Rwanda–Turkey relations

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Rwanda-Turkey relations
Map indicating locations of Rwanda and Turkey

Rwanda
Turkey

Rwanda–Turkey relations are the foreign relations between Rwanda and Turkey. Turkey has an embassy in Kigali since December 2014.[1] Rwanda’s embassy in Ankara opened in August 2013.[1]

Diplomatic relations[]

Rwanda and Turkey have friendly relations. A colony of Belgium but in France’s sphere of influence following independence, Rwanda is a Central African nation whose Hutu Power government tried to exterminate its Tutsi population beginning in April 1994.[2] During the genocide, after losing 10 soldiers, Belgium immediately withdrew[2] from Rwanda and called on the UN to remove[3] the peacekeeping mission that was there at the time.[4] Turkey, arguing that the peacekeeping mission was now more relevant to Rwandan safety than ever, cooperated with UN Ambassador Madeleine Albright to convince the UN to allow 270 soldiers to remain in Rwanda.[4]

Turkey did not have the national resources[5] to intervene without U.S. participation in Rwanda.[2]However Bill Clinton, the U.S. president at the time, refused to intervene because the U.S. public and Congress opposed intervention[5] and PDD-25 severely circumscribed U.S. participation in international peacekeeping missions.[5]

Following the end of Rwandan genocide, Turkey[6] and United States[6] began to provide foreign aid[7] and investment to Rwandan government, with Turkey providing 13% of all foreign aid[6] to further the Rwandan goal[7] of becoming the Singapore of Africa.

Economic relations[]

  • Trade volume between the two countries was 32.4 million USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 32.2/0.2 million USD).[1]
  • Turkish investment accounts for 15% of all FDI to Rwanda.[1]

See also[]

References[]

  1. ^ a b c d "Relations between Turkey and Rwanda". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkey.
  2. ^ a b c Grünfeld, Fred, and Anke Huijboom. The Failure to Prevent Genocide in Rwanda. New York: Brill, 2007.
  3. ^ Kuperman, Alan J. Limits of Humanitarian Intervention. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 2001.
  4. ^ a b Melvern, Linda. A People Betrayed: The Role of the West in Rwanda’s Genocide. London: Verso, 2004.
  5. ^ a b c Klinghoffer, Arthur J. The International Dimension of the Genocide in Rwanda. New York: New York University Press, 1998.
  6. ^ a b c Berkman, Steve. The World Bank and the Gods of Lending. Sterling, Va.: Kumarian Press, 2008.
  7. ^ a b Uvin, Peter. Aiding Violence: The Development Enterprise in Rwanda. West Hartford, Conn.: Kumarian Press, 1998.

Further reading[]

  • Barnett, Michael. Eyewitness to a Genocide: The United Nations and Rwanda. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University, 2003.
  • Berkman, Steve. The World Bank and the Gods of Lending. Sterling, Va.: Kumarian Press, 2008.
  • Calderisi, Robert. The Trouble with Africa: Why Foreign Aid Isn’t Working. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006.
  • Callahan, David. Unwinnable Wars: American Power and Ethnic Conflict. New York: Hill & Wang, 1998.
  • Cohen, Jared. One Hundred Days of Silence: America and the Rwanda Genocide. Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield, 2007.
  • Dallaire, Lt. Gen. Roméo. Shake Hands with the Devil: The Failure of Humanity in Rwanda. New York: Carroll & Graf, 2005.
  • Feil, Scott R. How the Early Use of Force Might Have Succeeded in Rwanda. Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Commission on Preventing Deadly Conflicts, 1998.
  • Gourevitch, Philip. We Wish to Inform You That Tomorrow We Will Be Killed with Our Families: Stories from Rwanda. New York: Picador, 1998.
  • Grünfeld, Fred, and Anke Huijboom. The Failure to Prevent Genocide in Rwanda. New York: Brill, 2007.
  • Hugon, Phillipe. African Geopolitics. Trans. by Steven Rendall. Princeton, N.J.: Markus Wiener, 2008.
  • Klinghoffer, Arthur J. The International Dimension of the Genocide in Rwanda. New York: New York University Press, 1998.
  • Kuperman, Alan J. Limits of Humanitarian Intervention. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 2001.
  • Louis, William Roger, and Prosser Gifford, eds. Decolonization and African Independence: The Transfer of Power, 1960–1980. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1988.
  • Melvern, Linda. A People Betrayed: The Role of the West in Rwanda’s Genocide. London: Verso, 2004.
  • Power, Samantha. “A Problem From Hell”: America and the Age of Genocide. New York: Basic, 2002.
  • Prunier, Gérard. The Rwanda Crisis: History of a Genocide. Rev. ed. New York: Columbia University Press, 2007.
  • Uvin, Peter. Aiding Violence: The Development Enterprise in Rwanda. West Hartford, Conn.: Kumarian Press, 1998.
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