8 June 2010.
- ^ W. B. Cameron, "Massacre at Frog Lake" Archived 2005-12-15 at the Wayback Machine, University of Alberta Libraries, response by W. B. Cameron to "Massacre at Frog Lake", Edmonton Journal, 4 April 1939. Retrieved 2 August 2009.
- ^ Camp Pilot Butte, National Register of Historic Places.
- ^ Larson, History of Wyoming, pp. 141–44.
- ^ Daniels, Asian America, pp. 61–63.
- ^ Ostler, Jeffrey, Conquest and the State, 65 Pacific Hist. Rev. 217, 248 n.52 (1996)(collecting estimates)
- ^ National Historic Landmarks Program: Wounded Knee Archived 2008-03-09 at the Wayback Machine National Park Service. Retrieved on 19 February 2008.
- ^ "The Wounded Knee Massacre". Archived from the original on December 5, 2011.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Charny, Israel W. (1999). Encyclopedia of genocide (illustrated ed.). ABC-CLIO. p. 287. ISBN 978-0-87436-928-1. "also known as the Hamidian Massacres, after the sultan", distinguishing the current name from what the events were previously known as: the Armenian Massacres.
- ^ Cohan, Sara (October 2005). "A Brief History of the Armenian Genocide". Social Education. National Science Teachers Association, 1840 Wilson Boulevard, Arlington, Virginia 22201-3000. v69 (n6): 333. ISSN 0037-7724. "They are now known as the Hamidian Massacres"
- ^ Totten, Samuel; Paul Robert Bartrop; Jacobs, Steven L. (2008). Dictionary of genocide. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 23. ISBN 978-0-313-34642-2. "they are now often called the Hamidian massacres to distinguish them from the greater atrocities associated with the 1915 Armenian Genocide"
- ^ Western Cape Institute for Historical Research (1993-01-01). "Kronos". Kronos. Issues. University of the Western Cape. 20–22: 57–60.
- ^ Mark Twain, Weapons of Satire, pp. 168–178, Syracuse University Press, Syracuse, New York 1992
- ^ American Troops Killing Muslims: A Massacre to Remember Archived 2008-09-06 at the Wayback Machine, by Christine Gibson, AmericanHeritage.com, March 8, 2006
- ^ Byler, Charles A. Pacifying the Moros; Military Review, May–June, 2005
- ^ Creelman, James (August 22, 1909). "The Slaughter of Christians In Asia Minor". The New York Times.
- ^ Akcam, Taner. A Shameful Act. 2006, pp. 69–70: "fifteen to twenty thousand Armenians were killed"
- ^ "30,000 Killed in Massacres". The New York Times. April 25, 1909.
- ^ Century of Genocide: Eyewitness Accounts and Critical Views By Samuel. Totten, William S. Parsons, Israel W. Charny
- ^ Walker, 1980, pp. 182–88
- ^ American Experience|The Rockefellers|Special Features|The Ludlow Massacre (PBS)
- ^ "The Ludlow Massacre|United Mine Workers of America". Umwa.org. Retrieved 2013-04-16.
- ^ Zinn, H. "The Ludlow Massacre", Excerpt from A People's History of the United States. pgs 346–349.
- ^ Westerlund, Lars (2004). "Me odotimme teitä vapauttajina ja te toitte kuolemaa – Viipurin valloituksen yhteydessä teloitetut venäläiset". Venäläissurmat Suomessa 1914–22: Osa 2.2. Sotatapahtumat 1918–22. Prime Minister's Office of Finland. ISBN 952-5354-45-8.
- ^ Report of Commissioners, Vol 1, New Delhi, p. 105
- ^ Jump up to: a b "Amritsar, Episode 83", This Sceptred Isle: Empire, BBC, June 7, 2006
- ^ Jump up to: a b "Massacre of Amritsar". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved February 15, 2008.
- ^ "The Inter-Allied Investigation of the Greek Invasion of Smyrna, 1919". doi:10.1163/2468-1733_shafr_sim110060001. Cite journal requires
|journal=(help) - ^ McNeill, William H. (1989). Arnold J. Toynbee : a Life. Oxford: Oxford University Press, USA. ISBN 978-0-19-992339-7. OCLC 778339562.
- ^ https://www.scribd.com/doc/46207420/Ar%C5%9Fiv-Belgelerine-Gore-Balkanlar%E2%80%99da-ve-Anadolu%E2%80%99da-Yunan-Mezalimi-2. Missing or empty
|title=(help) - ^ Smith, Michael Llewellyn, 1939– (1998). Ionian vision : Greece in Asia Minor, 1919–1922 : with a new introduction. London: C. Hurst. ISBN 1-85065-413-1. OCLC 40461928.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- ^ Chambers, Mortimer; Toynbee, Arnold (1970). "Some Problems of Greek History". The Classical World. 64 (2): 62. doi:10.2307/4347289. ISSN 0009-8418. JSTOR 4347289.
- ^ Jump up to: a b T. Ryle Dwyer, The Squad and the intelligence operations of Michael Collins, Dublin, 2005
- ^ David Leeson, "Death in the Afternoon: The Croke Park Massacre, 21 November 1920", Canadian Journal of History, vol. 38, no. 1 (April 2003)
- ^ Florida Department of State, State Library & Archives of Florida, Rosewood Bibliography "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2009-02-21. Retrieved 2009-09-29.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
- ^ Time vol. 11 (1928), p. 12, use in scare quotes: "The back of their mine strike broken, the I. W. W.'s in Colorado resented it last fortnight when Louis N. Scherf, 'hero' of the Columbine Mine 'massacre' (Time Dec. 5), was posted in Walsenburg, Colo., with his squad of sharpshooting State Police"
- ^ Michigan History, vols. 65–66, Michigan Department of State, 1981, p. 48.
- ^ Elspeth Young, The Aboriginal Component in the Australian Economy (1981), p. 9.
- ^ "Freedom of Information/Privacy Act". Federal Bureau of Investigation. Archived from the original on November 5, 2010.
- ^ Al Capone: Chicago's Most Infamous Mob Boss – The Crime library Archived April 10, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Jump up to: a b Schoenberg, Shira, "The Hebron Massacre of 1929", Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved March 3, 2010.
- ^ "Safed Victims Put at 70 Killed and Wounded", New York Times, September 1, 1929
- ^ "Safed Massacre of 1929". Safed.co.il. 1929-08-14. Retrieved 2013-04-16.
- ^ McPherson, Alan (2014). "Herbert Hoover, occupation withdrawal, and the good neighbor policy". Presidential Studies Quarterly. 44 (4): 623+.
- ^ Belleau, Jean-Philippe (2016-01-25). "Massacres perpetrated in the 20th Century in Haiti". Sciences Po. Retrieved 2021-05-28.
- ^ Danticat, Edwidge. "The Long Legacy of Occupation in Haiti". The New Yorker. Retrieved 2021-06-02.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Habib, Irfan (September–October 1997). "Civil Disobedience 1930–31". Social Scientist. 25 (9–10): 43–66. doi:10.2307/3517680. JSTOR 3517680.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Johansen, Robert C. (1997). "Radical Islam and Nonviolence: A Case Study of Religious Empowerment and Constraint Among Pashtuns". Journal of Peace Research. 34 (1): 53–71. doi:10.1177/0022343397034001005. S2CID 145684635.
- ^ "Der Krieg am Ararat" (Telegramm unseres Korrespondenten) Berliner Tageblatt, October 3, 1930, "... die Türken in der Gegend von Zilan 220 Dörfer zerstört und 4500 Frauen und Greise massakriert". (in German)
- ^ M. Kalman, Belge, tanık ve yaşayanlarıyla Ağrı Direnişi 1926–1930, Pêrî Yayınları, Istanbul, 1997, ISBN 975-8245-01-5, p. 105. (in Turkish)
- ^ Jump up to: a b c Tamcke, Martin (2004-01-01). Syriaca II. LIT Verlag Münster. pp. 289, 290. ISBN 3-8258-7834-1.
- ^ Jump up to: a b 19 Were killed including 2 policemen caught in the cross-fire The Washington Post. Tuesday, December 28, 1999; Page A03. Apology Isn't Enough for Puerto Rico Spy Victims'.' Retrieved July 8, 2009.
- ^ Biggest Massacre in Puerto Rican History. Retrieved July 14, 2009.
- ^ Kaussen, Valerie (December 24, 2007). Migrant Revolutions: Haitian Literature, Globalization, and U.S. Imperialism. Lexington Books. ISBN 9780739130162 – via Google Books.
- ^ Galván, Javier A. (2012). Latin American Dictators of the 20th Century: The Lives and Regimes of 15 Rulers. McFarland. p. 53.
- ^ "Resmi raporlarda Dersim katliamı: 13 bin kişi öldürüldü", Radikal, November 19, 2009. (in Turkish)
- ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-10-20. Retrieved 2011-08-07.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
- ^ Honda Katsuichi, The Nanjing Massacre, M.E. Sharp 1998
- ^ Fordham University webpage: Modern History Sourcebook
- ^ Matthew White Nanking Massacre, Accessed December 17, 2007. Cites eight sources directly and another ten indirectly. Lowest estimate Spence, The Search for Modern China: 42,000. Highest estimate Iris Chang, The Rape of Nanking (1997), citing James Yin & Shi Young: 400,000
- ^ Justin Harmon Student-Run Conference to Examine Nanking Massacre, Princeton University, November 12, 1997
- ^ John Earl Haynes and Harvey Klehr. In Denial: Historians, Communism, and Espionage. Encounter Books, 2003. ISBN 1-893554-72-4 p. 22
- ^ Aleksandr Shelepin's March 3, 1959 note to Khrushchev, with information about the execution of 21,857 Poles and with the proposal to destroy their personal files. Online Archived March 25, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Beria's March 1940 proposal to shoot 25,700 Poles from Kozelsk, Ostashkov, and Starobels camps, and from certain prisons of Western Ukraine and Belarus bearing Stalin's signature (among others). proposal online Archived March 30, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Fischer, Benjamin B., "The Katyn Controversy: Stalin's Killing Field", Studies in Intelligence, Winter 1999–2000
- ^ "Katyn Massacre", Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved December 23, 2007.
- ^ Jolly, Cyril (1957). The Vengeance of Private Pooley. William Heineman Ltd. ISBN 0-9507733-1-X.
- ^ Goldstein, Ivo (2007). "The Independent State of Croatia in 1941: On the Road to Catastrophe". In Ramet, Sabrina P. (ed.). The Independent State of Croatia 1941–45. New York: Routledge. p. 22. ISBN 978-1-138-86811-3.
- ^ Levene, Mark (2013). The Crisis of Genocide, Annihilation: The European Rimlands, 1939–1953. 1. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-968304-8.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Robert Gellately. Lenin, Stalin, and Hitler: The Age of Social Catastrophe. Knopf, 2007 ISBN 1-4000-4005-1 p. 391
- ^ Rhodes, Richard (2002). Masters of Death: The SS-Einsatzgruppen and the Invention of the Holocaust. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 0-375-40900-9.
- ^ Jump up to: a b The Holocaust Chronicle: Massacre at Babi Yar, The Holocaust Chronicle web site. Retrieved 17 December 2007.
- ^ Khiterer, Victoria (2004). "Babi Yar: The tragedy of Kiev's Jews" (PDF). Brandeis Graduate Journal. 2: 1–16. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 28, 2007. Retrieved 2008-01-20.
- ^ "A survivor of the Babi Yar massacre". Heritage: Civilization and the Jews. Public Broadcasting System (PBS). Retrieved 2008-01-20.
- ^ Wette, Wolfram (2006). The Wehrmacht: History, Myth, Reality. Harvard University Press. p. 112.
The massacre at Babi Yar, near Kyiv, which claimed the lives of more than thirty thousand Jewish victims on September 29 and 30, 1941, was the largest single mass killing for which the German army was responsible during its campaign against the Soviet Union.
- ^ Dougherty, Jill & Bittermann, Jim (2001-06-25). "Pope visits Jewish massacre site". CNN. Retrieved 2008-01-20.
- ^ Rozen, Marcu (1943-09-01). "The Holocaust in Romania Under the Antonescu Government (24)". Holocaustremembrance.net. Archived from the original on May 29, 2012. Retrieved 2013-04-16.
- ^ *Ezergailis, Andrew (1996a). "Latvia". In Wyman, David S.; Rosenzveig, Charles H. (eds.). The World Reacts to the Holocaust. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 239. ISBN 0-8018-4969-1.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Saff Fall of Ambon: Massacred at Laha Archived 2012-02-27 at the Wayback Machine, Australia's War 1939-145 Archived 2017-04-21 at the Wayback Machine An Australian government website.
- ^ Peter Stanley The defence of the 'Malay barrier': Rabaul and Ambon, January 1942 principal historian to Australian War Memorial
- ^ Jump up to: a b Katerina Zachovalova. War Crime To War Game, Time, September 17
- ^ David Vaughan. The Lidice massacre – atrocity and courage website of Czech Radio, 11 June 2002
- ^ "Lidice memorial". Lidice-memorial.cz. Retrieved 2013-04-16.
- ^ "Memorial Acqui Division Kefalonia - Argostoli - TracesOfWar.com".
- ^ "Massacre on Wake Island". Archived from the original on 2014-10-17. Retrieved 2013-10-06.
- ^ Burke, Matthew M. (January 22, 2012). "Search for closure, accurate account of Wake Island massacre continues". Stars and Stripes.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "Oradour Info – Oradour-sur-Glane 10th June 1944". Oradour.info. Retrieved 2013-04-16.
- ^ "The Second World War – The massacre at Oradour-sur-Glane". Secondworldwar.co.uk. 1944-06-10. Retrieved 2013-04-16.
- ^ Mackness, Robin. "Oradour Massacre and Aftermath". Oradour.info. Retrieved 2013-04-16.
- ^ Mackness, Robin (1988). Massacre at Oradour. ISBN 978-0-394-57002-0. Retrieved 2013-04-16.
- ^ Hare-Cuming, Stephanie (2013-03-01). "Massacre at Oradour, France, 1944". Fh.oxfordjournals.org. Oxford Journals. Archived from the original on 2008-12-01. Retrieved 2013-04-16.
- ^ Farmer, Sarah (1999). Martyred Village: Commemorating the 1944 Massacre at Oradour-sur-Glane. H-net.msu.edu. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-21186-5. Retrieved 2013-04-16.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Italy convicts Nazis of massacre BBC, January 13, 2007
- ^ Richard Owen. "Ten convicted for 1944 massacre", The Times (London), January 15, 2007
- ^ The Malmedy Massacre Revisited – Henri Rogister, Joseph Dejardin and Emile Jamar
- ^ Goldstein, Donald M.; J. Michael Wenger; Dillon, Katherine V. (1997). Nuts! the Battle of the Bulge (illustrated ed.). Brassey's. p. 91. ISBN 978-1-57488-279-7.
- ^ Euphemistically Celler Hasenjagd ("hare chase of Celle"). The English term "Celle Massacre Trial" for the trial of 1947/8 is referenced in Mijndert Bertram, Celle '45: Aspekte einer Zeitenwende (1995), p. 26.
- ^ Geiger, Vladimir (2013). "Human losses of Croats in World War II and the immediate post-war period caused by the Chetniks (Yugoslav Army in the Fatherland) and the Partisans (People's Liberation Army and the partisan detachment of Yugoslavia/Yugoslav Army) and the Yugoslav Communist authoritities. Numerical indicators". Review of Croatian History. Croatian institute of history. 8 (1): 77–121.
- ^ *A 1961 Massacre of Algerians in Paris When the Media Failed the Test James J. Napoli
- ^ Yves Courrière, La guerre d'Algérie, tome 1 (Les fils de la Toussaint), Fayard, Paris 1969, ISBN 2-213-61118-1
- ^ * Jean Louis Planche, Sétif 1945, histoire d'un massacre annoncé, Perrin, Paris 2006
- ^ "History Matters: Few know of World War II massacre in Salina". Retrieved December 6, 2012.
- ^ Harris, Justin M. (December 2009). "American Soldiers and POW Killing in the European Theater of World War II" (PDF): 1–2. Retrieved November 28, 2018. Cite journal requires
|journal=(help) - ^ Flanders, Christian. "The P.O.W. Camp at Salina, Utah". Intermountain Histories. Northern Arizona University. Retrieved December 7, 2018.
- ^ de Zayas, Alfred M.: A terrible Revenge. Palgrave/Macmillan, New York, 1994.
- ^ Naimark, Norman: Fires of Hatred. Ethnic Cleansing in Twentieth – Century Europe. Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 2001.
- ^ Prausser Steffen and Rees, Arfon: The Expulsion of the "German Communities from Eastern Europe at the End of the Second World War. Florence, Italy, European University Institute, 2004.
- ^ Wang, Amy. "For decades, no one spoke of Taiwan's hidden massacre. A new generation is breaking the silence". The Washington Post. Retrieved 28 February 2017. his grandfather had been one of the tens of thousands of victims targeted and murdered in Taiwan's "February 28 Massacres."
- ^ Shattuck, Thomas (27 February 2017). "Taiwans White Terror: Remembering the 228 Incident". Foreign Policy Research Institute. Just blocks away from the Presidential Palace in Taipei is a museum and park memorializing the victims of the 228 Massacre.
- ^ Commission of enquiry report, Palestine Post, 20 Feb 1948.
- ^ "제주4.3사건 희생자·유족 추가신고 받는다". www.korea.kr.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Ghosts Of Cheju Newsweek
- ^ Kana'ana and Zeitawi, 1987.
- ^ "Hadassah Convoy Massacre". Zionism-israel.com. Retrieved 2013-04-16.
- ^ Allon, Yigal, (1970) "Shield of David – The Story of Israel's Armed Forces". Weidenfeld and Nicolson. SBN 297 00133 7. Page 196.
- ^ Gilbert, Martin (1977) "Jerusalem – Illustrated History Atlas". Published in conjunction with the Board of Deputies of British Jews. Map 50, page 93.
- ^ Shehadeh, Raja (October 16, 2012). "The Nakba, Then and Now". The New York Times.
- ^ "Massacre at Dahmash mosque in al-Lydd". Archived from the original on 2017-12-08. Retrieved 2013-09-04.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "70 years after Babrra massacre, victims' families demand justice, as deaths of 600 Khudai Khidmatgars remain buried in history – Firstpost". www.firstpost.com. Retrieved 2018-08-12.
- ^ "THE DAWAYMEH MASSACRE" (PDF). UNITED NATIONS CONCILIATION COMMISSION FOR PALESTINE. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 17, 2015.
- ^ Israel and the Palestinian Refugees. Springer Science & Business Media. 2007-02-17. ISBN 9783540681618.
- ^ "October 29: The Safsaf Massacre, 1948". Jewish Currents. Retrieved 2018-10-29.
- ^ Khalili, Laleh (2007). Heroes and Martyrs of Palestine: The Politics of National Commemoration. Cambridge University Press. p. 167. ISBN 9781139462822.
- ^ #B. Morris, The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited, Cambridge University Press, 2004. pp481,487,501,502.
- ^ An article (no title given) by R. Barkan from the Mapam newspaper Al Hamishmar, quoting a letter from eyewitness Dov Yirmiya and the Jewish Agency's response, translated in the Journal of Palestine Studies, vol. VII, no. 4 (summer 1978), no. 28, pp. 143–145.
- ^ "Malay massacre evidence to be reviewed by the UK government". BBC News. 2009-04-28. Retrieved 2013-04-16.
- ^ Kent, Jonathan (July 17, 2004). "Past lessons for occupying forces". BBC News.
- ^ Only one reference names this as "the Batang Massacre" rather than just a massacre at Batang
- ^ "Hari Ini 68 Tahun Silam, 2.600 Warga Rengat Dibantai Belanda, Termasuk Ayah Penyair Terkemuka Chairil Anwar". PotretNews.com (in Indonesian). 2017-01-05. Retrieved 2021-07-02.
- ^ 민간인학살 울산-문경 두 판결문 비교. 경남도민일보 (in Korean). 2009-02-16. Retrieved 2010-07-08.
- ^ 두 민간인 학살 사건, 상반된 판결 왜 나왔나?'울산보도연맹' – '문경학살사건' 판결문 비교분석해 봤더니.... OhmyNews (in Korean). 2009-02-17. Archived from the original on 2011-05-03. Retrieved 2010-07-08.
- ^ Diplomat, Benjamin Katzeff Silberstein, The. "South Korea's Own History Problem". The Diplomat.
- ^ "Korea bloodbath probe ends; US escapes much blame". San Diego Union-Tribune. July 10, 2010.
- ^ South Korea owns up to brutal past Sydney Morning Herald
- ^ Jump up to: a b "서울대병원, 6.25전쟁 참전 용사들을 위한 추모제 가져". Seoul National University Hospital. 2010-06-04. Archived from the original on 2013-01-20. Retrieved 2012-07-19.
- ^ Committee for the Review and Restoration of Honor for the No Gun Ri Victims (2009). No Gun Ri Incident Victim Review Report. Seoul: Government of the Republic of Korea. pp. 247–249, 328. ISBN 978-89-957925-1-3.
- ^ Lee, B-C (2012-10-15). "No Gun Ri Foundation held special law seminar". Newsis (online news agency) (in Korean). Retrieved 2020-02-18.
- ^ "War's hidden chapter: Ex-GIs tell of killing Korean refugees". Associated Press. September 29, 1999.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Soldiers scale Hill 303 in honor of fallen comrades Archived 2012-03-27 at the Wayback Machine 8th United States Army
- ^ Jump up to: a b c "< 북에서의 6.25 '미군만행' 확인될까 >". JoongAng Daily. 2001-05-16. Archived from the original on 2013-06-19. Retrieved 2012-08-03.
- ^ Sung-hwan, Kim (2008-05-22). "남양주 민간인학살 국가사과 권고". Hankyoreh. Retrieved 2012-08-30.
- ^ Hanley, Charles J. & Jae-Soon Chang (December 6, 2008). "Children 'executed' in 1950 South Korean killings". San Diego Union-Tribune. Associated Press. Retrieved 2012-08-30.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Chun-hwa, Hwang (2011-11-29). "고양 금정굴 민간인 학살...법원 "유족에 국가배상을"". Hankyoreh. Retrieved 2011-11-29.
- ^ 강화교동도 학살•1 '우익단체가 주민 212명 총살' 공식확인 유족 주장 사실로.... Kyeongin Ilbo (in Korean). 2006-02-28. Retrieved 2010-07-12.
- ^ 강화지역 민간인 학살 희생자 고유제 및 추모제. Incheon Ilbo (in Korean). 2009-10-20. Retrieved 2010-07-12.[dead link]
- ^ Jump up to: a b '산청·함양 양민학살' 책 펴낸 강희근 교수. Newstoday21 (in Korean). 2008-11-07. Archived from the original on July 22, 2011. Retrieved 2010-07-11.
- ^ Jump up to: a b 편히 영면하소서!'..거창사건 희생자 위령제. Chosun Ilbo (in Korean). 2009-04-17. Archived from the original on June 11, 2011. Retrieved 2010-07-11.
- ^ "Mau Mau Massacres 150 Natives In Night Raid Near Kenya Capital". The New York Times. March 28, 1953.
- ^ Corradini, Stephen (1999). Chief Luka and the Lari Massacre: Contrary Notions of Kikuyu Land Tenure and the Mau Mau War. University of Wisconsin-Madison. p. 154. ISBN 0-942615-49-2.
- ^ "South Africa: The Sharpeville Massacre". Time. 1960-04-04. Archived from the original on October 20, 2007. Retrieved 2010-05-08.
- ^ "The Sharpeville Massacre – A watershed in South Africa". Sahistory.org.za. Archived from the original on 2011-06-06. Retrieved 2013-04-16.
- ^ This invitation was later disputed by the Portuguese authorities. Azevedo, Mario (1991) "Mueda" Historical Dictionary of Mozambique Scarecrow Press, Metuchen, New Jersey, page 92, ISBN 0-8108-2413-2
- ^ Jump up to: a b West, Harry G. (2003) ""Who Rules Us Now?" Identity Tokens, Sorcery, and Other Metaphors in the 1994 Mozambican Elections" pp. 92–124 In West, Harry G. (editor) (2003) Transparency and Conspiracy: Ethnographies of suspicion in the new world order Duke University Press, Durham, North Carolina, page 103, ISBN 0-8223-3036-9
- ^ Jump up to: a b Newitt, Malyn D. D. (1995) A History of Mozambique Indiana University Press, Bloomington, Indiana, page 521, ISBN 0-253-34006-3
- ^ Fitzpatrick, Mary (2007) Mozambique Lonely Planet, Footscray, Victoria, Australia, page 162, ISBN 978-1-74059-188-1
- ^ West, Harry G. (2003) "'Who Rules Us Now?' Identity Tokens, Sorcery, and Other Metaphors in the 1994 Mozambican Elections" pp. 92–124 In West, Harry G. (editor) (2003) Transparency and Conspiracy: Ethnographies of suspicion in the new world order Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press, page 120, note 31, ISBN 0-8223-3036-9 "The number of casualties is disputed. Nationalists suggested that as many a six hundred were killed, while Portuguese accounts sometimes place the number of casualties in the single digits."
- ^ Alessandra Stanley, Russian General Campaigns On Old-Time Soviet Values The New York Times, October 13, 1995
- ^ Alexander Nikolaevich Yakovlev. A Century of Violence in Soviet Russia. Yale University Press, 2002. ISBN 0-300-08760-8 p. 228
- ^ Alexander Nikolaevich Yakovlev. A Century of Violence in Soviet Russia. Yale University Press, 2002. ISBN 0-300-08760-8 p. 226
- ^ Benjamin Stora, Algeria, 1830–2000: A Short History (Cornell University Press, 2004) p105
- ^ "No Apology Forthcoming as 50th Anniversary of Anti-Communist Massacre Looms". Jakarta Globe. Retrieved 2021-04-12.
- ^ "Indonesia massacres: Declassified US files shed new light". BBC News. 2017-10-17. Retrieved 2021-04-12.
- ^ Post, The Jakarta. "1965 victims: We don't want communism, just reconciliation". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 2021-04-12.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Armstrong, Charles (2001). Critical asian studies, Volume 33, Issue 4:America's Korea, Korea's Vietnam. Routledge. pp. 530–534.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "On War extra – Vietnam's massacre survivors" (Flash Video). AlJazeera. YouTube. January 4, 2009. Retrieved July 9, 2011.
- ^ "Binh Hoa Massacre". Tourist attractions: Relics. People's Committee of Quảng Ngãi province. Archived from the original on August 8, 2011. Retrieved July 9, 2011.
- ^ Anderson, David L. (2004). The Columbia Guide to the Vietnam War. pp. 98–9
- ^ Jackson, Gerald (16–22 February 1998). "Hue: the massacre the Left wants us to forget". The New Australian. Retrieved 25 April 2014.
- ^ Anderson, David L. The Columbia Guide to the Vietnam War. 2004, page 98-9
- ^ "List of Civilians Massacred by the Communists During "Tet Mau Than" in Thua Thien Province ad Hue City" (PDF). RVN. Retrieved 25 April 2014.[dead link]
- ^ "List of Civilians Massacred by the Communists During "Tet Mau Than" in Thua Thien Province ad Hue City" (PDF). RVN. Retrieved 25 April 2014.[dead link]
- ^ Kendrick Oliver, The My Lai Massacre in American History and Memory (Manchester University Press, 2006), p. 27.
- ^ Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups around the World, edited by James Minahan, vol. 4 (Greenwood, 2002), p. 1761.
- ^ Pierre Journod, "La France, les États-Unis et la guerre du Vietnam: l'année 1968", in Les relations franco-américaines au XX siècle, edited by Pierre Melandri and Serge Ricard (L'Harmattan, 2003), p. 176.
- ^ Manley, Jacqueline. Saigon Salvation. Xulon Press. p. 364. ISBN 1622306716.
- ^ Lone survivor recalls Jabidah Massacre – INQUIRER.net, Philippine News for Filipinos Archived September 13, 2015, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Guillermo, Artemio R. (16 December 2011). Historical Dictionary of the Philippines. Scarecrow Press. p. 293. ISBN 978-0-8108-7511-1.
- ^ McCoy, Alfred W. (2009). Policing America's empire: the United States, the Philippines, and the rise of the surveillance state. Univ of Wisconsin Press. pp. 390–391. ISBN 978-0-299-23414-0.
- ^ Han Hong-gu, Sungkonghoe University professor (2000-11-15). 미국의 관심은 '학살은폐 책임' 최초공개된 미국 비밀보고서의 의미... 정부는 참전군인의 명예를 위해서 진상조사에 나서라. Hankyoreh (in Korean). Retrieved 2011-01-29.
- ^ Kwon, Heonik (2006-11-10). After the massacre: commemoration and consolation in Ha My and My Lai. University of California Press. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-520-24797-0.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "Murder in the name of war – My Lai", BBC News, July 20, 1998
- ^ "The My Lai Massacre", Public Broadcasting Service, March 29, 2005
- ^ "Former Mexican president sheds light on 1968 massacre", CNN, February 4, 1998
- ^ Jump up to: a b "Mexican Court Issues Warrant for Former President". Foxnews.com. 1968-10-02. Archived from the original on 2013-05-27. Retrieved 2013-04-16.
- ^ "Tlatelolco: las Claves de la Masacre" Archived November 24, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, "in a CIA document it reads 'As is typical in Mexico, accurate statistics concerning the number of casualties in the 2 October battle cannot be found. Reports have been received of as high as 350 killed. The best Embassy estimate is that this figure is between 150 and 200.'".
- ^ Weiner, Tim (2003-02-07). "Mexico Digs at Last for Truth About 1968 Massacre". New York Times. Retrieved 2013-04-16.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Lang, John (2000-05-04). "The day the Vietnam War came home". Scripps Howard News service. Retrieved 2007-11-09.
- ^ Caputo, Philip (May 4, 2005). "The Kent State Shootings, 35 Years Later". NPR. Retrieved November 9, 2007.
These would be the first of many probes into what soon became known as the Kent State Massacre. Like the Boston Massacre almost exactly two hundred years before (March 5, 1770), which it resembled, it was called a massacre not for the number of its victims but for the wanton manner in which they were shot down.
- ^ Ryan, Tim (May 4, 2007). "Congressman Tim Ryan Gives Speech at 37th Commemoration of Kent State Massacre". Congressional website of Rep. Tim Ryan (D-Ohio). Retrieved November 9, 2007.
- ^ Dated quote (diary of Tony Benn, 31 January 1972) in Ruth Winstone, Events, Dear Boy, Events: A Political Diary of Britain 1921–2010 (2012).
- ^ Walker, Christopher; Barkham, Patrick (October 17, 2002). "Killing of 14 was not justified, says Bloody Sunday soldier". The Times. London. Retrieved July 22, 2009.
- ^ Feemster, Ron (March 7, 2002). "Fitting Bloody Sunday Into the Present". The New York Times. p. 1. Retrieved July 22, 2009.
- ^ "Bloody Sunday killings 'unjustified and unjustifiable'". BBC News. June 15, 2010. Retrieved June 15, 2010.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "In what became known as the Lod Airport Massacre three members of the terrorist group, Japanese Red Army, arrived at the airport aboard an Air France flight from Paris. Once inside the airport they grabbed automatic firearms from their carry-on cases and fired at airport staff and visitors. In the end, 26 people died and 80 people were injured." CBC News, The Fifth Estate, "Fasten Your Seatbelts: Ben Gurion Airport in Israel", 2007. Retrieved June 2, 2008.
- ^ "The short-term impact of the Lod Airport massacre as a precursor to Munich..." Stephen Sloan, John C. Bersia, J. B. Hill. Terrorism: The Present Threat in Context, Berg Publisher, 2006, p. 50. ISBN 1-84520-344-5
- ^ "Two years later, just before the Lod Airport massacre, authorities uncovered the bodies of 14 young men and women on remote Mount Haruna, 70 miles northwest of Tokyo." "Again the Red Army", Time, August 18, 1975.
- ^ "Those named by Lebanese officials as having been arrested included at least three Red Army members who have been wanted for years by Japanese authorities, most notably Kozo Okamoto, 49, the only member of the attacking group who survived the Lod Airport massacre." "Lebanon Seizes Japanese Radicals Sought in Terror Attacks", The New York Times, February 19, 1997.
- ^ "They were responsible for the Lod Airport massacre in Israel in 1972, which was committed on behalf of the PFLP." Jeffrey D. Simon, The Terrorist Trap: America's Experience with Terrorism, Indiana University Press, p. 324. ISBN 0-253-21477-7
- ^ "Munich Massacre Remembered". CBS News. 2002-09-05.
- ^ Wolff, Alexander (September 2, 2002). "When The Terror Began". Time. Archived from the original on April 7, 2010. Retrieved May 8, 2010.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "La Masacre de Ezeiza". El Historiador. 2005. Archived from the original on 2016-02-01.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "Revisiting the February 7–8, 1974, Burning of Jolo". Archived from the original on 2013-03-08. Retrieved 2021-03-14.
- ^ Sources describing the event as a "massacre":
- "The day after the Ma'alot massacre, condemned by Pope Paul VI and most Western leaders as "an evil outrage", ..." Frank Gervasi. Thunder Over the Mediterranean, McKay, 1975, p. 443.
- "The previous day Israel had been traumatized by the Ma'alot massacre, which had resulted in the deaths of numerous schoolchildren." William B. Quandt. Peace Process: American Diplomacy and the Arab-Israeli Conflict Since 1967, Brookings Institution Press, 2001, p. 432.
- "Faced with a public outcry over the Ma'alot massacre, they demanded of Syria a pledge to forbid terrorist to cross the Golan into Israel." Milton Viorst. Sands of Sorrow: Israel's Journey from Independence, I.B.Tauris, 1987, p. 192.
- "...Organization (PLO) crimes, like the massacre of Israeli athletes at the Munich Olympic Games in 1972 and the Ma'alot massacre of children in 1974." Richard J. Chasdi. Tapestry of Terror: A Portrait of Middle East Terrorism, 1994–1999, Lexington Books, 2002, p. 6.
- "The PFLP was responsible for the Ma'alot massacre on May IS, 1974 during which 22 Israeli children were killed." Alex Peter Schmid, A. J. Jongman, Michael Stohl. Political Terrorism: A New Guide to Actors, Authors, Concepts, Data Bases, Theories, & Literature, Transaction Publishers, 2005, p. 639.
- "On 22 November 1974, six months after the Ma'alot massacre, the United Nations General Assembly voted to accept the Palestine Liberation Organisation as an..." Martin Gilbert. The Jews in the Twentieth Century: An Illustrated History, Schocken Books, 2001, p. 327.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c Khoury, Jack. "U.S. filmmakers plan documentary on Ma'alot massacre", Haaretz, March 07, 2007.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Oberling, Pierre. The road to Bellapais: the Turkish Cypriot exodus to northern Cyprus (1982), Social Science Monographs, p. 185
- ^ L'Événement du jeudi, Issues 543–547 (1995), S.A. L'Evénement du jeudi, p. 45 (in French)
- ^ Documents officiels, United Nations
- ^ Jump up to: a b Paul Sant Cassia, Bodies of Evidence: Burial, Memory, and the Recovery of Missing Persons in Cyprus, Berghahn Books, 2007, ISBN 978-1-84545-228-5, p. 237.
- ^ Δημητρίου, Μάριος (21 August 2016). "Μια παλιά μαρτυρία στην Τόχνη". sigmalive.com. Sigma Live. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
- ^ Δημητρίου, Μάριος (20 March 2014). "Κηδεύτηκαν έξι Τουρκοκύπριοι της Τόχνης". sigmalive.com. Sigma Live. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
- ^ Κουκουμάς, Γιώργος (2 August 2015). "Σφαγές Τ/κ από τον ελληνοκυπριακό φασισμό". Διάλογος. Archived from the original on 5 August 2015. Retrieved 31 May 2017.
- ^ "Τουρκοκύπριος συγκλονίζει: Έτσι έγινε η σφαγή της Τόχνης". Πρώτο Θέμα.
- ^ "Remembering the Tochni Massacre". T-Vine. 15 August 2014. Retrieved 29 June 2017.
- ^ Paul Sant Cassia, Bodies of Evidence: Burial, Memory, and the Recovery of Missing Persons in Cyprus, Berghahn Books, 2007, ISBN 978-1-84545-228-5, Massacre&f=false p. 61.
- ^ Gisela Welz,European Products: Making and Unmaking Heritage in Cyprus, Berghahn Books, 2015, ISBN 9781782388234 p. 53
- ^ Jump up to: a b Mawallil, Amir. "OPINION: The Malisbong Massacre and the privilege to remember". ABS-CBN News.
- ^ Carton, Donna (December 11, 2005). "Miami Showband massacre files to stay under wraps". Sunday Mirror. Archived from the original on March 10, 2008. Retrieved February 5, 2008.
- ^ "Miami Showband massacre remembered". BreakingNews.ie. 30 July 2005. Archived from the original on February 5, 2008. Retrieved 2008-02-05.
- ^ "Miami Showband Memorial Unveiled". 4NI.co.uk. 10 December 2007. Archived from the original on 12 March 2008. Retrieved 2008-02-05.
- ^ "Ahern unveils Miami Showband memorial". The Irish Times. December 10, 2007. Retrieved February 5, 2008.
- ^ Dillon, Martin (1991). The Dirty War. Arrow Books. p. 174. ISBN 978-0-09-984520-1.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "1976: Ten dead in Northern Ireland ambush", BBC, On this day series (5 January). Retrieved December 23, 2007.
- ^ Sam Knight, "Ulster lukewarm about unsolved murders probe", The Times (London), January 20, 2006
- ^ Kissinger, Henry (1999) Years of Renewal Simon Schuster, ISBN 1-84212-042-5 p 1022
- ^ Jump up to: a b Friedman, New York Times, September 20, 21, 26, 27, 1982. Retrieved May 17, 2009
- ^ Cobban, Helena (1984), The Palestinian Liberation Organisation: People, Power, and Politics, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-27216-5 p 73
- ^ Price, Daniel E. (1999). Islamic Political Culture, Democracy, and Human Rights: A Comparative Study. Greenwood Publishing Company, ISBN 978-0-275-96187-9, p. 68.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "Among the most notorious attacks was the coastal road massacre in Israel in March 1978. The attack left 35 civilians dead and 80 wounded." Ben Gad, Yitschak. Politics, Lies, and Videotape, Shapolsky Publishers, 1991, ISBN 1-56171-015-6, p. 94.
- ^ "1978, March 11. The Coastal Road Massacre" Richard Ernest Dupuy, Trevor Nevitt Dupuy. The Encyclopedia of Military History from 3500 B.C. to the Present, Harper & Row, 1986, ISBN 0-06-181235-8, p. 1362.
- ^ "Operation Litani is launched in retaliation for that month's Coastal Road massacre." Gregory S. Mahler. Politics and Government in Israel: The Maturation of a Modern State, Rowman & Littlefield, 2004, ISBN 0-7425-1611-3, p. 259.
- ^ "So did the Coastal Road massacre of 1978, in which a POLO hijacking of an intercity bus ended with the deaths of thirty-five Israeli hostages." Binyamin Netanyahu. A Durable Peace: Israel and Its Place Among the Nations, Warner Books, 2000, ISBN 0-446-52306-2, p. 218.
- ^ "Ghost of Marichjhapi returns to haunt". Archived from the original on June 10, 2015. Retrieved May 5, 2015.
- ^ "O.A.S. to Reopen Inquiry Into Massacre in El Salvador in 1981". The New York Times. 8 March 2005.
- ^ Yemeni father's school slaughter, The Independent (March 31, 1997)[dead link]
- ^ Friedman, Thomas L., From Beirut to Jerusalem, (Macmillan, 1991), 76–105.
- ^ Robert Fisk Another war on terror. Another proxy army. Another mysterious massacre. And now, after 19 years, perhaps the truth at last... Archived December 1, 2008, at the Wayback Machine, The Independent 28 November 2001
- ^ Cilina Nasser. Sharon role in massacre remembered Archived March 12, 2008, at the Wayback Machine, Al Jazeera, 5 March 2006
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External links
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Massacres. |
- Mikaberidze, Alexander (2013). "Chronology of massacres and war crimes". Atrocities, Massacres, and War Crimes: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. pp. 773–766. ISBN 978-1-59884-926-4.
- World History Database, Alphabetic Listing of Battles Index of World battles.
- Radford, Robert, Great Historical Battles. An extensive list of important battles and influential leaders, from −490 BC to present times.
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