List of massacres in the Soviet Union

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The following is a list of massacres that took place in the Soviet Union. For massacres that took place in countries that were once part of the Soviet Union, see the list of massacres in that country.

Name Date Location Deaths Notes
Execution of the Romanov family 1918, July 16-17 Yekaterinburg 11 Justified by the Bolsheviks as necessary to prevent the anti-communist White Army from rescuing them. The USSR repeatedly denied that Vladimir Lenin was responsible.
Red Terror 1918–1922 Nationwide 100,000–200,000[1][2] For the purpose of political repression and suppression of armed resistance.
First Decossackization 1919–1920s Don and Kuban regions hundreds of thousands[citation needed] Mass murder and genocide of cossacks.
August Uprising 1924 Georgia 7,000-10,000[3] After the failed 1924 August uprising in Georgia, Red army detachments exterminated entire families, including women and children in a series of raids.[4] Mass executions also took place in prisons,[5] where people were shot without trial. Hundreds were shot directly in railway trucks, so that the dead bodies could be removed faster.[6]
Kazakh famine of 1930–33 1930 - 1933 Kazakhstan 1.5 - 2.3 million[7]

Ethnic Kazaks became a minority in Kazakhstan until 1990 due to the genocide.

Case Spring 1930–1931 Russia 3,000+[citation needed] Over a thousand killed in St. Petersburg alone. First purge conducted by Stalin.
Holodomor 1932c- 1933 Ukraine 3.9 million+[8]
Great purge 1936–1938 Nationwide 681,692–1,200,000[citation needed] Ordered by Joseph Stalin.
Polish Operation of the NKVD 1937, August– 1938, November Nationwide 111,091[citation needed] Largest ethnic shooting during the Great purge.
Sandarmokh 1937-38 Sandarmokh, Karelia 9,000[citation needed] Mass executions of prisoners
Vinnytsia massacre 1937–1938 Vinnytsia, Ukraine 11,000[citation needed]
Katyn massacre 1940, April–May Katyn Forest, Kalinin and Kharkiv prisons 22,000[citation needed] Mass executions of Polish nationals by NKVD.
NKVD prisoner massacres 1941, June–July Occupied Poland, Belarus, Ukraine, Baltic states ~100,000[citation needed]
Khatyn massacre 1943, March 22 Khatyn 149[citation needed] Propagandized in the USSR to cover phonetically similar Katyn massacre
Khaibakh massacre 1944, February 27 Chechnya, Soviet Union 230–700[citation needed] During the deportation of the Chechen and Ingush peoples.
Kengir uprising 1954, May 6 – June 26 Kengir 500–700[citation needed]
Novocherkassk massacre 1962, June 1 – 2 Novocherkassk, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union. 26[citation needed]
Jeltoqsan massacre 1986, December 16–19 Alma-Ata, Kazakh SSR 168-200[citation needed]
Sumgait massacre 1988, February 26 – March 1 Sumgait, Azerbaijan SSR 32[citation needed]
Kirovabad pogrom 1988, November Kirovabad, Azerbaijan SSR 7[citation needed]
January Massacre 1990, January 19–20 Baku, Azerbaijan 133-137[citation needed] Known also as the Black January (Qara Yanvar)
Tbilisi Massacre 1989, April 9 Tbilisi, Georgia 21[9][10] hundreds of civilians wounded and killed with sapper spades[11]
Vorkuta uprising 1953, starting July 19 Vorkuta 42[citation needed]
Fântâna Albă massacre 1941, April 1 Northern Bukovina 44–3,000[12][13]
January Events 1991, January 11–13 Vilnius, Lithuania 14[14] After Lithuania recently declared its independence, the USSR sent in the army to crackdown on the "nationalist government". Immediately, hundreds of thousands of unarmed Lithuanians went to the streets to defend the local parliament, TV tower, the radio station and other key buildings. 14 people died during the violence. In 2019, Lithuania sentenced 67 people for war crimes and crimes against humanity.[15]

See also[]

References[]

  1. ^ "How the 'Red Terror' Exposed the True Turmoil of Soviet Russia 100 Years Ago". Time. Retrieved 2020-12-03.
  2. ^ "How Lenin's Red terror set a macabre course soviet union".
  3. ^ Pethybridge, Roger William (1990). One Step Backwards, Two Steps Forward: Soviet Society and Politics in the New Economic Policy. Oxford University. p. 255. ISBN 978-0-19-821927-9.
  4. ^ Lang, David-Marshall (1962). A Modern History of Soviet Georgia. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. p. 243. ISBN 9780700715626.
  5. ^ Rummel, Rudolph J. Lethal Politics: Soviet Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1917. Transaction Publishers.
  6. ^ Surguladze, Akaki. The History of Georgia. Tbilisi, Georgia.
  7. ^ "The Kazakh Famine of 1930-33 and the Politics of History in the Post-Soviet Space | Wilson Center". www.wilsoncenter.org. Retrieved 2020-12-07.
  8. ^ "Holodomor | Facts, Definition, & Death Toll". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2020-12-07.
  9. ^ Gegeshidze, Archil. "The 9 April tragedy — a milestone in the history of modern Georgia". ORF. Retrieved 2020-12-03.
  10. ^ Unlimited, Communications (2019-04-09). "Tbilisi Massacre". Communications Unlimited. Retrieved 2021-03-06.
  11. ^ Gegeshidze, Archil. "The 9 April tragedy — a milestone in the history of modern Georgia". ORF. Retrieved 2020-12-03.
  12. ^ "Un supraviețuitor al Masacrului de la Fântâna Albă vorbește după 71 de ani".
  13. ^ Oprea, Mircea (2016). "Expoziție cutremurătoare la Bruxelles: 75 de ani de la Masacrul de la Fântâna Albă" [Terrible exhibition in Brussels: 75 years since the Fântâna Albă Massacre]. rfi.ro (in Romanian). Radio France Internationale. Retrieved 11 May 2020.
  14. ^ "Lithuania remembers January 13, 1991".
  15. ^ "January 13, 1991. The night when Lithuania faced Soviet troops – through the eyes of ordinary people".
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