List of mass shootings in the United States (1900–1999)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is a list of notable mass shootings in the United States in the 20th century.

Mass shootings are incidents involving no victims of firearm-related violence. The precise inclusion criteria are disputed, and there is no broadly accepted definition.[1][2]

The Gun Violence Archive, a nonprofit research group that tracks shootings and their characteristics in the United States, defines a mass shooting as an incident in which four or more people, excluding the perpetrator(s), are shot in one location at roughly the same time.[3] The Congressional Research Service narrows that definition further, only considering what it defines as "public mass shootings", and only considering victims as those who are killed, excluding any victims who survive.[2] The Washington Post and Mother Jones use similar definitions, with the latter acknowledging that their definition "is a conservative measure of the problem", as many rampages with fewer fatalities occur.[4][5] The crowdsourced Mass Shooting Tracker project uses a definition even looser than the Gun Violence Archive's definition: four people shot in one incident regardless of the circumstances.[6]

Better documentation of mass shootings in the United States has occurred through independent and scholarly studies such as the Stanford University Mass Shootings in America Data Project.[4][2]

Definitions[]

There are varying definitions of a mass shooting. Listed roughly from most broad to most restrictive:

Stanford MSA Data Project: 3+ shot in one incident, at one location, at roughly the same time, excluding organized crime, as well as gang-related and drug-related shootings.[7]
Mass Shooting Tracker: 4+ shot in one incident, at one location, at roughly the same time.[6]
Gun Violence Archive/Vox: 4+ shot in one incident, excluding the perpetrator(s), at one location, at roughly the same time.[3]
Mother Jones: 3+ shot and killed in one incident, excluding the perpetrator(s), at a public place, excluding gang-related killings.[8]
The Washington Post: 4+ shot and killed in one incident, excluding the perpetrator(s), at a public place, excluding gang-related killings.[4]
Congressional Research Service: 4+ shot and killed in one incident, excluding the perpetrator(s), at a public place, excluding gang-related killings, acts carried out that were inspired by criminal profit, and terrorism.[9]

Only shootings that have Wikipedia articles of their own are included in this list. Detailed lists of shootings can be found per-year at their respective pages.

List[]

1990s[]

Date Location Dead Injured Total Description
November 2, 1999 Honolulu, Hawaii 7 0 7 1999 Honolulu shootings: A service technician opened fire inside a Xerox building and killed seven people while an eighth escaped. The perpetrator then held thirty-five school children inside the Hawaii Nature Center before surrendering to police.
September 15, 1999 Fort Worth, Texas 8[n 1] 7 15 Wedgwood Baptist Church shooting: During a concert in the church for teenagers, the perpetrator entered and shot and killed seven attendees and wounded seven others before committing suicide.
August 10, 1999 Los Angeles, California (Granada Hills and Chatsworth) 1 5 6 Los Angeles Jewish Community Center shooting: Affiliated with the Aryan Nations, the perpetrator killed one and wounded five when entering a Jewish community center.
July 27–29, 1999 Stockbridge, Georgia and Atlanta, Georgia 13[n 1] 13 26 Day-trading firms shooting: The perpetrator shot and killed his wife and two children, two days before entering two separate Buckhead firms in which he shot fellow traders, killing twelve and wounding thirteen before committing suicide.
July 2–4, 1999 Chicago, Illinois (West Rogers Park), Urbana, Springfield, Decatur, and Bloomington, Indiana 3 10 13 Benjamin Nathaniel Smith shooting spree: Part of the Creativity Movement, the perpetrator killed former Northwestern University basketball coach Ricky Byrdsong and a Korean American Indiana University graduate student Won-Joon Yoon as well as wounding a black minister and nine Orthodox Jews before killing himself.
May 20, 1999 Conyers, Georgia 0 6 6 Heritage High School shooting: A 15-year-old student opened fire and wounded six students before attempting suicide, he was stopped by an assistant principal, who had gone to his vehicle and retrieved a M1911a1, a .45 caliber handgun, then returned to the school and confronted the shooter.
April 20, 1999 Columbine, Colorado 15[n 1] 24 39 Columbine High School massacre: Two students from the school shot and killed twelve classmates and a teacher before committing suicide.
May 21, 1998 Springfield, Oregon 4 25 29 Thurston High School shooting: An expelled student targeted his parents and the school and killed four people and injured twenty-five others before being arrested.
April 24, 1998 Edinboro, Pennsylvania 1 4 5 Parker Middle School dance shooting: A 14-year-old student opened fire and fatally shot a teacher and injured another and two students during an 8th grade dance, before being arrested.[10]
March 24, 1998 Criaghead County, Arkansas 5 10 15 Westside Middle School shooting: Two students aged 11 and 13, shot and killed four students and a teacher and injured ten others before being arrested.
December 1, 1997 West Paducah, Kentucky 3 5 8 Heath High School shooting: A 14-year-old student opened fire on a group of students praying before the school opened, killing three and injuring five before surrendering.[11]
October 1, 1997 Pearl, Mississippi 3 7 10 Pearl High School shooting: The perpetrator shot and killed his mother, then drove to the high school and shot and killed two students and injured seven before being arrested.
February 19, 1997 Bethel, Alaska 2 2 4 Bethel Regional High School shooting: A student shot and killed two people and wounded two others before surrendering to police. He was reportedly assisted by several students in learning how to shoot, and many knew about the shooting plans in advance.
February 2, 1996 Moses Lake, Washington 3 1 4 Frontier Middle School shooting: A student shot and killed a teacher and two students and wounded another before being arrested.[12]
November 7, 1994 Wickliffe, Ohio 1 3 4 Wickliffe Middle School shooting: A 37-year-old former student entered the building and shot and killed the custodian and wounded three other adults before he was arrested.[13]
June 20, 1994 Fairchild Air Force Base, Washington 5[n 1] 22 27 Fairchild Air Force Base shooting: A former airman who had been discharged returned to the base hospital and killed four people and injured twenty-two people before being shot and killed by responding police.
December 14, 1993 Aurora, Colorado 4 1 5 Aurora, Colorado, Chuck E. Cheese shooting: The perpetrator shot and killed four employees and injured one in revenge for being fired from the restaurant.
December 7, 1993 Long Island, New York 6 19 25 Long Island Rail Road shooting: A passenger opened fire on other passengers and killed six and wounded nineteen before being subdued by three passengers and arrested.
July 1, 1993 San Francisco, California 9[n 1] 6 15 101 California Street shooting: The perpetrator opened fire in an office building killed eight people and wounded six others before committing suicide.
January 25, 1993 Langley, Virginia 2 3 5 CIA Headquarters shooting: A Pakistani national fired an AK-47 style weapon at a line of cars waiting at red light to turn into the main entrance of the CIA Headquarters. He was captured in 1997.[14]
January 8, 1993 Palatine, Illinois 7 0 7 Brown's Chicken Massacre: Two robbers entered a Brown's Chicken restaurant and murdered seven employees. The two were arrested and convicted in 2007 and 2009.[15]
December 14, 1992 Great Barrington, Massachusetts 2 4 6 Bard College shooting: The perpetrator had been stockpiling ammunition and weapons in his dorm, and after several alarms had been raised by third parties, he opened fire and killed a professor and student and wounded four others.[16]
May 1, 1992 Olivehurst, California 4 10 14 Lindhurst High School Shooting and Hostage Situation (1992): A 20-year old past student opened fire on a classroom and killed four people, wounded ten others, and held eighty people hostage during an eight-hour siege before he surrendered.
November 1, 1991 Iowa City, Iowa 6[n 1] 1 7 University of Iowa shooting: A former graduate student attended a meeting for a research group before opening fire and killied five individuals and injured one before committing suicide.
October 16, 1991 Kileen, Texas 24[n 1] 27 51 Killeen, Texas, Luby's Restaurant shooting: A former Merchant Marine drove his vehicle through the front window of the restaurant before opening fire on a crowd of about eighty people, killing twenty-three and injuring twenty-seven before committing suicide.
April 4, 1991 Sacramento County, California 6[n 2] 14[n 3] 20 Sacramento Hostage Crisis: For eight hours forty-one people were held hostage inside an electronics store, by four Vietnamese refugees who killed three and injured 14. Three of the four perpetrators were shot and killed by responding police.[17]
August 9, 1990 Waddell, Arizona 9 0 9 Arizona Buddhist Temple shooting: Nine men were robbed and shot to death in a Buddhist temple, with the perpetrator remaining un-convicted until 2014.[18]
July 17–18, 1990 Jacksonville, Florida 12[n 1] 6 18 GMAC Office shooting: A convicted felon returned to the loan office he had used to purchase a car and opened fire, killing eleven people and injuring six before committing suicide.
February 10, 1990 Las Cruces, New Mexico 4 3 7 Las Cruces bowling alley massacre: Two unknown perpetrators entered the bowling alley and killed four people and injured three before fleeing. The case is still unsolved.

1980s[]

Date Location Dead Injured Total Description
September 14, 1989 Louisville, Kentucky 9[n 1] 12 21 Standard Gravure shooting (1989): A 47-year-old pressman killed eight people and injured twelve at his former workplace, Standard Gravure, before committing suicide
January 17, 1989 Stockton, California 6[n 1] 32 38 Cleveland Elementary School shooting: A drifter used an semi-automatic rife to kill five children and wound thirty-two other students and teachers on the school playground before committing suicide.
September 26, 1988 Greenwood, South Carolina 2 9 11 Oakland Elementary School shooting: The perpetrator shot and killed two eight-year-old students and wounded nine others (seven students, a teacher, and a gym coach) in the school's cafeteria and a classroom before being arrested. He was sentenced to death.
July 17, 1988 Winston-Salem, North Carolina 4 6[n 1] 10 Old Salisbury Road shooting: The perpetrator shot nine passers-by from the center line on the road, killing four and injuring five before being arrested.
May 20, 1988 Winnetka, Illinois 2[n 1] 6 8 Attacks by Laurie Dann: The perpetrator entered the Hubbard Woods Elementary School and killed one student and wounded five others before entering a home and holding the inhabitants hostage before committing suicide.
February 16, 1988 Sunnyvale, California 7 4 11 ESL shooting: After stalking his coworker, the perpetrator entered the ESL building with several weapons and shot at employees and bystanders, killing seven people and wounding four before surrendering to police and SWAT officers.[19]
December 22–28, 1987 Dover, Arkansas and Russelville, Arkansas 16 4 20 Murders by Ronald Gene Simmons: The perpetrator murdered sixteen friends and family—eight by gunfire, seven by strangulation, and one by drowning—and wounded four others before being arrested.[20]
December 7, 1987 Cayucos, California 43[n 1] 0 43 Pacific Southwest Airlines Flight 1771 (1987) The perpetrator David Burke entered the cockpit of Pacific Southwest Airlines Flight 1771 and killed the pilot and co-pilot as well as shooting three other people before crashing the plane and killing all forty-three passengers and crew on board.
August 20, 1986 Edmond, Oklahoma 15[n 1] 6 21 Edmond post office shooting: A part-time employee entered to begin his day before locking the doors and killing fourteen coworkers and injuring six others before committing suicide.
October 30, 1985 Springfield, Pennsylvania 3 7 10 Springfield Mall shooting: The perpetrator fired first at customers outside the Springfield Mall, and then moved inside and killed 3 and wounded 7 before she was disarmed.[21]
October 18, 1985 Detroit, Michigan 0 6 6 Murray-Wright High School shooting: During half-time at a football game, the perpetrator opened fire with a shotgun on individuals that he had earlier fought with and wounded six.
December 22, 1984 New York City, New York 0 4 4 1984 New York City subway shooting: Four teenagers were shot and wounded by the perpetrator on a New York subway train.[22]
July 18, 1984 San Diego, California 22[n 1] 19 41 San Ysidro McDonald's massacre: A male suspect entered a busy McDonald's and opened fire with an Uzi, shotgun and semiautomatic pistol, and killed twenty-one people and injured nineteen before being killed by a police sniper.
April 15, 1984 Brooklyn, New York City, New York 10 0 10 Palm Sunday massacre: During a believed home invasion ten people—three adults, one teenager, and six children—were killed. An infant was left unharmed.[23]
February 24, 1984 Los Angeles, California 3[n 1] 12 15 49th Street Elementary School shooting: The perpetrator fired on children in a school playground from his home across the street, and killed two individuals and injured twelve others before committing suicide.
February 19, 1983 Seattle, Washington 13 1 14 Wah Mee massacre: Three perpetrators entered a gambling club at the Louisa Hotel during a robbery and killed thirteen people and wounded one in an attempt to leave no witnesses.[24]
September 25, 1982 Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania and Jenkins Township, Pennsylvania 13 1 14 Murders by George Banks: The perpetrator used an AR-15 to shoot and kill thirteen people and injure one in his home and the home of a former girlfriend. A four-hour standoff occurred before officers were able to arrest and hold him on several charges.[25]
August 20, 1982 Miami, Florida 8 3 11 Welding shop shooting: A teacher opened fire inside a welding shop, killing eight people and injuring three before attempting to flee by bicycle; he was run down as he cycled away.
May 3, 1982 Russian Jack Springs Park, Anchorage, Alaska 4 0 4 Russian Jack Springs Park shooting: A schizophrenic man left a psychiatric hospital on a day pass and killed four teenagers in a park before being arrested.
May 7, 1981 Salem, Oregon 5 18 23 Oregon Museum Tavern shooting: The perpetrator entered the location and fired, killing five people and injuring eighteen before he was wrestled to the ground.
March 30, 1981 Washington D.C. 1[n 4] 3 4 Attempted assassination of Ronald Reagan: John Hinckley Jr. attempted to kill President Ronald Reagan as to impress actress Jodie Foster, who he was infatuated with. Reagan was shot but survived, as did Secret Service agent Tim McCarthy and police officer Thomas Delahanty. Press Secretary James Brady was also shot, but he suffered permanent brain damage as a result, and his death in 2014 was ruled a homicide.
June 22, 1980 Daingerfield, Texas 5 11[n 1] 16 Daingerfield church shooting: The perpetrator killed five people and wounded ten others after they had declined to be character witnesses in the trial of him raping his daughter.

1970s[]

Date Location Dead Injured Total Description
November 3, 1979 Greensboro, North Carolina 5 12 17 Greensboro Massacre (1979): Members of the Communist Workers Party and others demonstrated against the KKK and the American Nazi Party, the event dissolved into a gunfight in which five people were killed and about twelve people were wounded.
January 29, 1979 San Diego, California 2 9 11 Cleveland Elementary School shooting: A 16-year-old girl who lived across the street shot and killed two people and injured nine others before being arrested.
June 28, 1978 Boston, Massachusetts 5 0 5 Blackfriars massacre: Four known criminals and a former Boston television investigative news anchorman and reporter were all killed in a supposed sale of cocaine.
September 4, 1977 San Francisco, California 5 11 16 Golden Dragon Massacre (1977): Five members of a Chinese youth gang attempted to kill rival gang members, which quickly turned into a shootout in which five people died and eleven were injured.
July 12, 1976 Fullerton, California 7 2 9 California State University, Fullerton, shooting: A custodian at the University killed seven people and wounded two others before fleeing the school. He was arrested.
March 30, 1975 Hamilton, Ohio 11 0 11 Easter Sunday Massacre: The perpetrator shot and killed his mother, brother, sister-in-law, and eight nieces and nephews in five minutes before calling police and being arrested.[26]
December 30, 1974 Olean, New York 3 11 14 Olean High School shooting: A student locked himself in a third floor room before shooting out the window, killing three people and injuring eleven before being subdued with tear gas and arrested.
November 14, 1974 Amityville, New York 6 0 6 Ronald DeFeo Jr. Family Murders (1974): Basis for The Amityville Horror, where the perpetrator was convicted for the killing of his parents and siblings, six people in all.
January 18, 1973 Washington D.C. 7 2 9 Hanafi Murders: Three individuals were shot and killed, while two others were wounded, and four children drowned in an attack by six men.[27]
December 31, 1972 - January 7, 1973 New Orleans, Louisiana 10[n 1] 13 23 Howard Johnson's shooting: Over the course of ten hours and in several locations the perpetrator, having previously killed two police officers and wounded a third, killed seven people and injured ten before being shot and killed by police.
November 9, 1971 Westfield, New Jersey 5 0 5 Murders by John List: John List shot and killed his wife, mother and three teenage children in a belief that he needed to save their souls through death, he was arrested in 1989 after living under an assumed name after a neighbor recognized him from America's Most Wanted.[28]
August 7, 1970 San Rafael, California 4[n 1] 2 6 Marin County Civic Center attacks: The 17-year-old perpetrator took hostages in a court room in an attempt to coerce the release of the Soledad Brothers. Three prisoners released during the siege joined him in the attack, which left the main perpetrator dead along with three others and two others wounded.[29]
May 15, 1970 Jackson, Mississippi 2 12 14 Jackson State University shooting: After responding to the University due to a growing unrest, officers opened fire on a dorm building and two students (one from a local high school) were killed and twelve were injured.
May 4, 1970 Kent State University at Kent, Ohio 4 9 13 Kent State shootings: During a protest of the bombing of Cambodia at the University, members of the Ohio National Guard opened fire, killing four and injuring nine people.

1960s[]

Date Location Dead Injured Total Description
May 21–25, 1969 Greensboro, North Carolina 2 27 29 1969 Greensboro uprising: Student protestors, police officers and members of the National Guard exchanged gunfire on the campuses of James B. Dudley High School and North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, due to civil rights issues. Two were killed and twenty-seven injured.[30]
July 23–24, 1968 Cleveland, Ohio 6 12 18 Glenville shootout: A gun battle between the Cleveland Police Department and the Black Nationalists of New Libya led to six people being killed and at least twelve injured, and sparked the Glenville Riots.[31]
June 25, 1968 Lake Michigan, Good Hart, Michigan 6 0 6 Robison family murders: While vacationing, a family was shot and killed, with the parents also bludgeoned with a hammer. The investigation continued for fifteen months after the bodies were discovered.[32]
February 8, 1968 Orangeburg, South Carolina 3 27 30 South Carolina State University shooting: After responding to the scene of about 200 protestors protesting racial segregation, after an officer was assaulted, officers began to shoot into the crowd; three people were killed and twenty-seven injured.
August 1, 1966 University of Texas, at Austin, Texas 17[n 1][n 5] 31 48 University of Texas tower shooting: A student and former Marine sharpshooter killed his wife and mother before using the University of Texas clock tower as a sniper's nest to kill 15 people, including a pregnant woman, and wound 31 before being killed by police.
April 25, 1965 Orcutt, California 4[n 1] 10 14 1965 Highway 101 sniper attack: A 16-year-old stole his father's military rifle and shot at automobiles driving down the highway, killing two and injuring eleven before committing suicide. A third victim died later at the hospital.[33]

1950s[]

Date Location Dead Injured Total Description
March 1, 1954 Washington D.C. 0 5 5 1954 United States Capitol Shooting Incident: Four Puerto Rican nationalists shot from the Ladies Gallery of the House of Representatives chamber and wounded five Representatives.[34]

1940s[]

Date Location Dead Injured Total Description
September 6, 1949 Camden, New Jersey 13 3 16 'Walk of Death' Killings by Howard Unruh: The perpetrator walked through his neighborhood for 12 minutes and killed thirteen; including three children, and injured three.[35]
July 25, 1946 Walton County, Georgia 4 0 4 Moore's Ford Lynching: Four young African Americans; two married couples were lynched by a white mob and were shot and killed.[36]
July 8, 1945 Salina, Utah 9 19 28 Utah Prisoner of War Massacre: Nine German POWs were killed and nineteen wounded by an American Army Private who shot at them while on guard duty.[37]

1930s[]

Date Location Dead Injured Total Description
November 9, 1934 Kelayres, Pennsylvania 5 12 - 25 17 - 30 Kelayres Massacre: An election-eve parade and rally was shot at as it passed by the home of the local Republican boss, three victims died and between twelve and twenty-five were wounded.[38]
June 17, 1933 Kansas City, Missouri 5 3 8 Kansas City Massacre: Four law enforcement officers and a fugitive were killed, with three law enforcement officers wounded in a shootout between the two groups.[39]

1920s[]

Date Location Dead Injured Total Description
February 14, 1929 Chicago, Illinois 7 0 7 Saint Valentine's Day Massacre: Seven members and associates of Chicago's North Side Gang were shot and killed execution style against a garage wall.[40]
September 9, 1924 Hanapepe, Hawaii 20 0 20 Hanapepe Massacre: During a strike of Filipino sugar workers, in an attempt to rescue two hostage strikebreakers police killed 16 strikers, while strikers killed four law enforcement members.[41]
June 21–22, 1922 Herrin, Illinois 23 0 23 Herrin Massacre: During a United Mineworkers of America nationwide strike union miners shot at strikebreakers working at the mine, the mines guards killed three union miners on June 21, and the miners killed 20 strikebreakers and guards on June 22.[42]

Notes[]

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Including the perpetrator or suspect
  2. ^ Including 3 perpetrators
  3. ^ 11 by gunfire
  4. ^ James Brady was injured in the shooting, but he was permanently disabled until dying of injuries from the gunshot wound in 2014
  5. ^ Including an unborn child

References[]

  1. ^ Borchers, Callum (October 4, 2017). "The vague definition of 'mass shooting' complicates media coverage". Washington Post. Retrieved August 26, 2018. ...'mass shooting' is a term without a universally-accepted definition.
  2. ^ a b c Bjelopera, Jerome (March 18, 2013). "Public Mass Shootings in the United States" (PDF). Congressional Research Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 9, 2013. Retrieved August 26, 2018. There is no broadly agreed-to, specific conceptualization of this issue, so this report uses its own definition for public mass shootings.
  3. ^ a b "General Methodology". Gun Violence Archive. Retrieved August 27, 2018.
  4. ^ a b c Berkowitz, Bonnie; Lu, Denise; Alcantara, Chris (September 14, 2018). "More than 50 years of U.S. mass shootings: The victims, sites, killers and weapons". Washington Post. Retrieved August 27, 2018.
  5. ^ Follman, Mark; Aronsen, Gavin; Pan, Deanna (September 20, 2018). "A Guide to Mass Shootings in America". Mother Jones. Retrieved August 26, 2018.
  6. ^ a b "Mass Shooting Tracker". Mass Shooting Tracker. Archived from the original on January 4, 2018. Retrieved August 26, 2018.
  7. ^ "Mass Shootings in America". Stanford Libraries. Retrieved September 23, 2018.
  8. ^ Follman, Mark (August 24, 2012). "What Exactly Is a Mass Shooting?". Mother Jones. Retrieved August 27, 2018.
  9. ^ Bjelopera, Jerome (March 18, 2013). "Public Mass Shootings in the United States" (PDF). Congressional Research Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 9, 2013. Retrieved August 26, 2018. There is no broadly agreed-to, specific conceptualization of this issue, so this report uses its own definition for public mass shootings.
  10. ^ Hays, Kristen (September 10, 1999). "Edinboro teen killer sentenced". old.post-gazette.com. Retrieved January 1, 2019.
  11. ^ Philpott, Amber. "Remembering a deadly Kentucky high school shooting 20 years later". www.wkyt.com. Retrieved January 1, 2019.
  12. ^ "Local News | Hearing Delayed For Suspect In Moses Lake Shooting Deaths | Seattle Times Newspaper". The Seattle Times. August 27, 1996. Retrieved November 27, 2018.
  13. ^ "Man Fires Shotgun In School, Killing One and Injuring 3". The New York Times. Associated Press. November 8, 1994. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved December 16, 2018.
  14. ^ Jr, B. Drummond Ayres (January 26, 1993). "Gunman Kills 2 Near C.I.A. Entrance". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 5, 2019.
  15. ^ "BGA Report on Brown's Chicken Massacre". www.ipsn.org. Retrieved July 5, 2019.
  16. ^ Depalma, Anthony (December 28, 1992). "Questions Outweigh Answers In Shooting Spree at College". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved December 16, 2018.
  17. ^ Gross, Jane; Times, Special to The New York (April 6, 1991). "6 Are Killed as 8-Hour Siege By Gang Ends in California". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 5, 2019.
  18. ^ Merrill, Laurie; Otarola, Miguel. "Judge declares mistrial in temple killings retrial of Johnathan Doody". azcentral.com. Retrieved July 5, 2019.
  19. ^ MORAIN, DAN; STEIN, MARK A. (February 18, 1988). "Unwanted Suitor's Fixation on Woman Led to Carnage". Los Angeles Times. ISSN 0458-3035. Retrieved November 23, 2018.
  20. ^ AP (January 1, 1988). "Sheriff Reconstructs the Murders of 16". The New York Times. Retrieved November 26, 2018.
  21. ^ "Hero Who Ended Mall Shootings Finds Life Changed". AP NEWS. Retrieved July 5, 2019.
  22. ^ Daley, Suzanne (January 1, 1985). "Man Tells Police He Shot Youths in Subway Train". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 5, 2019.
  23. ^ McFadden, Robert D. "10 IN BROOKLYN ARE FOUND SLAIN INSIDE A HOUSE". Retrieved November 26, 2018.
  24. ^ Turner, Wallace. "20-YEAR-OLD IS CONVICTED IN DEATHS OF 13 IN SEATTLE". Retrieved November 26, 2018.
  25. ^ Dolinsky, Joe (September 24, 2017). "35 years later, mass murderer George Banks remains on death row | Times Leader". Times Leader. Retrieved November 26, 2018.
  26. ^ "A Motive Is Sought in Slaying of 11 in a Family in Ohio". The New York Times. April 1, 1975. Retrieved November 26, 2018.
  27. ^ Delaney, Paul. "Survivor Tells How 7 Moslems Died in Washington". Retrieved November 25, 2018.
  28. ^ McCracken, Elizabeth (December 23, 2008). "Wanted - The Lives They Lived - Obituaries". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 28, 2019.
  29. ^ Caldwell, Earl (June 5, 1972). "Angela Davis Acquitted on All Charges". archive.nytimes.com. Retrieved June 20, 2019.
  30. ^ Biondi, Martha (2012). The Black Revolution on Campus. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-95352-9.
  31. ^ "GLENVILLE SHOOTOUT". Encyclopedia of Cleveland History | Case Western Reserve University. August 2, 2018. Retrieved June 20, 2019.
  32. ^ Smith, A (July 23, 1968). "Dead a Month: Police Discover Family of 6 Shot". The Spokesman-Review. Retrieved November 25, 2018.
  33. ^ "Reida v. Lund 18 Cal.App.3d 698". www.lawlink.com. Retrieved June 20, 2019.
  34. ^ "HollandSentinel.com -No one expected attack on Congress in 1954 02/29/04". March 22, 2005. Archived from the original on March 22, 2005. Retrieved July 18, 2019.
  35. ^ Sauer, Patrick. "The Story of the First Mass Murder in U.S. History". Smithsonian. Retrieved July 26, 2019.
  36. ^ Bailey, Chelsea (August 2, 2017). "Moore's Ford Massacre: Activists reenact racist lynching as a call for justice". NBC News. Retrieved July 18, 2019.
  37. ^ "The Utah POW Massacre - Providentia". June 19, 2013. Archived from the original on June 19, 2013. Retrieved July 18, 2019.
  38. ^ Dino, Jim. "75 years pass since election bloodshed in Kelayres". www.republicanherald.com. Retrieved July 18, 2019.
  39. ^ King, Jeffery S (1999). The Life and Death of Pretty Boy Floyd. Kent State University Press. ISBN 9780873386500.
  40. ^ O'Brien, John. "The St. Valentine's Day Massacre". chicagotribune.com. Retrieved July 18, 2019.
  41. ^ Soboleski, Hank (June 10, 2006). "Pablo Manlapit and the Hanapepe Massacre". The Garden Island. Retrieved July 26, 2019.
  42. ^ "Illinois cemetery search finds 1922 massacre victims". Daily Herald. Associated Press. November 15, 2013. Retrieved July 26, 2019.
Retrieved from ""