List of republics

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This is a list of republics. For antiquity (or later in the case of societies that did not refer to modern terminology to qualify their form of government) the assessment of whether a state organisation is a republic is based on retrospective analysis by historians and political theorists. For more recent systems of government, worldwide organisations with a broad political acceptance (such as the United Nations), can provide information on whether or not a sovereign state is referred to as a republic.

List by period[]

Antiquity[]

State Date of existence Notes
Mahajanapada c. 600 – c. 345 BC A clan confederacy of two oligarchic republics and other states (kingdoms) in ancient India
Licchavis[1] c. 600 – c. 345 BC One of the eight confederate clans of the Vajji Clan Mahajanapada;[2] the city of Vaishali was the republic's capital.[3]
Roman Republic 509–27 BC
Classical Athens 508–322 BC Various Greek city-states under Classical Athenian influence; these loyalties and governments changed frequently (see synoecisms), and in some instances were even under the influence of Sparta without succumbing to oligarchy.
Ancient Carthage 308–146 BC In 308 BC, an attempted coup to restore the monarch to full power failed, which led to Carthage becoming a republic.[4]

Middle Ages[]

Maritime republics[]

A maritime republic was a thalassocratic city-state during the Middle Ages in which the merchant class had considerable power.

  • Most Serene Republic of Venice (697–1797)
  • Republic of Gaeta (839–1140)
  • Republic of Amalfi (839–1131)
  • Bajjāna (886-922)
  • Republic of Ancona (c. 1000 – 1532)
  • Republic of Pisa (c. 1000 – 1406, 1494–1509)
  • Most Serene Republic of Genoa (c. 1100 – 1797)
  • Republic of Noli (1192–1797)
  • Republic of Ragusa (1358–1808)

Free imperial cities[]

A free imperial city was a self-ruling city member of the Holy Roman Empire that was represented in the Imperial Diet.

  • DEU Worms COA.svg Free Imperial City of Worms (c. 11th century-1789)
  • Wappen Goslar.svg Free Imperial City of Goslar (1081-1802)
  • Aachen Free Imperial City of Aachen (1166-1801)
  • Coat of arms of Ulm.svg Free Imperial City of Ulm (de jure: 1290–1803; de facto: 1184–1803)
  • Greater Coat of Arms of Free Imperial City of Besançon.svg Free Imperial City of Besançon (1184-1654)
  • Hamburg Free Imperial City of Hamburg (1189-1806;)
  • Wappen Konstanz.svg Free Imperial City of Konstanz (1192-1548)
  • Wappen Wetzlar.svg Free Imperial City of Wetzlar (c. 12th century-1803)
  • Wappen Friedberg-Hessen.svg Free Imperial City of Friedberg (1211-1806)
  • Wappen Noerdlingen.svg Free Imperial City of Nördlingen (1215-1803)
  • DEU Nürnberg COA (klein).svg Free Imperial City of Nuremberg (1219-1806)
  • Wappenschild der Stadt Nordhausen.svg Free Imperial City of Nordhausen (1220-1802)
  • Wappen Pfullendorf.svg Free Imperial City of Pfullendorf (1220-1803)
  • Wappen Lübeck.svg Free Imperial City of Lübeck (1226–1811)
  • CoA Rheinfelden, Aargau.svg Free Imperial City of Rheinfelden (1225-1330)
  • Image-Blason Colmar 68.svg Free Imperial City of Colmar (1226-1679)
  • DEU Esslingen am Neckar COA.svg Free Imperial City of Esslingen (1229-1802/3)
  • DEU Offenburg COA.svg Free Imperial City of Offenburg (c. 1240–1803)
  • Wappen Stadt Reutlingen.svg Free Imperial City of Reutlingen (1240-1803)
  • DEU Bopfingen COA.svg Free Imperial City of Bopfingen (1241-1802)
  • Free Imperial City of Mainz (1241-1462)
  • Wappen Regensburg.svg Free Imperial City of Regensburg (1245-1486; 1496–1803)
  • DEU Schweinfurt COA.svg Free Imperial City of Schweinfurt (1245-1803)
  • Wappen von Bad Windsheim.svg Free Imperial City of Windsheim (1248-1802)
  • Wappen Bad Buchau.svg Free Imperial City of Buchau (c. 1250–1803)
  • Esc Muehlhausen-Thueringen.png Free Imperial City of Mühlhausen (1251-1803)
  • Blason Strasbourg.svg Free Imperial City of Strasbourg (1262-1681)
  • Wappen Memmingen.svg Free Imperial City of Memmigen (1268-1802)
  • Wappen Rottweil.svg Free Imperial City of Rottweil (1268-1802)
  • DEU Überlingen COA.svg Free Imperial City of Überlingen (1268-1803)
  • Schwäbisch Gmünd Wappen.svg Free Imperial City of Gmünd (1268-1802)
  • Wappen von Rothenburg ob der Tauber.svg Free Imperial City of Rothenburg (1274-1803)
  • Wappen Friedrichshafen.svg Free Imperial City of Buchhorn (1275-1803)
  • DEU Lindau COA.svg Free Imperial City of Lindau (1275-1802)
  • Coat of Arms of Weil der Stadt.svg Free Imperial City of Weil (1275-1803)
  • Wappen Augsburg 1811.svg Free Imperial City of Augsburg (1276-1803)
  • Wappen Ravensburg.svg Free Imperial City of Ravensburg (1276-1803)
  • Wappen Schwaebisch Hall.svg Free Imperial City of Hall (1280-1802)
  • Wappen Biberach.svg Free Imperial City of Biberach an der Riß (1281-1803)
  • Wappen Kaufbeuren.svg Free Imperial City of Kaufbeuren (1286-1803)
  • Wappen Wangen im Allgäu.svg Free Imperial City of Wangen (1286-1802)
  • Wappen Koeln.svg Free Imperial City of Cologne (1288-1801)
  • DEU Kempten (Allgäu) COA.svg Free Imperial City of Kempten (1289-1802/3)
  • Coat of arms of Dortmund.svg Free Imperial City of Dortmund (1293-1803)
  • DEU Leutkirch im Allgäu COA.svg Free Imperial City of Leutkirch (1293-1803)
  • DEU Speyer COA.svg Free Imperial City of Speyer (1294-1792)
  • DEU Weißenburg COA.svg Free Imperial City of Weißenburg (1296-1802)
  • DEU Zell am Harmersbach COA.svg Free Imperial City of Zell am Harmersbach (c. 14th century-1803)
  • Wappen Bad Wimpfen.svg Free Imperial City of Wimpfen (c. 1300–1803)
  • Wappen von Donauwörth.svg Free Imperial City of Donauwörth (1308-1607)
  • Blason Mulhouse.svg Free Imperial City of Mühlhausen (1347–1798)
  • Wappen von Dinkelsbühl.svg Free Imperial City of Dinkelsbühl (1351-1802)
  • Coa Aalen.svg Free Imperial City of Aalen (1360-1803)
  • DEU Gengenbach COA.svg Free Imperial City of Gengenbach (1360-1803)
  • Wappen Isny.svg Free Imperial City of Isny (1365-1803)
  • Wappen Bremen Nur Schild.svg Free Imperial City of Bremen (de jure: 1654–1811; de facto: 1366–1811)
  • Wappen Heilbronn.svg Free Imperial City of Heilbronn (1371-1802)
  • Wappen Frankfurt am Main.svg Free Imperial City of Frankfurt (1372-1806)
  • Wappen Giengen an der Brenz.svg Free Imperial City of Giengen (1391-1803)
  • CoA Diessenhofen, Thurgau.svg Free Imperial City of Diessenhofen (1415-1460)
  • Wappen Gersau.svg Republic of Gersau (1433–1798)
  • Soest-coa.svg Free Imperial City of Soest (1449-1616)

Early modernity[]

Sister republics[]

A sister republic was a client state of France established by French armies or by local revolutionaries and assisted by the First French Republic during the French Revolutionary Wars.

Modernity[]

19th century[]

Africa

  • Flag of Liberia.svg Republic of Liberia (since 1847)
  • Flag of the Republic of Maryland.svg Republic of Maryland (1853–1857)
  •  Orange Free State (1854–1902)
  • South African Republic South African Republic (1856–1877; 1881–1902)

North America

South America

Asia

Europe

Oceania

20th century[]

Africa

  • Tripolitanian Republic (16 November 1918–1922)
  • Rif Confederal Republic of the Tribes of the Rif (18 September 1921 – 27 May 1926)
  •  Egypt (since 1953)
  •  Sudan (since 1956)
  •  Tunisia (since 1957)
  •  Ghana (since 1960)
  •  Benin (since 1960)
  •  Madagascar (since 1960)
  •  Mauritania (since 1960)
  •  Somalia (since 1960)
  •  Cameroon (since 1961)
  •  South Africa (since 1961)
  •  Nigeria (since 1963)
  •  Rwanda (since 1962)
  •  Algeria (since 1962)
  • Tanganyika (1961–1964) Republic of Tanganyika (9 December 1962 – 26 April 1964)
  •  Uganda (since 1963)
  •  Kenya (since 1963)
  •  Malawi (since 1964)
  •  Zambia (since 1964)
  • Flag of Zanzibar (January-April 1964).svg People's Republic of Zanzibar and Pemba (12 January 1964 – 26 April 1964)
  •  Tanzania (since 26 April 1964)
  •  Gambia (since 1965)
  •  Botswana (since 1966)
  •  Burundi (since 1966)
  •  Biafra (30 May 1967 – 15 January 1970)
  •  Equatorial Guinea (since 1968)
  •  Libya (since 1969)
  •  Central African Republic (since 1970)
  •  Rhodesia (2 March 1970 – 11 December 1979)
  •  Sierra Leone (since 1971)
  •  Ethiopia (since 1974)
  •  Cape Verde (since 1975)
  •  Mozambique (since 1975)
  •  São Tomé and Príncipe (since 1975)
  •  Western Sahara (since 1976)
  •  Seychelles (since 1976)
  •  Transkei (26 October 1976 - 27 April 1994)
  •  Bophuthatswana (6 December 1977 - 28 April 1994)
  •  Venda (13 September 1979 - 28 April 1994)
  •  Zimbabwe (since 1980)
  •  Ciskei (4 December 1981 - 28 April 1994)
  •  Namibia (since 1990)
  •  Somaliland (since 1991)
  •  Mauritius (since 1992)

America

  • Acre (state) Republic of Acre (1st: 15 July 1899 – 15 March 1900; 2nd: November 1900–24 December 1900 3rd: 27 January 1903 – 11 November 1903)
  • Flag of Cuba.svg Republic of Cuba (since 20 May 1902)
  • Flag of Panama.svg Republic of Panama (since 3 November 1903)
  • Flag of Brazil (1889–1960).svg First United States of Brazil (16 July 1934 – 29 October 1945)
  • Flag of Brazil (1889–1960).svg Second United States of Brazil (31 January 1946 – 31 March 1964)
  • Flag of Costa Rica (state).svg Second Republic of Costa Rica (since 7 November 1949)
  • Flag of the Dominican Republic.svg Third Dominican Republic (1924-12 July 1965)
  • State flag of Venezuela (1954–2006).svg Republic of Venezuela (11 April 1953 – 15 December 1999)
  • Flag of the Dominican Republic.svg Fourth Dominican Republic (since 1 July 1966)
  • Flag of Anguilla (1967–1969).svg Republic of Anguilla (12 July 1967 – 19 March 1969)
  • Flag of Guyana.svg Co-operative Republic of Guyana (since 23 February 1970)
  • Flag of Suriname.svg Republic of Suriname (since 25 November 1975)
  • Flag of Trinidad and Tobago.svg Republic of Trinidad and Tobago (since 1 August 1976)
  • Flag of Dominica.svg Commonwealth of Dominica (since 3 November 1978)
  • Flag of Brazil.svg Federative Republic of Brazil (since 15 March 1985)
  • Flag of Venezuela (state).svg Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (since 15 December 1999)

Asia

  • Urjanchai Republic (1 December 1911 – 17 April 1914)
  • Taiwan Republic of China (since 1 January 1912, since 7 December 1949 only in Taiwan)
  • Flag of the Transcaucasian Federation.svg Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic (22 April 1918 – 28 May 1918)
  •  Democratic Republic of Armenia (28 May 1918 – 2 December 1920)
  • Democratic Republic of Azerbaijan (28 May 1918 – 28 April 1920)
  • Flag of the South West Caucasian Republic.svg Kars Republic (1 December 1918 – 19 April 1919)
  • Flag of the Republic of Aras.svg Republic of Aras (December 1918 – Mid-June 1919)
  • Flag of the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic (1921–1922).svg Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic (28 April 1920 – 12 March 1922)
  • Flag of the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic (1922).svg Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic (2 December 1920 – 12 March 1922)
  • First Republic of Armenia Republic of Mountainous Armenia (26 April 1921 – 13 July 1921)
  • Tuvan People's Republic Tuvan People's Republic (14 August 1921 – 11 October 1944)
  • Turkey Republic of Turkey (since 29 October 1923)
  •  Mongolian People's Republic (24 November 1924 – 13 February 1992)
  •  Commonwealth of the Philippines (15 November 1935 – 4 July 1946)
  • Philippines Second Philippine Republic (14 November 1943 – 11 June 1945)
  • Lebanon Lebanese Republic (de jure: since 22 November 1943; de facto: since 31 December 1946)
  • Indonesia Republic of Indonesia (since 17 August 1945)
  • Myanmar Republic of the Union of Myanmar (since 4 January 1948)
  • Philippines Third Philippine Republic (4 July 1946 – 30 December 1965)
  • Israel State of Israel (since 14 May 1948)
  •  South Korea (since 15 August 1948)
  • North Korea Democratic People's Republic of Korea (since 9 September 1948)
  •  North Vietnam (since 2 September 1945)
  •  South Vietnam (26 October 1955 - 30 April 1975)
  •  People's Republic of China (since 1 October 1949)
  • Republic of South Maluku Republic of South Maluku (15 April 1950 – 12 April 1963)
  • India Republic of India (since 26 January 1950)
  •  Pakistan (since 1956)
  •  Iraq (since 1958)
  •  Cyprus (since 1960)
  •  Singapore (since 1965)
  • Philippines Fourth Philippine Republic (30 December 1965–22/25 February 1986)
  •  Yemen (since 1967)
  •  Maldives (since 1968)
  •  Bangladesh (since 1971)
  •  Sri Lanka (since 1972)
  •  Afghanistan (since 1973-1992)[9]
  •  Laos (since 1975)
  •  Iran (since 1979)
  •  Northern Cyprus (since 1983)
  • Philippines Republic of the Philippines (since 22/25 February 1986)
  •  Palestine (since 1988)
  •  Armenia (since 1991)
  •  Republic of Artsakh (since 1991)
  •  Georgia (since 1991)
  •  South Ossetia (since 1991)
  •  Abkhazia (since 1992)
  •  Mongolia (since 1992)
  •    Nepal (since 2008)

Europe

Oceania

  •  Republic of West Papua (1961–1963)
  • Samoa Independent State of Samoa (since 1 January 1962)
  • Nauru Republic of Nauru (since 31 January 1968)
  • Palau Republic of Palau (since 2 April 1979)
  • Marshall Islands Republic of the Marshall Islands (since 1979)
  • Kiribati Republic of Kiribati (since 12 July 1979)
  • Vanuatu Republic of Vanuatu (since 30 July 1980)
  • Federated States of Micronesia Federated States of Micronesia (since 3 November 1986)
  • Fiji Republic of Fiji (since 7 October 1987)

21st century and later[]

  • Flag of East Timor.svg Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste (since 20 May 2002)
  • Islamic Republic of Afghanistan (9 October 2004 – 15 August 2021)
  • Flag of Kosovo.svg Republic of Kosovo (since 17 February 2008)
  • Flag of Nepal.svg Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal (since 28 May 2008)
  • Flag of Bolivia (state).svg Plurinational State of Bolivia (since 7 February 2009)
  • Flag of Libya.svg State of Libya (since 17 February 2011)
  • South Sudan Republic of South Sudan (since 9 July 2011)
  • Barbados Barbados (since 30 November 2021)

List by type[]

In modern usage, a republican system of government is loosely applied to any state which claims this designation.[10] For example, the Dominican Republic under Rafael Trujillo is considered a republic, as is the Republic of Iraq under Saddam Hussein.

Arab republics[]

  • Egypt Arab Republic of Egypt (1953–present)
  • Syria Syrian Arab Republic (1946–present)
  • Western Sahara Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (1976–present)
  • United Arab Republic United Arab Republic (1958–1971)
  • Yemen Arab Republic Yemen Arab Republic (1962–1990)
  • Libya Libyan Arab Republic (1969–1977)

Confederal republics[]

Confederal republics are associations of sovereign states, usually having power over critical common issues such as defense and foreign policy:

  • Confederate States of America Confederate States of America (1861–1865)
  • Senegambia Confederation (1982–1989)
  • United States United States of America (under the Second Continental Congress and the Articles of Confederation, 1776–1789)

Crowned republics[]

A crowned republic, is a form of constitutional monarchy where the monarch's role is commonly seen as largely ceremonial and where all the royal prerogatives are prescribed by custom and law in such a way that the monarch has limited discretion over governmental and constitutional issues.

Democratic republics[]

Democratic republics are usually socialist states although not all of them are necessarily socialist.

Federal republics[]

Federal republics are federal states in which the administrative divisions (states or provinces) theoretically retain a degree of autonomy which is constitutionally protected, and cannot be revoked unilaterally by the national government. Federal republics are not unitary states.

  • Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela
  • Bosnia and Herzegovina (since 1995)
  • Commonwealth of England (1649–1653)
  • Czechoslovakia: Czechoslovak Socialist Republic (1969–1990), Czech and Slovak Federative Republic (1990–1992)
  • Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (unitary republic 1974–1994; federal republic since 1994)
  • Federal Republic of Cameroon (1961–1972)
  • Federal Republic of Somalia (since August 2012)
  • Federative Republic of Brazil (since 15 November 1889)[16]
  • Federal Republic of Germany (since 1918)
  • Gran Colombia (Republic of Colombia) (1819–1886), known as Great Colombia from 1819 to 1831, when it included present-day Ecuador, Venezuela and Panama.
  • Islamic Republic of Pakistan (since 1956; declaration of the Islamic Republic)
  • Second Federal Republic of Mexico (1846–1864)
  • United Mexican States[17] (since 1917)
  • Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal (since 2007)[18]
  • Federal Republic of Nigeria (1963–66:1st Republic, 1979–83: 2nd Republic, 1993: 3rd Republic, 1999–present: 4th Republic)
  • Argentine Republic (since 1852)
  • Republic of India (since 26 January 1950)
  • Republic of South Sudan (since 9 July 2011)
  • Republic of Sudan (since 1 January 1956)
  • Republic of Austria
  • Russian Federation (since November 7, 1917; up to 1991 it was named Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic[19])[20]
  • State Union of Serbia and Montenegro (2003–2006)
  • Swiss Confederation (1848–present), a federal republic but called the Swiss Confederation
  • Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)
  • United Provinces of Central America (1823–1840)
  • United States of America[21] (since 1789)
  • United States of Indonesia (1949–1950)
  • Yugoslavia: Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia (1946–1963), Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1963–1992), Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1992–2003)

Islamic republics[]

Republics governed in accordance with Islamic law:

  • Islamic Republic of Afghanistan (2004-2021)
  • Islamic Republic of Iran (since 1979)
  • Islamic Republic of Mauritania (since 1960)
  • Islamic Republic of Pakistan (since 1956)

People's republics[]

People's republics are said to be governed by the people. The name is most often (but not always) used by communist states.

Current people's republics[]

Former people's republics[]

Socialist republics[]

These are republics that use the word "socialist" in their official name.

  • Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic (1920–1990)
  • Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic (1920–1991)
  • Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (1920–1991)
  • Czechoslovak Socialist Republic Czechoslovak Socialist Republic (1960–1990)
  • Sri Lanka Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka
  • Libya Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (1977–2011)
  • Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1963–1992)
  • Albania People's Socialist Republic of Albania (1976–1990)
  • Romania Socialist Republic of Romania (1965–1989)
  • Vietnam Socialist Republic of Vietnam (since 1976)
  • Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic (1919–1991)
  • Soviet Union Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)

Unitary republics[]

Unitary republics are unitary states which are governed constitutionally as one single unit, with a single constitutionally created legislature. Unitary states are not federations or confederations.

  • Islamic Republic of Afghanistan (republic since 1973)
  • Republic of Acre (1st: 1899–1900; 2nd: 1900; 3rd: 1903)
  • Republic of Albania (since 1946)
  • People's Democratic Republic of Algeria
  • Republic of Angola (since 1975)
  • Republic of Armenia (1st: 28 May 1918; Current: 25 December 1991)
  • Republic of Azerbaijan (1st: 28 May 1918; re-established: 18 October 1991)
  • People's Republic of Bangladesh
  • Barbados (since 30 November 2021)
  • Republic of Benin
  • Republic of Bophuthatswana (1977-1994)
  • Plurinational State of Bolivia
  • Republic of Botswana (since 1966)
  • Republic of Bulgaria (since 1946)
  •  Burkina Faso
  • Republic of the Union of Myanmar (Burma)
  • Republic of Burundi (since 1966)
  • Republic of Cameroon
  • Republic of Cape Verde
  • Republic of Chad
  •  Central African Republic (1958–1976; restored 1979)
  • Republic of Chile
  • People's Republic of China
  • Republic of China (Taiwan)
  • Republic of Ciskei (1981-1994)
  • Republic of Colombia (unitary republic since 1886)
  • Democratic Republic of the Congo
  • Republic of the Congo
  • Corsican Republic (1755–1769)
  • Cospaia (1440–1826)
  • Republic of Costa Rica
  • Republic of Croatia
  • Republic of Cuba
  • Republic of Cyprus
  •  Czech Republic
  • Commonwealth of Dominica
  •  Dominican Republic (1821–1822, 1844–1861, 1865–present)
  • Republic of Djibouti
  • Republic of Ecuador
  • Arab Republic of Egypt (since 1953)
  • Republic of El Salvador (1821–present)
  • Republic of Equatorial Guinea
  • State of Eritrea
  • Republic of Estonia (since 1918)
  • Republic of Ezo (1868–1869)
  • Independent Commune of Franceville (1889)
  • Republic of Fiji (since 1987)
  • Republic of Finland (since 1919)
  • Finnish Democratic Republic (1 December 1939 to 12 March 1940)
  • Republic of Formosa (1895)
  • French Republic
  • Gabonese Republic
  • Republic of the Gambia (since 1970)
  •  Georgia
  • Republic of Ghana (since 1960)
  • Hellenic Republic (First Hellenic Republic (1822–1832))
  • Republic of Guatemala
  • Republic of Guinea
  • Republic of Guinea-Bissau
  • Co-operative Republic of Guyana (since 1970)
  • Republic of Haiti (1806–1849; restored 1859)
  • Republic of Hawaii (1894–1898)
  • Republic of Honduras
  • Republic of Hungary (since 1946)
  • Republic of Iceland (republic since 1944)
  • Indonesia Republic of Indonesia (unitary republic since August 1950)
  •  Israel (since 14 May 1948)
  • Italian Republic (since 1946)
  • Italian Social Republic (1943–1945)
  • Islamic Republic of Iran (since 1979)
  • Republic of Iraq (since 1958)
  •  Republic of Ireland (since 1949)
  • Ivory Coast Republic of Ivory Coast
  • Kazakhstan Republic of Kazakhstan
  • Kenya Republic of Kenya (since 1964)
  • Kiribati Republic of Kiribati (since 1979)
  • Kosovo Republic of Kosovo (since 2008)
  • South Korea Republic of Korea (since 1948)
  • North Korea Democratic People's Republic of Korea (since 1948)
  • Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyz Republic
  • Laos Lao People's Democratic Republic (since 1975)
  • Latvia Republic of Latvia
  • Lebanon Republic of Lebanon (22 November 1943)
  • Liberia Republic of Liberia
  • Libya Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (1969–2011)
  • Lithuania Republic of Lithuania
  • Lokot Republic (1941–1943)
  • Madagascar Republic of Madagascar
  • Malawi Republic of Malaŵi (since 1966)
  • Maldives Republic of Maldives (since 1968)
  • Mali Republic of Mali (since 1960)
  • Malta Republic of Malta (since 1974)
  • Marshall Islands Republic of the Marshall Islands (since 1979)
  • Mauritania Islamic Republic of Mauritania
  • Mauritius Republic of Mauritius (since 1992)
  • Menton and Roquebrune (1848–1861)
  • Moldova Republic of Moldova
  • Mongolia State of Mongolia (since 1924)
  • Montenegro Republic of Montenegro (since 2006)
  • Mozambique Republic of Mozambique
  • State of Muskogee (1799–1803)
  • Namibia Republic of Namibia
  • Nauru Republic of Nauru
  • Nicaragua Republic of Nicaragua
  • Niger Republic of Niger
  • North Macedonia Republic of North Macedonia (since 1991)
  • Palau Republic of Palau (since 1981)
  • Panama Republic of Panama
  • Paraguay Republic of Paraguay
  • Peru Republic of Peru
  • Philippines Republic of the Philippines (since 1946)
  • Poland Republic of Poland
  • Portugal Portuguese Republic (since 1910)
  • Rhodesia Republic of Rhodesia (1970 - 1979)
  •  Romania (since 1947)
  • Rwanda Republic of Rwanda (since 1961)
  • Samoa Independent State of Samoa (since 1962)
  • San Marino Most Serene Republic of San Marino (since 301)
  • São Tomé and Príncipe Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe
  • Senegal Republic of Senegal
  • Serbia Republic of Serbia
  • Seychelles Republic of Seychelles
  • Sierra Leone Republic of Sierra Leone (since 1971)
  • Singapore Republic of Singapore (since 1965)
  • Slovakia Slovak Republic (1939–1945)
  • Slovenia Republic of Slovenia
  • South Africa Republic of South Africa (since 1961)
  • Spain Republic of Spain (1931–1939)
  • Sri Lanka Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka (since 1972)
  • Suriname Republic of Suriname
  • Syria Syrian Arab Republic
  • Tajikistan Republic of Tajikistan
  • Tanzania United Republic of Tanzania
  • Texas Republic of Texas (1836–1845)
  • East Timor Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste
  • Togo Togolese Republic
  • Transkei Republic of Transkei (1976–1994)
  • Trinidad and Tobago Republic of Trinidad and Tobago (since 1976)
  • Tunisia Tunisian Republic (since 1957)
  • Turkey Republic of Turkey (republic since 1923)
  • Turkmenistan Republic of Turkmenistan
  • Uganda Republic of Uganda (since 1963)
  •  Ukraine
  • Republic of Upper Volta Republic of Upper Volta (1958-1984)
  • Uruguay Oriental Republic of Uruguay
  • Uzbekistan Republic of Uzbekistan
  • Vanuatu Republic of Vanuatu
  • Venda Republic of Venda (1979-1994)
  • Vermont Republic (1777–1791)
  • South Vietnam Republic of Vietnam (1955–1975)
  • Republic of West Florida (1810)
  • Yemen Republic of Yemen (since 1962)
  • Zambia Republic of Zambia (since 1964)
  • Zimbabwe Republic of Zimbabwe

See also[]

References[]

  1. ^ Jagdish P. Sharma, Republics in ancient India, c. 1500 B.C.–500 B.C., Brill Publishers, 1968, p. 103: "the Licchavis had a council of 9 though the membership of their Assembly numbered 7,707. ... [The Assembly] normally met once a year for important and grave public business."
  2. ^ Jagdish P. Sharma, Republics in ancient India, c. 1500 B.C.– 500 B.C., Brill Publishers, 1968, p. 82.
  3. ^ Vaishali – Encyclopædia Britannica
  4. ^ Andrew Lintott, Violence, Civil Strife and Revolution in the Classical City: 750-330 BC, Routledge, 2014, p. 66.
  5. ^ "Brief history of Novgorod". waytorussia.net. Retrieved 26 December 2007.
  6. ^ Carrington, Dorothy, "The Corsican Constitution of Pasquale Paoli (1755–1769)," The English Historical Review, July 1973, pp 481–503
  7. ^ Van de Water, Frederic Franklyn (1974). The Reluctant Republic: Vermont 1724–1791. The Countryman Press. ISBN 0-914378-02-3.
  8. ^ "Wee, Small Republics: A Few Examples of Popular Government", Hawaiian Gazette, p. 1, 1 November 1895
  9. ^ Henry St. Amant Bradsher, Afghanistan and the Soviet Union, Duke University Press, 1983.
  10. ^ Republic, Oxford English Dictionary, SECOND EDITION 1989
  11. ^ a b c d e Wells, H. G. (1 December 2005). A Short History of the World. Cosimo, Inc. ISBN 9781596055858.
  12. ^ Willoughby, Westel Woodbury; Fairlie, John Archibald; Ogg, Frederic Austin (1918). The American Political Science Review. American Political Science Association.
  13. ^ Patmore, Glenn (2009). Choosing the Republic. University of New South Wales Press. ISBN 9781742230153.
  14. ^ "Ελλάς (Πολίτευμα)" [Greece (Form of Government)]. www.anemi.lib.uoc.gr (in Greek). Athens: Pyrsos Publishing. 1934. p. 239. Retrieved 31 August 2018. Through the Constitution of 1864, constitutional monarchy, or, as it had been described, "crowned democracy", or "democratic monarchy", was consolidated as the form of government in Greece.
  15. ^ "Σύνταγμα της Ελλάδος" [Constitution of Greece] (PDF). www.hellenicparliament.gr (in Greek). Athens: Hellenic Parliament. 1952. p. 6. Retrieved 31 August 2018. Article 21: The Form of Government of Greece is that of a Crowned Republic. All powers stem from the Nation and are exercised in accordance with the Constitution.
  16. ^ "The Formation of the Brazilian Republic in 1889". Archived from the original on 10 November 2016. Retrieved 19 May 2008.
  17. ^ "Mexico". The World Factbook. CIA. 2007. Retrieved 21 December 2007.
  18. ^ "Nepal declared republican state – Gorkhapatra Sansthan - State Owned Newspaper". Archived from the original on 26 July 2007.
  19. ^ Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR approved the Law of the RSFSR #2094-I of December 25, 1991 "Name Change for the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic" // News of the Congress of People's Deputies of the Russian SFSR and Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR. 1992. No. 2. Art. 62
  20. ^ Article 1 of the Russian Constitution
  21. ^ "United States". The World Factbook. CIA. 2007. Retrieved 21 December 2007.
  22. ^ "Korea, North". The World Factbook. CIA. 2007. Retrieved 21 December 2007.
  23. ^ "Algeria". The World Factbook. CIA. 2007. Retrieved 21 December 2007.
  24. ^ "Laos". The World Factbook. CIA. 2007. Retrieved 21 December 2007.
  25. ^ "Bangladesh". The World Factbook. CIA. 2007. Retrieved 21 December 2007.
  26. ^ "China". The World Factbook. CIA. 2007. Retrieved 21 December 2007.

Further reading[]

External links[]

  • Media related to Republics at Wikimedia Commons
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