List of people executed for homosexuality in Europe

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This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by with reliable sources.

Societal attitudes towards same-sex relationships have varied over time and place, from expecting all males to engage in same-sex relationships, to casual integration, through acceptance, to seeing the practice as a minor sin, repressing it through law enforcement and judicial mechanisms, and to proscribing it under penalty of death. The following individuals received the death penalty for it.

Executed individuals[]

Belgium[]

Name Date Notes
John de Wettre 1292 A "maker of small knives" condemned at Ghent and burned at the pillory next to St. Peter's[3]: 17 

France[]

Name Date Notes
Dominique Phinot 1556 Composer of the Renaissance[4]
Jean Diot 6 July 1750 The last two to be executed for sodomy in France
Bruno Lenoir

Germany[]

Name Date Notes
Katherina Hetzeldorfer 1477 German cross-dressing lesbian executed for heresy against nature after having used a dildo on two female partners.
Catharina Margaretha Linck 1721 Prussian cross-dressing lesbian executed for sodomy; her execution was the last for lesbian sexual activity in Europe.

Italy[]

Name Date Notes
Giovanni di Giovanni 1365 15-year-old Italian boy charged with being "a public and notorious passive sodomite"[5][6]
Jacopo Bonfadio 1550 Humanist and historian[7]
Francesco Calcagno Venetian Franciscan friar.[8]

Netherlands[]

Name Date Notes
Jillis Bruggeman 9 March 1803 Last person executed for sodomy in Netherlands[9]

Poland[]

Name Date Notes
Marcin Gołek 9 November 1633 Executed by burning[10]
Wojciech ze Sromotki

Spain[]

Name Date Notes
Margarida Borràs 1460 Cross-dressing transgender woman

Sweden[]

Name Date Notes
Lisbetha Olsdotter November 1679

Switzerland[]

Name Date Notes
Richard Puller von Hohenburg 24 September 1482 Swiss nobleman and knight
Hans Waldmann (mayor) 6 April 1489 Executed for multiple crimes, including sodomy

United Kingdom[]

See also: History of violence against LGBT people in the United Kingdom, Sodomy law § United Kingdom, and LGBT rights in the United Kingdom § Homosexuality as an offence

The details of the accusation are often not given in contemporary sources, with euphemisms such as "unnatural offence" used. However, such terms were also used to describe bestiality, non-consensual acts, and crimes against minors. Due to this, sources discussing and listing capital offences for homosexuality, including the table below, may inadvertently include men executed for such offences.

Name Date Notes
James Hunt 25 August 1743 Hunt was a barge builder aged 37 and Collins was 57, a former weaver and soldier. They were accused of sodomy together in a toilet at Pepper Alley in Southwark, near London Bridge, which they each denied though their accounts differed. Their trial was at Surrey assizes 4 August and they were hanged at Kennington Common.[11][12]
Thomas Collins
Richard Arnold 15 September 1753 Arnold was around 60 and the landlord of the Lamb and Flag and Critchard was a footman aged around 20. They were convicted 31 August 1753 of felony and buggery for an act witnessed in the Swan Inn, Broad Street, Bristol. They were hanged together at St. Michael's Hill; they declined to implicate anyone else and Arnold was reported to have kissed Critchard's hand before the cart was pulled from under them.[13][14][15][16]
William Critchard[17]
Joseph Wright 15 August 1755 Trial at Coventry assizes.[18] Hanged on Whitley Common. Wright admitted that he had been guilty of sodomy, but never with Grimes, while Grimes said that he had never committed any such offence. Wright was also found guilty of killing Mr. Warner of Winhall.[19]
Thomas Grimes
Richard Whatley[20] 23 March 1776 Trial at Hampshire assizes 5 March. Whatley, aged 41 and also known as Richard Churchill, was convicted of sodomy against Benjamin Dupre, a coachman employed by Lovell Stanhope. He admitted that he had attempted the offence (which took place at Avington), but had not actually committed it.[21]
Benjamin Loveday 12 October 1781 Trial at Bristol assizes.[22] Hanged on St Michael's Hill. Loveday worked as a waiter before keeping a public house on Tower Street, Bristol while Burke was a midshipman, and they were accused of sexual activity together that they denied. Loveday was also accused by James Morgan. Joseph Giles and James Lane were also accused with Loveday, but were only sentenced for misdemeanours, and William Ward was acquitted. Loveday may have been running a molly house.[23][24]
John Burke
John Lad or Ladd[25] (one source says Thomas)[11] 10 April 1786 A Methodist preacher, he was tried at Surrey assizes on 22 March and taken from New Gaol to be hanged on Peckham Common.
Thomas Crispin[26][27] 17 August 1787 Trial at Devon assizes 30 July. Hanged at Heavitree gallows near Exeter. Crispin, aged 45, was a potter from Pilton who had been living in a workhouse for seven years. His co-accused Hugh Gribble was reprieved owing to mental incapacity. Crispin acknowledged his guilt but showed no remorse.
John Southwell 3 April 1790 Trial at Suffolk assizes in Bury 17 March. Hanged at Rushmere Heath.[28][29]
John Smith
William Powell[28] 30 August 1797 Powell was a pauper at Melford workhouse. His trial was at Suffolk assizes on 9 August. He was hanged at Bury St Edmunds at the age of 70, but he did not confess.[30][31]
Joseph Bird[32] 26 August 1803 Trial at Warwickshire assizes, executed in Warwick. Bird was a Methodist, convicted on the testimony of John Privett. Privett withdrew his statement, only to then say this was because Bird's son bribed him.
Mathuselah Spalding aka Methuselah.[33][34][35] 8 February 1804 His trial was at the Old Bailey in November, where he was convicted of having "a venereal affair" with James Hankinson. He was hanged at Newgate. He was hanged with a forger, Ann Hurle - they were led out of Debtor's Door and rather than the New Drop they were hanged by a cart being driven from under them.
David Robertson[36][37][38] 13 August 1806 Trial at the Old Bailey and executed at Newgate after attempting suicide. Robertson was 48 years old and said to keep a brothel at Charles Street, Covent Garden. He was convicted of an offence with 17-year-old George Foulston.
James Stockton aka Samuel Stockton[37][39][40][41][42][43] 13 September 1806 Known as the Remarkable Trials, twenty seven men aged 17 to 84 from in and around Warrington, Manchester, and Liverpool were arrested in May 1806 for sodomy and nine were tried by John Borron and Richard Gwillym at the Lancaster assizes. Harry Cocks notes that the arrests came amid concerns post-1789 about Jacobins and other men meeting in private. Men of different social classes, they met among other places on Mondays and Fridays at Hitchin's house in Great Sankey, Cheshire, and were said by the press to be Freemasons and call each other "brother". Holland was a rich pawnbroker and there were rumours that members of the gentry were involved with the group, even members of Parliament. Those hanged were convicted on the testimonies of John Knight and Thomas Taylor, members of the group who gave evidence to avoid being hanged themselves. Rix also testified that sodomy was widespread and considered normal in Warrington, Manchester, and Liverpool, describing casual encounters in the street, but the magistrate refused a deal, while Hitchin denied the charges. Stockton, Holland and Powell were hanged at Lancaster castle on 13 September, and Hitchin and Rix later that month after they were further interrogated to find other conspirators. Joshua Newsom and George Ellis were found guilty of lesser offences and the rest were acquitted. The magistrates attempted to investigate further, but were stopped by the Home Office.
Joseph Holland
John Powell
Isaac Hitchin[37][39] 27 September 1806 Part of the "Remarkable Trials"
Thomas Rix
William Billey[44][45] 31 March 1808 Aged 45, he was accused of an offence against Thomas Douglas of Crayford and for attempted offences against others. His trial was at Kent Lent Assizes in Maidstone, and he was hanged on Penenden Heath. He had no family and the Kentish Gazette said he "appeared a perfect idiot".
Richard Neighbour[46][47][48] 24 November 1808 Neighbour of Gresse Street, Rathbone Place, aged 26, was convicted of a crime against the body of Joshua Archer, aged 17 or 18, an apprentice to an engraver. Attempts were made to bribe Archer to leave the country. Neighbour was sentenced to hang at the Old Bailey in October 1808, but he poisoned himself with arsenic at Newgate the next month, less than a week before his execution was due.
James Bartlett[49] 4 April 1809 Trial at Surrey Assizes, executed at Horsemonger Lane Gaol. He was buried at Limehouse and left £1,500 to his daughter.
Samuel Mounser[50] 31 August 1810 Trial at the Chelmsford Summer Assizes, from Stanford-le-Hope
Thomas White 7 March 1811
Main article: Vere Street Coterie
Ensign John Newball Hepburn, in his forties, and Drummer Thomas White, 16, tried at the Old Bailey and hanged in front of Newgate Prison, London[51][52]
John Hepburn
David Thompson Myers[53][54][55] 4 May 1812 Myers was a draper of Stamford, accused by Thomas Crow (or Crowe), an 18-year-old apprentice to a tailor, Mr. Horden of Stamford. Myers was acquitted in Lincolnshire due to Crow being suspected of lying, but he was then convicted at trial at Peterborough accused again by Crow of offences at Burghley Park. Myers was hanged at Fengate, the last man to be publicly executed in the city.
George Godfrey[56][57] 1 April 1813 Godfrey was a butler in the house of Mr. Atkinson at Lee, who was indicted for "unnatural offences" with a footman, Henry Greenhurst, from May to December 1812. The latter was "unconscious of the heinous character of the offence" and told another servant, who informed Mr. Atkinson. Godfrey was hanged at Penenden Heath.
Henry Youens[58][59] 18 August 1814 Trial at the Kent Assizes in Maidstone, hanged at Penenden Heath. Ottaway, 33, and Youens, 21, were soldiers.
John Ottaway (spelled variously Ottoway, Otooway, Ottway, and Otway)
Abraham Adams[60][61][62] 26 July 1815 Trial at the Old Bailey, hanged aged 51 at Newgate alongside Elizabeth Fenning
George Siggins[63] 21 August 1817 Trial at Kent Assizes in Maidstone for a crime in Chatham, executed on Penenden Heath
Joseph Charlton[64][65][66] 14 April 1819 A watchmaker aged 26 who was tried at the Guildhall, Newcastle and hanged at Morpeth. His funeral was attended by 2000 people.
John Markham[66][67][68][69] 29 December 1819 A pauper aged 26 who was an inmate at St. Giles’s workhouse, his hanging was heard by John Cam Hobhouse, who was being held at Newgate. Hobhouse noted in his diary, "Tis dreadful hanging a man for this practice".
Thomas Foster[70][71][72] 3 May 1820 Trial at Kent Assizes and hanged at Penenden Heath. Convicted of an offence with John Whyneard (charged as an accomplice, but not hanged) at the Isle of Sheppey.
John Holland[73][74] 25 November 1822 Aged 42 and 32 respectively, tried at the Old Bailey and executed at Newgate.
William King[73][74]
William Arden[75][76][77][78] 21 March 1823 Respectively a gentleman and half-pay officer aged 35, a valet to the Duke of Newcastle aged 36, and a cabinet maker aged 35, they were tried at Lincoln Assizes by Mr. Justice Park and convicted on the evidence of a 19-year-old apprentice draper named Henry Hackett. A love letter from Hackett to Candler had been addressed to the Duke to save on postage: the Duke received and read the letter and had Hackett confronted, upon which he also implicated Doughty and Arden, who had associated with each other in Grantham in summer 1822. They were part of a group of up to 36 men led by Arden, who went on hunger strike in jail. The convicted men were hanged at Lincoln Castle.
Benjamin Candler
John Doughty
Charles Clutton[79][80] 13 August 1824 Aged 25, he was charged in June 1824 with Charles Paul, aged 17, for an offence at Weedon Bec barracks in May 1823 - they were both privates in the 53rd regiment. He was sentenced by Mr. Justice Holroyd and hanged at the New Drop, Northamptonshire
Joseph Bennett[81] 20 April 1825 Aged about 30 and from Witney and aged 22 and from Radstock, respectively, they were hanged at Ilchester Gaol in Somerset
George Maggs
George Cropper[82][83] 26 December 1833 A 26-year-old soldier, he was convicted of an offence at Deptford with a fellow soldier, Charles Pike, who was aged 18, but Pike was acquitted. Cropper was hanged at New Sessions House in Maidstone, the same day as a rapist.
John Spershott (also reported as John Sparshott and John Sparsholt)[84][85][86] 22 August 1835 A labourer aged 19, he was convicted of an offence with George Howard (who was not charged) at Mid Lavant and hanged at Horsham, Surrey, alongside a burglar. "Spershott's hanging was perhaps the last occasion at which was performed the folk ritual of the hangman passing the dead man's hands over the neck and bosoms of young women as a cure for glandular enlargements."
John Smith 27 November 1835 The last two men to be hanged for homosexuality in England
John Pratt

[87]

See also[]

References[]

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  17. ^ Also reported as William Critichett (alternative spelling given by Bristol Gaol delivery fiats), William Pritchard (newspaper reports, 1752) and William Crutchard (newspaper reports, 1753)
  18. ^ Coventry Assizes 1735-1799
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