Mindanao Railway

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Mindanao Railway
Mindanao Railway System Map.png
System map of the Mindanao Railway as of 2021, including all the phases involved.
Overview
StatusApproved
OwnerDepartment of Transportation
LocaleMindanao
Service
TypeInter-city rail
Operator(s)Philippine National Railways
Rolling stockDiesel locomotives (freight)
Diesel multiple units
Daily ridership130,000[a]
History
Planned openingMarch 2022[a]
Technical
Line length1,544 km (959 mi)
Track length2,278 km (1,415 mi)
Number of tracksSingle-track
CharacterGrade separated
Track gauge1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) standard gauge
ElectrificationNone
Operating speed120 km/h (75 mph)
SignallingETCS Level 1

The Mindanao Railway, previously known as the Trans-Mindanao High Speed Railway, is a proposed inter-city rail system in Mindanao, the southernmost major island of the Philippines. Originally proposed in 1936 as part of Manuel L. Quezon's efforts to strengthen the presence of Commonwealth government in Mindanao against the rising influence of Imperial Japan before World War II, the line was shelved. Other proposals and studies were made in the 1950s, 1990s, and the 2000s, but never materialized. The current line began development in 2018,[1] with construction set to begin in late 2021.[2] It will be initially built as a single-track standard gauge system to be operated by diesel-powered rolling stock, but will have provisions for upgrading to double-track and electrification through overhead lines.

The system will be constructed as a network 1,544 km (959 mi) long in its present form, totaling 2,278 km (1,415 mi) of track, with the centerpiece being a circumferential mainline that connects some of the major cities of the island. An east-west radial mainline shall also be built to the Zamboanga Peninsula, and a number of other radial lines will serve as branch lines. As with other projects of the Philippine National Railways, the Mindanao Railway shall be constructed in phases covering segments of various lengths. The first phase, the Tagum–Digos segment of the circumferential mainline, will be the first section to be constructed. This segment will be partially opened by 2022, with full operations by 2024. The rest of the 17 segments will be built as part of Phases 2 to 10, with a target completion date between 2032 and 2037.

History[]

Early proposals for rail lines in Mindanao in 1906.

Proposals for the Mindanao Railway have been published by the Daily Bulletin and The Far Eastern Review as early as August 1906. These proposed corridors include those surrounding Cotabato, Davao City, Lake Lanao and Sulu. There were no proposed interconnections between these four lines due to the technology and rather low population density of the region during that time.[3]

Historical railways[]

President Elpidio Quirino's welcoming train in the Davao Penal Colony, taken prior to 1953.

There was historically a series of narrow-gauge railroads opened by the American government in Mindanao. These short lines were constructed to transport supplies and United States Army personnel. A line was opened in Camp Keithley in what is now Marawi where trains carry war materiel on flatcars.[4] A 2 ft (610 mm) gauge short line was also opened in Jolo, Sulu.[5]

The best-documented system built by the government was the single-track line of the Davao Penal Colony in Davao del Norte. The prison was established in 1932 by the American government. It was converted into a facility for American POWs after its occupation by Imperial Japanese Army forces in 1942. Davao Penal Colony survivor Raymond C. Heimbuch wrote in his book that the line suffered from poor condition of the rolling stock and lack of maintenance of the tracks. There was a sole diesel locomotive and 40 flatcars, having replaced a steam locomotive which its tender survived after the war. The locomotive would pair with 5 or 6 flatcars that carry prisoners, sacks of rice, or forestry products. The train would take a 45-minute trip per way.[6] According to an interview with POW survivor Hayes Bolitho in 2009, the line is estimated to be 7 km (4.3 mi) long. He also commented that prisoners were forced to push the train in case of rain or when ascending steep grades due to the poor conditions of the tracks.[7] A few years after the war, a two-car train welcomed the party of then-president Elpidio Quirino during his visit to the area.[4]

At the same time, local plantations and lumber mills also built their own systems during the 1920s and the 1930s, typically serving freight trains from the production facilities to a port. At Port Lamon, Surigao del Norte, trains carry timber from the jungle and sawmill to the pier. One Class B Shay locomotive was used by the Kolambugan Lumber and Development Company of Lanao del Norte during the 1920s and the 1930s.[8] In Malabang, Lanao del Sur, a local company also ran freight trains through the town during the 1930s.[9] In Misamis Oriental, the Anakan Lumber Company also operated Heisler locomotives in the town of Gingoog during the 1920s and 1930s.[10]

These short lines were either destroyed by World War II or dismantled in the case of the Davao Penal Colony line. Sometime after President Quirino's visit, the line was dismantled due to its condition. The metal used was then sold to the Chinese black market due to the high market value of iron there.[4] Despite closures of local freight railroads due to the rise of truck traffic, one line was established in the Davao Region by the Tagum Agricultural Development Company (TADECO). It started operations in 1950, and had 2 diesel locomotives that hauled abaca and Cavendish banana produce. The locomotives were decommissioned and stored in 2010.[11]

Initial proposals[]

Then-president Manuel L. Quezon proposed the construction of an electrified railroad between Cagayan de Oro (then known as Misamis) and Davao City passing through the province of Bukidnon. It would have been electrified by overhead lines powered by the Maria Cristina Falls' hydroelectric power plant (now the Agus VI Hydroeletric Plant). This proposal was made on January 1936, and was taken note by Quezon's adviser Francis Burton Harrison. Some track bed construction began the same year but the project was left incomplete without a single track placed when construction was halted in 1940.[12]

After the war, Manila Railroad General Manager and later Senator Prospero Sanidad proposed a standard-gauge railway in 1952 with consideration for a future electrified network. A network 1,170 kilometers (730 miles) long was proposed for construction with the assistance of American firm De Leuw, Cather and Company.[13]

The following lines were proposed, each at least 100 kilometers (62 miles) long:[13]

  1. Davao City to Kibawe, Bukidnon — The length of this segment is 100 km (62 mi).
  2. Cagayan de Oro to Kibawe — The length of this segment is 140 km (87 mi). The route will also pass by Malaybalay.
  3. Cotabato City to Kibawe — The length of this segment is 120 km (75 mi). A branch line would have passed by Parang, Maguindanao.
  4. Nasipit, Agusan del Norte to Santa Josefa, Agusan del Sur — The length of this segment is 120 km (75 mi). A branch line would have passed by Butuan.
  5. Butuan to Surigao City — The length of this segment is 100 km (62 mi).
  6. Davao City to Santa Josefa — The length of this segment is 110 km (68 mi).
  7. Iligan to Kibawe — The length of this segment is 110 km (68 mi). A station would have also been built in the area of Dansalan.
  8. Makar to Midsayap, Cotabato — The length of this segment is 150 km (93 mi). The area referred in this study as Makar is now divided between General Santos and T'Boli, South Cotabato.
  9. Davao City to Makar — The length of this segment is 110 km (68 mi).
  10. Bislig to Santa Josefa — A branch of Segment 4, the length of this segment is 50 km (31 mi).

According to this older plan, Kibawe (then known as Kibawa) and Davao City are the main hubs for the network. Although never realized, it left an influence to the right-of-way of the present Mindanao Railway proposal, particularly on the circumferential main line.

Mindanao Strategic Railway Development Plan[]

The government made numerous studies and technical assessments during the 1990s.[14] In the early 2000s, the Mindanao Strategic Railway Development Plan was formulated. The planned railway, with a total length of 1,533 km (953 mi), was designed to span the entire island in a loop and was estimated to cost ₱66.5 billion. The plan for a railway divided into four phases:[15] Laguindingan to Cagayan de Oro, Laguindingan to Iligan, Cagayan de Oro to Tagoloan, Misamis Oriental and Iligan to Linamon, Lanao del Norte. The network would have linked urban centers across the island and was aimed to cut the 90-minute travel time by bus between Cagayan de Oro and Iligan to 15-20 minutes. The project was slated to start construction in 2011,[15] and Saudi Arabia expressed interest in funding the project.[16] The project was later discontinued.

2010s[]

As part of the updated 2011–2016 Philippine Development Plan, ₱400 million (US$8.85 million) was allotted for conducting feasibility studies to develop infrastructure projects such as railways and roads.[17] In 2014, there were debates whether the system shall be privately-managed or run by the Philippine National Railways which at this point, intermittently operated inter-city rail services in Luzon.[18][19]

The Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) and the National Economic and Development Authority conducted studies for the construction of a rail system in the island of Mindanao along with its partners starting in 2015. The proposal in 2015 resembled the 1952 right-of-way. The government planned to build the railway in six phases,[20] with the first running from Iligan to Gingoog. A pre-proposal conference was conducted in 2015,[21] but the railway was not included in the Public-Private Partnership program.

Development[]

The railway in its present form began development in the late 2010s. While JICA was conducting initial studies, then-presidential candidate and later president Rodrigo Duterte supported the construction of the railway. Upon his election, he aimed to begin construction of the first phase between the cities of Tagum and Digos by 2017 and open it partially before his term ends by 2022.[22] In 2018, the project, initially called the Trans-Mindanao High Speed Railway, was approved and received initial funding from Congress.[1] However, construction was delayed after several eminent domain issues, specifically after residents of a high-end gated community near Davao City has requested the Department of Transportation to realign the railway line to avoid hitting an 18-hole golf course.[23][1][24]

The railway's route was modified into a system that centers on a circular mainline.[25][26] However, it was later reverted into the old right of way, but now incorporating the extensions and branch lines featured in the 2019 proposal. In its current state, the project has 18 segments to be divided into 10 phases.[27]

On March 24, 2021, DOTr Undersecretary for Project Implementation in Mindanao Eymard Eje, Tagum mayor Allan Rellon and Carmen mayor Virginia Perandos signed a deed of absolute sale for land to be used to be used for the construction of the Tagumpay Train Village, a resettlement area for families affected by the project.[28] As of April 2021, land acquisition from Panabo to Carmen is almost complete.[29] On April 19, 2021, the city government of Panabo issued an ordinance prohibiting any unrelated construction on the right-of-way of the Mindanao Railway.[30]

The Project Management Consultant Contract for the Tagum-Davao-Digos Segment of the project was signed on October 20, 2021. It was also announced that the final length of the system is 1,544 km (959 mi) long.[31]

Construction[]

Construction is yet to begin on the first phase of the Mindanao Railway. On a 2020 interview with Department of Transportation (DOTr) Undersecretary for Railways Timothy John Batan, the system is set to begin construction in the third quarter of 2021. Partial operations between are targeted to commence by 2022. The rest of the system will be opened between 2032 and 2037.[2]

Route[]

Tagum–Davao–Digos section
Mindanao Railway.png
A conceptual art showing an embankment section on the Mindanao Railway's Tagum–Davao–Digos section, showing a 2-car version of MTR's SP1900 EMU for reference.
Overview
OwnerPhilippine National Railways
Area servedDavao City
Davao del Norte
Davao del Sur
LocaleDavao Region
Transit typeCommuter rail
Number of lines1
Number of stations8
Daily ridership130,000 (projected)
Websitewww.pnr.gov.ph
Operation
Operation will start2022
CharacterGrade-separated
Rolling stockDiesel multiple units
Train length2–8 cars
Headway13 minutes
Technical
System length100 km (62 mi)
Track gauge1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) standard gauge
Minimum radius of curvature850 m (2,790 ft)
Average speed77–81 km/h (48–50 mph)
Top speed120 km/h (75 mph)

The Mindanao Railway is planned to be constructed in ten phases,[32] with a total of 2,278 kilometers (1,415 miles) of track to be built for the system.[27] Phase 1 will be partially opened between Panabo and Carmen, Davao del Norte by 2022, and full operations are expected by 2024.[33]

Phase 1[]

Also known as the Tagum–Davao–Digos (TDD) segment, this involves the construction of a 100 km (62 mi) segment between the cities of Tagum and Digos,[a] passing through Davao City. It will have eight stations alongside two depots to be located in Tagum and Davao City, with the former being the segment's main yard.[35][36] This is the only segment confirmed to have planned double-tracking and electrification upgrades in the future.

Station Location
Tagum, Davao del Norte
Carmen, Davao del Norte
Panabo, Davao del Norte
Mudiang, Davao City
Waan, Davao City
Toril, Davao City
Santa Cruz, Davao del Sur
Digos, Davao del Sur

Other proposed phases[]

  • Phase 2 — The second phase will involve a 150 km (93 mi) segment south of Phase 1 between the cities of Digos and Koronadal, passing through General Santos.
  • Phase 3 — The third phase will involve a 214 km (133 mi) segment north of Phase 1 between Tagum and Butuan.
  • Phases 4 and 5 — Phases 4 and 5 are the last two projects in sealing the new circumferential mainline of the Mindanao Railway, which replaced the Cagayan de Oro–Pagadian–Digos segment.
    • Koronadal–Cagayan de Oro segment and Davao City–Bukidnon branch — The length of this combined main line segment and branch system is yet to be determined. The Davao City–Bukidnon branch will meet with the other end of the main line of the Koronadal–Cagayan de Oro segment at Talakag, Bukidnon according to the Department of Transportation. This right-of-way is different to the earlier proposals that would have passed by the area of Valencia and Malaybalay.
    • Butuan–Cagayan de Oro segment — This will be a 170 km (110 mi) between Butuan and Cagayan de Oro. A branch line will be constructed from Butuan and will head north to Surigao City.
  • Phases 6 to 10 — Phases 6 to 10 involves the construction of four radial lines with one having an extension into the mainline network. will be the main hub of four of these segments and lines. The following branch lines are involved:
    • Cagayan de Oro–Pagadian segment — This will be a 216 km (134 mi) segment between Cagayan de Oro and Pagadian via Iligan.
    • Pagadian–Digos segment — This will be a 242 km (150 mi) segment between Pagadian and Digos, the latter being the southern terminus of Phase 1. It will also pass through Cotabato City and traverse the circumferential mainline via Kabacan.
    • Pagadian–Dipolog branch — This will be a 122 km (76 mi) line between Pagadian and Dipolog.
    • Pagadian–Zamboanga segment — This will be a 222 km (138 mi) line between Pagadian and Zamboanga City.
    • Butuan–Surigao branch — This will be a 97 km (60 mi) line between Butuan and Surigao City.

The total length of the Koronadal–Cagayan de Oro and Davao City–Bukidnon segment, as well as future extensions on the line beyond Phase 10 such as the double-tracking of the Tagum–Digos segment, amounts to 645 kilometers (401 miles).[27]

Design[]

The Mindanao Railway will be initially constructed as a single-track line with future upgrades to dual tracking and rail electrification. Timothy John Batan, Department of Transportation Undersecretary for Railways, has said he wanted these upgrades to be implemented at once.[26] Like all proposed intercity lines of the Philippine National Railways, it will be built in 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) standard gauge.[26][23] This is part of the larger efforts by the agency to convert its network from narrow to standard gauge, the first in Southeast Asia to do so.[37] The maximum speed of trains on the line is at 120 km/h (75 mph) and the average train speeds along the line is at 77–81 km/h (48–50 mph).[26] Commuter trains will also have a headway of 13 minutes during partial operations for Phase 1. Lastly, the project suggests the use of the European Train Control System for its signaling and train control systems with at least Level 1 to be installed on the line.[38]

A section of Phase 1 in Davao City shall also be connected to the Davao People Mover by a connecting bus service.[39]

Electrification and double-tracking[]

The line shall be initially constructed as a single-track line that will be by operated with diesel rolling stock, although upgrades to a standard electrified double-track mainline will be constructed in the future.[35] The specific type of electrification system that will be adopted on the Mindanao Railway is yet to be determined.[40] On the other hand, expansion of the single-track line to double-track has already been considered for at least the Tagum–Davao–Digos section, which is included in the total of 2,278 km (1,415 mi) track length of the entire system.[27][40] For the current station arrangement however, passing sidings shall be used to allow trains to stop without obstructing traffic from the opposite direction especially with the target headway being 13 minutes.[38]

If the electrification and double-tracking plans were adopted, the current 120 km/h (75 mph) maximum speed for the diesel line will be raised to 160 km/h (99 mph) for the electrified line, which is comparable to PNR's Luzon System's maximum speed and would count as higher-speed rail.[40] The 2016 JICA study suggests the use of overhead catenaries on or before 2045.[41]

High-speed rail[]

See also: Proposed high-speed rail by country § Philippines

In 2018, the project was initially given the marketing title of the Trans-Mindanao High-Speed Railway.[27] This was later simplified to Mindanao Railway after a maximum speed of 120 km/h (75 mph) has been determined which is less than half of true high-speed rail.[35] The name change also happened with the North–South Commuter Railway in Luzon[42] and the Tel Aviv–Jerusalem railway in Israel,[43] both of which were marketed as "high-speed" to distinguish themselves from the much slower existing train services there.

Despite the change in the project title, there are plans for a genuine high-speed rail network in the region, and the proposed infrastructure of the Mindanao Railway was planned with future high-speed rail development in mind along as with all the proposed railways for PNR.[44] The two shortlisted Chinese proponents also stated interest in designing a high-speed line that will be capable of running speeds of up to 250 kilometers per hour (160 mph) once the present project achieves successful operations.[24]

Rolling stock[]

The system is made to accommodate both passenger and freight rolling stock, the latter due to its dual-purpose to connect seaports around the island. Only the specifications for the commuter trains for the Tagum–Digos section was given as of December 2020. The design speed of the commuter trains is at 130 km/h (81 mph), although speed will be limited to 120 km/h (75 mph) for passenger trains and 80 km/h (50 mph) for freight trains. The diesel multiple units that will be used in the commuter service are arranged in married pairs, and will be combined in the future for arrangement of four- and eight-car unit trainsets.[38]

An earlier order also cited the purchase of rolling stock for the intercity section. This order includes 33 DMU cars for the passenger service which include six 5-car units and three spare cars for passenger trains, and 4 diesel-electric locomotives with 15 freight cars.[26] The whereabouts of this order is yet to be determined.

Rolling stock Commuter train Intercity train Freight train
Year 2022 c. 2024
Manufacturer TBD
Units to be built 46 33[b] 4 locos, 15 freight cars
Cars per train 2 5 Does not apply
Length 21,500 mm (70.5 ft) TBD
Width 3,100 mm (10.2 ft)
Train height 3,700 mm (12.1 ft)[c]
Body material Aluminum or stainless steel TBD
Empty weight TBD
Capacity 250 per car[d] TBD Freight only
Doors TBD
Traction power Diesel-electric
Top speed 120 km/h (75 mph) 80 km/h (50 mph)

Notes[]

  1. ^ a b c Applies only to the Tagum–Digos segment or Phase 1.[23][34]
  2. ^ Includes 3 spare cars.
  3. ^ Includes air conditioning unit located on top of the trainset or locomotive.
  4. ^ 45 seated, 205 standing

References[]

  1. ^ a b c "MINDANAO RAILWAY PROJECT TAKES OFF, GETS INITIAL FUNDING FROM CONGRESS". Department of Transportation. September 2, 2014. Retrieved April 15, 2021.
  2. ^ a b Quismorio, Ellson (October 27, 2020). "Mindanao Railway Project to take 10-15 years to complete". Manila Bulletin. Retrieved April 17, 2021.
  3. ^ "The Philippine Railways". The Far Eastern Review. 1906. Retrieved December 18, 2021.
  4. ^ a b c Figueroa, Antonio (September 10, 2015). "The railway of Dapecol". Edge Davao. Retrieved February 1, 2020.
  5. ^ Rare photograph of the rail tracks in the pier of Jolo. Presidential Museum and Library. June 27, 2020. Retrieved April 19, 2021.
  6. ^ Heimbuch, Raymond (2008). 5 Brothers in Arms. ISBN 978-1436325240.
  7. ^ "The Hayes Bolitho Japanese POW Story continues..." December 19, 2009. Retrieved September 21, 2020.
  8. ^ Kolambugan SL [No.] 3. Geared Steam Locomotive Works, via Philippine Train Enthusiasts and Railfans Club (PTERC). August 6, 2020. Retrieved April 15, 2021.
  9. ^ Tewell, John (May 31, 2013). Malabang, Mindanao Islands. Flickr. Retrieved April 15, 2021.
  10. ^ Anakan Lumber Company geared locomotive, c. 1928. September 19, 2020. Retrieved April 15, 2021.
  11. ^ TADECO locomotives. Tadeco ko Bai Facebook page, via Philippine Train Enthusiasts and Railfans Club (PTERC). October 15, 2020. Retrieved April 15, 2021.
  12. ^ Manuel L. Quezon. "Collection of speeches, personal correspondences, and official documents". Quezon Papers. Manila, Philippines: National Library. (Also available at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA).
  13. ^ a b Report of Survey of the Manila Railroad Company and the Preliminary Survey of Railroads for Mindanao, July 1952 (Report). De Leuw, Cather and Company. July 1952.
  14. ^ Paragas, Dindo. "Mindanao train on front and center after languishing in the back burner | BusinessWorld". Retrieved May 19, 2020.
  15. ^ a b Admin, CDODev (November 23, 2010). "Gov't to prioritize Mindanao Railway". CDODev.Com. Retrieved May 19, 2020.
  16. ^ "House of Representatives Press Releases". www.congress.gov.ph. Retrieved April 16, 2021.
  17. ^ Terms of Reference (PDF). Conduct of the Feasibility Study (F/S) of the Mindanao Railway Project (Report). April 23, 2015. Retrieved April 18, 2021.
  18. ^ Balagtas, Camille (March 8, 2014). "Pimentel wants PNR to manage Mindanao Railway Project". Retrieved April 18, 2021.
  19. ^ Arcangel, Xianne (July 14, 2014). "Bill seeks airport privatization proceeds to fund Mindanao Railway System". GMA News. Retrieved April 18, 2021.
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  23. ^ a b c Carillo, Carmencita (February 27, 2019). "Affected homeowners appeal to DoTr to reconsider railway system alignment". BusinessWorld. Manila. Retrieved February 1, 2020.
  24. ^ a b Sarmiento, Bong (November 27, 2019). "Dream train for Mindanao still in the doldrums". MindaNews. Retrieved February 1, 2020.
  25. ^ Nicolas, Jino (February 28, 2018). "Mindanao rail construction due to start in 3rd quarter". BusinessWorld. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
  26. ^ a b c d e "DOTr announces redesigns to the Mindanao Railway Project". July 17, 2019. Retrieved February 1, 2020.
  27. ^ a b c d e "Biz sector calls on gov't. to prioritize Mindanao railway system". Philippine Information Agency. November 27, 2018. Retrieved April 20, 2021.
  28. ^ "IN PHOTOS: Department of Transportation (DOTr) Assistant Secretary for Project Implementation – Mindanao Cluster, Eymard Eje paid courtesy visits to Tagum City Mayor Allan Rellon and Carmen Mayor Virginia Perandos, on 24 March 2021, in Davao Del Norte". Davao del Norte: Department of Transportation (Philippines). April 1, 2021. Retrieved April 21, 2021.
  29. ^ Mindanao Railway Project — Tagum–Davao–Digos Segment. April 5, 2021. Retrieved April 21, 2021.
  30. ^ Llemit, Ralph (April 19, 2021). "'No build zone' along Mindanao Railway". SunStar Davao. Retrieved April 21, 2021.
  31. ^ Abadilla, Emmie V. (October 20, 2021). "Mindanao Railway project management contract signed". Manila Bulletin. Retrieved October 20, 2021.
  32. ^ "Where should the 2nd Phase of the Mindanao Railway Project be?". November 29, 2020. Retrieved April 15, 2021., cites an AV presentation from the Department of Transportation (Philippines).
  33. ^ Garcia, Leandre (February 26, 2021). "DOTr eyeing partial operations of big-ticket railway projects by 2022". Retrieved April 22, 2021.
  34. ^ Rey, Aika. "Shooting for the stars? DOTr eyes Mindanao Railway partial opening in March 2022". Rappler. Retrieved April 15, 2021.
  35. ^ a b c "(Part 3) 3rd GMM 2021: Updates on the Mindanao Railway Project & MinDa's Projects for Davao". Davao Chamber of Commerce. March 29, 2021. Retrieved April 15, 2021.
  36. ^ Valdez, Denise (February 27, 2019). "Mindanao Railway project specs altered to hurry implementation". BusinessWorld. Manila. Retrieved February 1, 2020.
  37. ^ Barrow, Keith (August 9, 2016). "Philippines adopts standard gauge for new lines". International Rail Journal. Retrieved February 15, 2021.
  38. ^ a b c "PROCUREMENT OF PROJECT MANAGEMENT CONSULTANCY SERVICES OF THE MINDANAO RAILWAY PROJECT: (TAGUM-DAVAO-DIGOS SEGMENT)-REBID". Department of Transportation (Philippines). Retrieved April 15, 2021.
  39. ^ "Davao People Mover Project-Request for Public Scoping" (PDF). www.emb.gov.ph. Retrieved January 17, 2020.
  40. ^ a b c Balcita, Marilyn (January 10, 2020). "BRI Provides Financial Engine for Philippines' Mindanao Rail Link". research.hktdc.com. Hong Kong Trade Development Council. Retrieved April 15, 2021.
  41. ^ "Davao City Infrastructure Development Plan and Capacity Building Project" (PDF). 2016. Retrieved February 1, 2020.
  42. ^ "NEDA says MRT-7 and bullet train projects under BOT". Manila Bulletin. April 17, 2013. Archived from the original on April 19, 2013. Retrieved April 22, 2021.
  43. ^ "High-Speed Railway to Jerusalem Picking Up Speed". Ministry of Transport Press Releases (in Hebrew). Ministry of Transport and Road Safety. November 1, 2011. Retrieved November 5, 2011.
  44. ^ Agence France-Presse. "FACT CHECK: No, this is not a map of the Philippines' high-speed rail system". ABS-CBN News. Retrieved February 8, 2019.


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