Marraqueta

A marraqueta, also known as pan francés ('French bread' in Spanish) and other names, is a bread roll made with wheat flour, salt, water and yeast. This type of roll has a crunchy texture,^[1] and is very popular in South America (Bolivia, Brazil, Chile and Peru but can also be found in Argentina and Uruguay), and also Portugal, Mallorca, Hong Kong and Macau. The oldest references of the name situate its origin in Chile.

Names[]

Regional varieties[]

Bolivia[]

In Bolivia, the bread is called pan de batalla (battle bread). The recipe arrived in La Paz in 1908 in the hands of the Greek immigrant Michel Jorge Callispieris, from Chios island.^[2] Bread in both locations share indeed the same characteristics: crunchiness and slightly salty flavor.

The Bolivian marraqueta is a 60-75 g bread, sold per unit and consumed mostly in the metropolitan area of La Paz and El Alto. It is prepared in common ovens between midnight and dawn to be sold fresh and crunchy by vendors in the morning.

The marraqueta of La Paz was declared cultural patrimony in 2006.

Brazil[]

In Brazil, this bread is called by many different names depending on the region, such as pão francês (French bread), pão cacetinho, cacetinho, pão de sal (salt bread), pão de trigo (wheat bread), pão de água (water bread), aguado, careca, jacó. It is used to make pão na chapa.

Chile[]

In Chile, marraqueta is also called pan batido (whipped bread) or pan francés (French bread) depending on the region. The Chilean marraqueta is, strictly speaking, a se-tenant pair of small rolls, baked with another pair attached, comprising four rolls in total; some confusion can be caused when ordering one marraqueta, as this may be interpreted as either two or four rolls.

Chilean marraqueta bread can be divided into four pieces with the hands. It does not contain fat and the proofing process takes longer than other breads. The unusual form of the four buns allows it to be divided very easily.

Many historians agree that the marraqueta originated in Valparaíso, Chile, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, when major Chilean ports such as Valparaíso and Talcahuano received thousands of European immigrants. The story goes the bread was invented by two French baker brothers in Valparaíso whose last name was Teran-Marraquett, and the bread went on to become very popular among Chileans in a very short time.^[1] This story would explain both the marraqueta and pan francés names. In Valparaíso itself, somewhat confusingly, marraqueta means the four small rolls while half of this is called pan batido, the use of which is a shibboleth of the Port of Valparaíso (but is ignored by national supermarket chains). There is no clear agreement on what is considered one unit of marraqueta and while some bakers claim is the four pieces of bread, some others claim that a unit is only half (so they say that the four pieces are two marraquetas).

An alternative theory of the bread's origin was proposed by French naturalist and botanist Claude Gay, who suggested that marraqueta was first eaten in Chile in the 18th century.^[3]

Currently marraqueta is the most widely consumed bread in Chile and is used as toast,^[4] in sandwiches and as a binder for certain recipes such as pastel de carne (meatloaf). It is widely considered the quintessential Chilean staple food.^[5]

Hong Kong and Macau[]

Piggy bun is a type of pastry. It is a version of the Portuguese roll brought by colonizers.^[6] It is the common bread in Brazil. It is found in Hong Kong bakeries and Cha chaan teng. In Hong Kong, it is often served cut in two with butter and condensed milk.^[7] In Macau, it is used to make Pork chop bun.

Uruguay[]

The Marseille bread called pan marsellés in Uruguay is different from the Brazilian pão francês. The Brazilian type is less dense and lighter and crispier, meanwhile the Uruguayan version is made with a denser bread dough, resulting in a harder bread (similar to Italian bread).

Gallery[]

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  Llonguet (Mallorcan-style bread)

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  Marraqueta chilena (Chilean-style marraqueta)

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  Marraqueta paceña (La Paz-style marraqueta)

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  Marraqueta tacneña (Tacna-style marraqueta)

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  Pan francés peruano (Peruvian-style French bread)

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  Pão francês (Brazilian-style French bread)

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  Zyu zai baau (Hong Kong-style piggy bun)

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  Pão na chapa

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  Pork chop bun

See also[]

• Baguette
• Bánh mì
• Hoagie roll
• Pandesal
• Pistolet
•  Food portal

References[]