The barque was wrecked in .[1] She was on a voyage from Colombo, Ceylon, to London.[2]
Gardner
United Kingdom
The ship ran aground east of Læsø, Denmark. Her crew survived. She was on a voyage from South Shields, County Durham, to Stettin.[3]
Heinrich
Hamburg
The brig was driven ashore at Sandy Hook, New Jersey, United States. She was on a voyage from Newcastle upon Tyne, Northumberland, United Kingdom to New York, United States. She was refloated the next day.[4]
Honour
United Kingdom
The smack departed from Liverpool, Lancashire for Rouen, Seine-Inférieure, France. No further trace, presumed foundered with the loss of all hands.[5]
J. G. Morrow
United States
The 163-ton sidewheelferry struck a snag and sank in the Missouri River at St. Joseph, Missouri.[6]
Maria
Kingdom of Hanover
The ship was driven ashore at Thisted, Denmark. She was on a voyage from Leer to Königsberg, Prussia.[7]
Newa
Russia
The ship was driven ashore at Thisted. She was on a voyage from London to Königsberg.[7]
Villiers
United Kingdom
The brigantine was wrecked on the Mixen Sand, in the Bristol Channel with the loss of two of her crew. She was on a voyage from Cardiff, Glamorgan, to Alicante, Spain.[8]
2 September[]
List of shipwrecks: 2 September 1861
Ship
Country
Description
Royal Navy
The Algerine-classgunboat ran aground at the mouth of the Yangtze.[9] She was refloated the next day with assistance from and (both Royal Navy).[10]
Amazon
Royal Yacht Club
The cutteryacht was run into by the steamship (United Kingdom) and sank at Ryde, Isle of Wight[11] All five people on board survived.[12] She was subsequently raised and repaired.[13]
Leonidas
United Kingdom
The steamship ran aground in the Narva and was wrecked. Her crew were rescued.[7] She was on a voyage from Saint Petersburg, Russia, to Hartlepool, County Durham.[14]
Mary Ann
United Kingdom
The sloop sprang a leak and foundered in the English Channel between Folkestone and Dungeness, Kent with the loss of one of her crew. She was on a voyage from London to Arundel, Sussex.[8]
Telemaco
Russia
The steamship foundered west of Málaga, Spain, with the loss of all but one of her crew.[15]
The ship ran aground on the Nehrung, in the Baltic Sea. She was on a voyage from Dantzic to Stettin.[8]
Villiers
United Kingdom
The brigantine ran aground and sank off the Mumbles, Glamorgan. Her four crew were rescued by the tugBeaufort (United Kingdom).[17]
4 September[]
List of shipwrecks: 4 September 1861
Ship
Country
Description
Colonel Long
Confederate States of America
American Civil War, Union blockade: Carrying a cargo of arrowroot, sponges, and whiskey and a crew of eight, the 14-ton fishing schooner was captured and scuttled in the North Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Georgia by the sloop-of-warUSS Jamestown (United States Navy).[18]
Dayspring
United Kingdom
The ship ran aground at Kurrachee, India. She was on a voyage from Liverpool, Lancashire, to Kurrachee. She was refloated.[19]
Gulterus
United Kingdom
The ship was driven ashore and damaged at Wick, Caithness. She was later refloated and taken in to North Shields, Northumberland for repairs.[20]
Ida Aloenius
Flag unknown
The ship was taken in to Fredrikshavn, Denmark, in a derelict condition.[21]
The ironcladfrigate collided with the transport ship Voltarna (Italy) off Toulon, Var, France during sea trials and was severely damaged. She put back to Toulon.[22]
Vienna
United Kingdom
The ship ran aground at Portsmouth, Hampshire. She was on a voyage from Seaham, County Durham, to Portsmouth. She was refloated the next day and taken in to Portsmouth.[3]
The ship ran aground on the Brake Sand, off the Kent coast. She was refloated.[24]
Trio
United Kingdom
The fishing vessel was driven ashore and severely damaged at Wick, Caithness.[25]
6 September[]
List of shipwrecks: 6 September 1861
Ship
Country
Description
Cassandra
United Kingdom
The ship ran aground on the Gunfleet Sand, in the North Sea off the coast of Suffolk. Her crew were rescued by Ellen Highfield (United Kingdom). Cassandra was on a voyage from Hartlepool, County Durham, to London. She was subsequently severely damaged by fire.[3]
7 September[]
List of shipwrecks: 7 September 1861
Ship
Country
Description
J. O. Baker
United Kingdom
The ship ran aground in the River Mersey. She was on a voyage from Liverpool, Lancashire, to Genoa, Italy. She was refloated the next day.[26]
8 September[]
List of shipwrecks: 8 September 1861
Ship
Country
Description
Drobak
Norway
The barque was abandoned in the Atlantic Ocean. Her fifteen crew were rescued by Baron Clyde (United Kingdom). Drobak was on a voyage from Quebec City, Province of Canada, British North America to Hull, Yorkshire, United Kingdom.[27]
Malakoff
United Kingdom
The barque foundered in the South China Sea. Her crew were rescued. She was on a voyage from Hong Kong to Shanghai, China.[28][29]
Retreat
United Kingdom
The ship collided with John Wells (United Kingdom and was abandoned in the Atlantic Ocean. She was on a voyage from Waterford to Quebec City.[30]
Robert
Netherlands
The schooner was run down 7 nautical miles (13 km) west of Cape de Gatt, Spain, by the steamshipVencedor do Africa (Spain) and sank. All nine people on board were rescued by Vencedor do Africa. Robert was on a voyage from London, United Kingdom, to Syria, Greece.[31]
10 September[]
List of shipwrecks: 10 September 1861
Ship
Country
Description
Joseph Hasselet
United States
The schooner sprang a leak and foundered off Great Egg Harbour, New Jersey with the loss of five of the seven people on board. The survivors clung to a plank, but one of them drowned the next day. Her captain was rescued on 13 September by the schooner N. E. Clark (United States). Joseph Hasselet was on a voyage from Stony Point, New York to Milford, Delaware.[32]
11 September[]
List of shipwrecks: 11 September 1861
Ship
Country
Description
Goldseeker
United Kingdom
The lugger foundered in a squall off the coast of County Dublin with the loss of all eight crew.[33]
Honour
United Kingdom
The smack departed from Liverpool, Lancashire for Rouen, Seine-Inférieure France. No further trace, presumed foundered with the loss of all hands.[34][35]
William Boothby
United Kingdom
The ship was wrecked at "Moosepekay Head Harbour".[36]
12 September[]
List of shipwrecks: 12 September 1861
Ship
Country
Description
Barbadoes
United Kingdom
The brig was wrecked at Port Elizabeth, Cape Colony. Her crew were rescued. She was on a voyage from Natal to London.[37][38][2]
Benjamin
France
The ship was wrecked in Wangchew Bay, China. She was on a voyage from Foo Chow Foo to Shanghai.[39]
City of Manchester
United Kingdom
The ship was wrecked off Cape Race, Newfoundland, British North America.[40]
Jarrow
United Kingdom
The ship was driven ashore at Cronstadt, Russia. She was on a voyage from Newcastle upon Tyne, Northumberland, to Cronstadt.[4]
Margaret
United Kingdom
The ship sprang a leak off Cape Wrath, Caithness. She put in to Loch Eriboll and was beached. She was on a voyage from Wick, Caithness, to Cork. Subsequently repaired and resumed her voyage.[41]
Tamerlane
United Kingdom
The barque foundered in the Atlantic Ocean. Her fifteen crew took to the longboat; they were rescued on 18 September by Tara (United Kingdom). Tamerlane was on a voyage from Sunderland, County Durham to Quebec City, Province of Canada, British North America.[42][20]
The barque was wrecked at Dundalk, County Louth. Her crew were rescued by the Dundalk Lifeboat.[17]
Jose Maria
Spain
The ship was driven ashore between "Lanag" and San Nicolas, Spanish East Indies. Her crew were rescued. She was on a voyage from Amoy, China, to Manila, Spanish East Indies. She was declared a total loss.[39]
Pickering
United Kingdom
The schooner was run into by the steamshipLady Berridale and was beached on the Tynemouth Rocks. She was refloated the next day and towed in to North Shields, Northumberland.[4]
The ship was abandoned in the Atlantic Ocean. She was on a voyage from Glasgow, Renfrewshire to St. Stephen, New Brunswick, British North America.[41]
City of Mobile
United States
The ship was driven ashore in the River Mersey. She was refloated and anchored in the Sloyne.[43]
Judah
Confederate States of America
American Civil War, Union blockade: The schooner, a Confederate privateer and blockade runner, was boarded and set afire while moored at the Pensacola Navy Yard in Pensacola, Florida, by 100 United States Navy and United States Marine Corps personnel who rowed into the harbor in four launches from the screw frigateUSS Colorado (United States Navy). Judah broke her moorings, drifted into the middle of Pensacola Bay, burned to the waterline, and sank opposite Fort Barrancas.[45][46]
Providence
United Kingdom
The brigantine was abandoned in the Irish Sea. Her four crew were rescued by the paddle steamerScotia (United Kingdom). Providence was towed in to Holyhead.[47][48]
Unnamed
United Kingdom
The ship foundered 6 nautical miles (11 km) south west of Great Orme Head, Caernarfonshire. All hands presumed lost.[43]
15 September[]
List of shipwrecks: 15 September 1861
Ship
Country
Description
Alma
United Kingdom
The sloop was run down and sunk at Holyhead, Anglesey by Admiral Moorsom (United Kingdom) with the loss of two of her three crew.[47][48]
Deptford
United Kingdom
The ship ran argound at Whitby, Yorkshire. She was on a voyage from Vyborg, Grand Duchy of Finland, to Hull, Yorkshire.[4]
Margaret
New Zealand
The schooner hit the Molyneux bar at the mouth of the Clutha River in New Zealand.[49]
Pioneer
New Zealand
The schooner hit the Molyneux bar at the mouth of the Clutha River in New Zealand.[49]
Providence
United Kingdom
The brig foundered in the Pacific Ocean. She was on a voyage from San Francisco, California, United States to a port in Victoria.[50]
Superior
United Kingdom
The schooner was wrecked 3 nautical miles (5.6 km) north of Arzila, Morocco. Her crew were rescued.[31]
Waterlily
United Kingdom
The ship ran aground on the Goodwin Sands, Kent and was damaged. She was on a voyage from Mogador, Morocco, to Hull. She was refloated and towed in to Ramsgate, Kent.[27]
Unnamed
United Kingdom
The brig was wrecked on the Kipern Rocks, Anglesey.[47]
The brig ran ashore at Apes Hill, on the Barbary Coast and was damaged. She was on a voyage from Hartlepool, County Durham, to Genoa, Italy. She was later refloated and taken in to Gibraltar, where she was placed under repair.[31][51][20]
United Kingdom
The steamship foundered in the North Sea with the loss of thirteen of the 25 people on board. Survivors were rescued by the brigHarmony ( Wismar). Colonist was on a voyage from Copenhagen, Denmark, to Hull, Yorkshire.[52][44][53]
Comet
United Kingdom
The barque was driven ashore and wrecked at Garrucha, Spain.[53][51]
Cora
United Kingdom
The ship ran aground on the Scull Martin Rocks, off the coast of County Down. She was on a voyage from Greenock, Renfrewshire to St. Jago de Cuba, Cuba.[54] She was refloated on 19 September and taken in to the Belfast Lough.[44] Subsequently towed in to Liverpool, Lancashire.[55]
Destiny
Gibraltar
The ship struck rocks at Point de Cruses, Morocco, became waterlogged and was abandoned. Her ten crew were rescued by the feluccaIsabelita (Spain). Destiny was on a voyage from Gibraltar to Genoa, Italy. The wreck was plundered by three Spanish vessels.[31]
17 September[]
List of shipwrecks: 17 September 1861
Ship
Country
Description
Cadiz
United Kingdom
The brig was driven ashore at Veere, Zeeland, Netherlands. She was on a voyage from Newcastle upon Tyne, Northumberland, to Rotterdam, South Holland.[4] She was later refloated and taken in to Vlissingen, Zeeland.[53]
Ceneus
United Kingdom
The snow sank in the English Channel off Dover, Kent. Her six crew were rescued by Ceres (United Kingdom). Ceneus was on a voyage from Schiedam, South Holland, to Sunderland, County Durham.[4][56]
Friedrich Wilhelm
Prussia
The ship was driven ashore at Barrow in Furness, Lancashire, United Kingdom. She was on a voyage from Memel to Gloucester, United Kingdom. She was consequently condemned.[57]
The ship was driven ashore on Terschelling, Friesland. Her crew were rescued. She was on a voyage from Hamburg to Amsterdam, North Holland.[44]
Margaretha
Netherlands
The ship foundered off the coast of South Holland with the loss of a crew member.[4]
Marina
United Kingdom
The barque was wrecked 7 nautical miles (13 km) west of the Manora Point Lighthouse, KurracheeIndia. Her thirteen crew were rescued. She was on a voyage from Sunderland to Kurrachee.[58][59]
18 September[]
List of shipwrecks: 18 September 1861
Ship
Country
Description
Anna Christina Haab
Netherlands
The ship was wrecked on the Hinder Bank, in the North Sea off the Dutch coast. Her crew were rescued.[44]
Firefly
United Kingdom
The smack was run down and sunk in the North Sea off the coast of Yorkshire by the steamshipLubana (United Kingdom). At least seven of the twelve people on board survived.[60]
Leda
United Kingdom
The brig was beached in the Humber. She was later refloated and towed in to Grimsby, Lincolnshire.[53]
Maid of the Mist
United States
The 40-ton sidewheel paddle steamer foundered in the Ohio River at Evansville, Indiana.[61]
Melbourne
United Kingdom
The brig was abandoned in the Atlantic Ocean. Her crew were rescued by Normand (France). Melborune was on a voyage from Puerto Rico to London.[62]
Sao Paolo
Italy
The brig caught fire and was scuttled in Gibraltar Bay. She was later refloated.[31]
19 September[]
List of shipwrecks: 19 September 1861
Ship
Country
Description
Guilaume
France
The ship was wrecked on the Lemon Sand, in the North Sea.[53]
The ship was wrecked on Johanna Island, Comoros Islands.[64][65]
Timandra
United Kingdom
The ship was driven ashore on Itaparica Island, Brazil. She was on a voyage from Cardiff, Glamorgan, to Bahia, Brazil.[62]
21 September[]
List of shipwrecks: 21 September 1861
Ship
Country
Description
Red Jacket
United Kingdom
The ship ran aground in the Hooghly River. She was on a voyage from Calcutta, India, to Réunion. She was refloated and resumed her voyage.[66]
Saxon
British North America
The ship ran aground and sank near Cape Gurupe, Brazil. Her crew survived. She was on a voyage from Grimsby, Lincolnshire, to Pará, Brazil.[67]
22 September[]
List of shipwrecks: 22 September 1861
Ship
Country
Description
Doncaster
United Kingdom
The brig ran aground on the Longsand, in the North Sea off the coast of Essex. She was refloated and assisted in to Harwich, Essex.[53]
Orion
Denmark
The brig was wrecked in the Orksen Islands, China with the loss of two of her crew. She was on a voyage from Foo Chow Foo to Shanghai.[39]
23 September[]
List of shipwrecks: 23 September 1861
Ship
Country
Description
Beacon
United Kingdom
The ship was driven ashore near Nyhamn, Sweden. She was on a voyage from Sunderland, County Durham to Swinemünde, Prussia.[20]
Cereal
United Kingdom
The barque ran aground on the Goodwin Sands, Kent, United Kingdom. She was on a voyage from Dunkerque, Nord to New York, United States. She was refloated with assistance from the tugVulcan and the Broadstairs, Deal and Ramsgate Lifeboats (all United Kingdom) and towed in to Ramsgate, Kent.[36][53]
Liberty
United Kingdom
The schooner was driven ashore at Whitehaven, Cumberland.[36]
Phoenix
United Kingdom
The ship departed from Montreal, Province of Canada, British North America for Londonderry. No further trace, presumed foundered with the loss of all hands.[68]
The ship ran aground on the Lemon and Ower Sands, in the North Sea. She was on a voyage from Newcastle upon Tyne, Northumberland, United Kingdom to Genoa, Italy. She was refloated and put in to Grimsby, Lincolnshire, United Kingdom in a leaky condition.[53]
The brig was abandoned in the North Sea with the loss of one of her seven crew. She was on a voyage from Gävle, Sweden, to Stockton-on-Tees, County Durham.[20][71]
Racehorse
United Kingdom
The lugger was run down and sunk off Cromer, Norfolk by the paddletug (United Kingdom).[41] Her crew were rescued by Onward.[20]
Sir Isaac Newton
Hamburg
The barque heeled over at North Shields, Northumberland, United Kingdom.[53] She was later righted.[20]
26 September[]
List of shipwrecks: 26 September 1861
Ship
Country
Description
Cavalier
United Kingdom
The ship ran aground in the River Mersey. She was on a voyage from Saint John, New Brunswick, British North America to Liverpool, Lancashire. She was refloated and taken in to the Sloyne.[55]
Henry Clay
United Kingdom
The ship was driven ashore and wrecked on Islay, Inner Hebrides. All on board were rescued. She was on a voyage from Liverpool to New York, United States.[72]
William Barker
United States
The ship sprang a leak and foundered off Tory Island, County Donegal, United Kingdom. She was on a voyage from Troon, Ayrshire, United Kingdom to Genoa, Italy.[73]
27 September[]
List of shipwrecks: 27 September 1861
Ship
Country
Description
Jeremiah Thompson
United Kingdom
The ship was driven ashore near Liverpool, Lancashire, United Kingdom. She was refloated.[73]
Lady Mansell
Guernsey
The schooner was driven ashore and wrecked at Portscatho, Cornwall. She was on a voyage from Guernsey to Cardiff, Glamorgan.[51][74]
Minnesota
United States
The 749-ton sidewheel paddle steamer was stranded at Green Bay, Wisconsin.[75]
Orderly
United Kingdom
The fishing trawler was run into by an American ship and sank off the coast of Cornwall. Her crew were rescued by another trawler.[74]
St. Patrick
United Kingdom
The Mersey Flat was driven ashore and damaged at Warrenpoint, County Down.[51]
The schooner was wrecked at Wick, Caithness, United Kingdom with the loss of all seven crew. She was on a voyage from Leith, Lothian, to Wick.[76]
Glasgow
United Kingdom
The schooner was driven ashore in Dundrum Bay. She was on a voyage from Wick to Ballywalter, County Down.[73]
Hydrus
United Kingdom
The schooner sprang a leak and was abandoned in the English Channel off St Alban's Head, Dorset. Her crew survived. She was on a voyage from Middlesbrough, Yorkshire, to Exeter, Devon.[20]
Mary Ann
United Kingdom
The full-rigged ship was driven ashore near Ballywalter.[73][51]
Mechanic
United Kingdom
The ship was driven ashore at Cronstadt, Russia. She was on a voyage from Newcastle upon Tyne, Northumberland, to Cronstadt. She was refloated the next day and take in to Cronstadt.[77]
M. H. Sheldon
United States
Carrying a cargo of coal, the schooner was wrecked on Block Island off the coast of Rhode Island.[78]
Neva
United Kingdom
The steamship was run into by the steamship H. L. Hvindt (Denmark) and sank in the Kattegat. Her crew were rescued by H. L. Hvindt. Neva was on a voyage from Hull, Yorkshire, to Saint Petersburg, Russia.[79][51]
Ocean Skimmer
United Kingdom
The ship was driven ashore at Cronstadt. She was on a voyage from Sunderland, County Durham to Cronstadt. She was refloated the next day and taken in to Cronstadt.[77]
Peace
United Kingdom
The sailing barge ran aground and was abandoned off Camber, Sussex. Both crew were rescued by the Rye Lifeboat. Peace was on a voyage from London to Rye, Sussex. She subsequently sank.[80][51][17]
29 September[]
List of shipwrecks: 29 September 1861
Ship
Country
Description
Alice
United Kingdom
The derelict schooner was taken in to Hellesund, Norway.[34]
Joseph Park
United States
American Civil War: The 244-ton brigantine was used for target practice and burned in the Atlantic Ocean off Brazil by the merchant raiderCSS Sumter (Confederate States Navy). Sumter had captured her on 25 or 28 September (sources disagree).[81][82]
30 September[]
List of shipwrecks: 30 September 1861
Ship
Country
Description
Anagance
United Kingdom
The ship departed from New York, United States for DunkerqueNord, France. No further trace, presumed foundered with the loss of all hands.[83]
Aristide
Flag unknown
The ship sank in the Danube at Sulina, Ottoman Empire.[84]
Couva
United Kingdom
The ship departed from New York for Londonderry. No further trace, presumed foundered with the loss of all hands.[68]
George
United States
The full-rigged ship was driven ashore at Walmer Castle, Kent, United Kingdom. She was on a voyage from Antwerp, Belgium, to New York.[51]
Malay
United Kingdom
The barque was wrecked on a reef off "Dunniloff Island", in the White Sea. Her crew were rescued by the brigCaledonia (United Kingdom). Malay was on a voyage from Archangelsk, Russia, to Dundee, Forfarshire.[85][86]
Rose
Norway
The ship was wrecked at Whaligoe, Caithness, United Kingdom with the loss of all four crew.[87][88]
Unknown date[]
List of shipwrecks: Unknown date September 1861
Ship
Country
Description
Addie
United Kingdom
The snow was wrecked at Lisbon, Portugal. She was on a voyage from Lisbon to Pernambuco, Brazil.[54]
Ann Jane
New Zealand
The schooner hit the Molyneux bar at the mouth of the Clutha River, New Zealand.[49]
Armada
Spain
The ship was driven ashore near Ceuta. She was on a voyage from Hartlepool, County Durham, United Kingdom to Genoa, Italy.[30]
Azoff
Russia
The ship sank at Cronstadt before 19 September. She was on a voyage from Liverpool, Lancashire, United Kingdom to Cronstadt.[42]
Cheshire
United Kingdom
The ship was driven ashore at "Melancholy Point".[73]
United States
The schooner went ashore on the bar at Port Hood, Nova Scotia and became a total wreck. Crew saved.[89]
The schooner went ashore at Liverpool, Nova Scotia and became a total wreck. Crew saved.[91]
Hampton
United Kingdom
The barque was abandoned in the Atlantic Ocean before 23 September. She was on a voyage from Quebec City, Province of Canada, British North America to Newcastle upon Tyne, Northumberland.[19][50]
The ship foundered in the North Sea. She was on a voyage from Rotterdam, South Holland, Netherlands to Goole, Yorkshire.[44]
Leonidas
United Kingdom
The ship ran aground at Frederikshavn, Denmark, before 3 September. She was on a voyage from Saint Petersburg, Russia, to Hartlepool. She broke in two on 30 September.[93]
Lion Belge
Belgium
The ship was wrecked. She was on a voyage from Leith, Lothian, United Kingdom to Sydney, New South Wales.[30]
Persevere
Unknown
The full-rigged ship was lost in the Pacific Ocean 40 nautical miles (74 km; 46 mi) off Cape Flattery on the coast of Washington Territory.[94]
Prince Arthur
United Kingdom
The ship was abandoned in the Atlantic Ocean.[84] She was on a voyage from Quebec City to Liverpool, Lancashire.[73]
United States
The schooner went ashore at Ragged Island and became a total wreck. Crew saved.[95]
Salem
United Kingdom
The barque departed from Quebec City for Belfast, County Antrim. Presumed subsequently foundered with the loss of all hand; her longboat was discovered in the Atlantic Ocean.[96]
San Paolo
Italy
The ship caught fire and was beached in Gibraltar Bay. She was on a voyage from Hull, Yorkshire, to Genoa.[44]
Telemaco
Russia
The steamship foundered west of Málaga, Spain, before 8 September with the loss of all but one of her crew.[15][97]
^ abcd"The Late Shipping Casualties at Holyhead". Freeman's Journal. Dublin. 17 September 1861.
^ ab"Severity of the Weather. - Shipping Disasters". Morning Post. No. 27378. London. 17 September 1861. p. 6.
^ abcIngram, C. W. N., and Wheatley, P. O., (1936) Shipwrecks: New Zealand disasters 1795–1936. Dunedin, NZ: Dunedin Book Publishing Association. p. 74.
^ ab"Mercantile Ship News". The Standard. No. 11619. London. 19 November 1861. p. 7.
^ abcdefgh"Mercantile Ship News". The Standard. No. 11588. London. 1 October 1861. p. 7.
^"The Loss of the Colonist, of Hull". The Times. No. 24047. London. 25 September 1861. col E, p. 7.
^ abcdefghi"Marine Intelligence". Newcastle Courant. No. 9744. Newcastle upon Tyne. 27 September 1861.
^ ab"Shipping Intelligence". Morning Post. No. 27378. London. 17 September 1861.
^ ab"Shipping Intelligence". Liverpool Mercury. No. 4255. Liverpool. 1 October 1861.