Heterocyclic compound

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For other uses of "ring structure", see Ring structure.
Structures and names of common heterocyclic compounds
Pyridine, a heterocyclic compound

A heterocyclic compound or ring structure is a cyclic compound that has atoms of at least two different elements as members of its ring(s).[1] Heterocyclic chemistry is the branch of organic chemistry dealing with the synthesis, properties, and applications of these heterocycles.[2]

Examples of heterocyclic compounds include all of the nucleic acids, the majority of drugs, most biomass (cellulose and related materials), and many natural and synthetic dyes. More than half of known compounds are heterocycles.[3] 59% of US FDA-approved drugs contain nitrogen heterocycles.[4]

Classification[]

The study of heterocyclic chemistry focuses especially on unsaturated derivatives, and the preponderance of work and applications involves unstrained 5- and 6-membered rings. Included are pyridine, thiophene, pyrrole, and furan. Another large class of heterocycles refers to those fused to benzene rings. For example, the fused benzene derivatives of pyridine, thiophene, pyrrole, and furan are quinoline, benzothiophene, indole, and benzofuran, respectively. The fusion of two benzene rings gives rise to a third large family of compounds. Analogs of the previously mentioned heterocycles for this third family of compounds are acridine, dibenzothiophene, carbazole, and dibenzofuran, respectively.

Heterocyclic compounds can be usefully classified based on their electronic structure. The saturated heterocycles behave like the acyclic derivatives. Thus, piperidine and tetrahydrofuran are conventional amines and ethers, with modified steric profiles. Therefore, the study of heterocyclic chemistry focuses on unsaturated rings.

Inorganic rings[]

Some heterocycles contain no carbon. Examples are borazine (B3N3 ring), hexachlorophosphazenes (P3N3 rings), and S4N4. In comparison with organic heterocycles, which have numerous commercial applications, inorganic ring systems are mainly of theoretical interest. IUPAC recommends the Hantzsch-Widman nomenclature for naming heterocyclic compounds.[5]

Notes on lists[]

  • "Heteroatoms" are atoms in the ring other than carbon atoms.
  • Some of the names refer to classes of compounds rather than individual compounds.
  • Also no attempt is made to list isomers.

3-membered rings[]

Although subject to ring strain, 3-membered heterocyclic rings are well characterized.[6]

Three-membered rings with one heteroatom[]

Heteroatom Saturated Unsaturated
Boron Borirane Borirene
Nitrogen Aziridine Azirine
Oxygen Oxirane (ethylene oxide, epoxides) Oxirene
Phosphorus Phosphirane Phosphirene
Sulfur Thiirane (episulfides) Thiirene

Three-membered rings with two heteroatoms[]

Heteroatoms Saturated Unsaturated
2× Nitrogen Diaziridine Diazirine
Nitrogen + oxygen Oxaziridine
2× Oxygen Dioxirane
(highly unstable)

4-membered rings[]

Four-membered rings with one heteroatom[]

Heteroatom Saturated Unsaturated
Nitrogen Azetidine Azete
Oxygen Oxetane Oxete
Sulfur Thietane Thiete

Four-membered rings with two heteroatoms[]

Heteroatoms Saturated Unsaturated
2× Nitrogen
2× Oxygen Dioxetane
2× Sulfur Dithietane Dithiete

5-membered rings[]

Five-membered rings with one heteroatom[]

Heteroatom Saturated Unsaturated
Antimony Stibolane Stibole
Arsenic Arsolane Arsole
Bismuth Bismolane Bismole
Boron Borolane Borole
Nitrogen Pyrrolidine ("Azolidine" is not used) Pyrrole ("Azole" is not used)
Oxygen Tetrahydrofuran Furan
Phosphorus Phospholane Phosphole
Selenium Selenophene
Silicon Silacyclopentane Silole
Sulfur Tetrahydrothiophene Thiophene
Tellurium Tellurophene
Tin Stannolane Stannole

Five-membered rings with two heteroatoms[]

The 5-membered ring compounds containing two heteroatoms, at least one of which is nitrogen, are collectively called the azoles. Thiazoles and contain a sulfur and a nitrogen atom in the ring. have two sulfur atoms.

Heteroatoms Saturated Unsaturated (and partially unsaturated)
2× nitrogen Imidazolidine
Pyrazolidine 		Imidazole (Imidazoline)
Pyrazole (Pyrazoline)
Oxygen + sulfur Oxathiolidine
Isoxthiolidine 		Oxathiole (Oxathioline)
Isoxathiole
Nitrogen + Oxygen Oxazolidine
Isoxazolidine 		Oxazole (Oxazoline)
Isoxazole
Nitrogen + sulfur Thiazolidine
 Thiazole (Thiazoline)
Isothiazole
2× oxygen Dioxolane
2× sulfur Dithiolane

Five-membered rings with at least three heteroatoms[]

A large group of 5-membered ring compounds with three or more heteroatoms also exists. One example is the class of dithiazoles, which contain two sulfur atoms and one nitrogen atom.

Heteroatoms Saturated Unsaturated
N N N Triazoles
N N O Furazan
Oxadiazole
N N S Thiadiazole
N O O
N S S Dithiazole
N N N N Tetrazole
N N N N O Oxatetrazole
N N N N S Thiatetrazole
N N N N N Pentazole

6-membered rings[]

Six-membered rings with one heteroatom[]

Names in italics are retained by IUPAC and they do not follow the Hantzsch-Widman nomenclature
Heteroatom Saturated Unsaturated Ions
Antimony Stibinin[7]
Arsenic Arsinine
Bismuth Bismin[8]
Boron Borinine Boratabenzene anion
Germanium Germine
Nitrogen Piperidine
(Azinane is not used) 		Pyridine
(Azine is not used) 		Pyridinium cation
Oxygen Oxane Pyran
(2H-Oxine is not used) 		Pyrylium cation
Phosphorus Phosphinane Phosphinine
Selenium [9] Selenopyrylium cation
Silicon Siline
Sulfur Thiane Thiopyran
(2H-Thiine is not used) 		Thiopyrylium cation
Tellurium Tellurane Telluropyrylium cation
Tin Stannine

Six-membered rings with two heteroatoms[]

Heteroatom Saturated Unsaturated
Nitrogen / nitrogen Diazinane Diazine
Oxygen / nitrogen Morpholine Oxazine
Sulfur / nitrogen Thiomorpholine Thiazine
Oxygen / oxygen Dioxane Dioxine
Sulfur / sulfur Dithiane Dithiin
Boron / nitrogen 1,2-Dihydro-1,2-azaborine

Six-membered rings with three heteroatoms[]

Heteroatom Saturated Unsaturated
Nitrogen Triazinane Triazine
Oxygen Trioxane
Sulfur Trithiane

Six-membered rings with four heteroatoms[]

Heteroatom Saturated Unsaturated
Nitrogen Tetrazine

Carborazine is a six-membered ring with two nitrogen heteroatoms and two boron heteroatom.

Six-membered rings with five heteroatoms[]

Heteroatom Saturated Unsaturated
Nitrogen Pentazine

Six-membered rings with six heteroatoms[]

The hypothetical compound with six nitrogen heteroatoms would be hexazine.

Borazine is a six-membered ring with three nitrogen heteroatoms and three boron heteroatoms.

7-membered rings[]

In a 7-membered ring, the heteroatom must be able to provide an empty π-orbital (e.g. boron) for "normal" aromatic stabilization to be available; otherwise, homoaromaticity may be possible. Compounds with one heteroatom include:

Heteroatom Saturated Unsaturated
Boron Borepin
Nitrogen Azepane Azepine
Oxygen Oxepane Oxepine
Sulfur Thiepane Thiepine

Those with two heteroatoms include:

Heteroatom Saturated Unsaturated
Nitrogen Diazepine
Nitrogen/sulfur Thiazepine

8-membered rings[]

Heteroatom Saturated Unsaturated
Nitrogen Azocane Azocine
Oxygen
Sulfur

Borazocine is an eight-membered ring with four nitrogen heteroatoms and four boron heteroatoms.

9-membered rings[]

Heteroatom Saturated Unsaturated
Nitrogen Azonine
Oxygen Oxonine
Sulfur Thionine

Images of rings with one heteroatom[]

Names in italics are retained by IUPAC and they do not follow the Hantzsch-Widman nomenclature
Saturated Unsaturated
Heteroatom Nitrogen Oxygen Sulfur Nitrogen Oxygen Sulfur
3-Atom Ring Aziridine Oxirane Thiirane Azirine Oxirene Thiirene
Structure of Aziridine Structure of Oxirane Structure of Thiirane Structure of Azirine Structure of Oxirene Structure of Thiirene
4-Atom Ring Azetidine Oxetane Thietane Azete Oxete Thiete
Structure of Acetidine Structure of Oxetane Structure of Thietane Structure of Azete Structure of Oxete Structure of Thiete
5-Atom Ring Pyrrolidine Oxolane Thiolane Pyrrole Furan Thiophene
Structure of Pyrrolidine Structure of Oxolane Structure of Thiolane Structure of Pyrrole Structure of Furan Structure of Thiophene
6-Atom Ring Piperidine Oxane Thiane Pyridine Pyran Thiopyran
Structure of Piperidine Structure of Oxane Structure of Thiane Structure of Pyridine Structure of Pyran Structure of Thiopyran
7-Atom Ring Azepane Oxepane Thiepane Azepine Oxepine Thiepine
Structure of Azepane Structure of Oxepane Structure of Thiepane Structure of Azepine Structure of Oxepine Structure of Thiepine
8-Atom Ring Azocane Azocine
Structure of Azocane Structure of Oxocane Structure of Thiocane Structure of Azocine Structure of Oxocine Structure of Thiocine
9-Atom Ring Azonine Oxonine Thionine
Structure of Azonane Structure of Oxonane Structure of Thionane Structure of Azonine Structure of Oxonine Structure of Thionine

Fused/condensed rings[]

Heterocyclic rings systems that are formally derived by fusion with other rings, either carbocyclic or heterocyclic, have a variety of common and systematic names. For example, with the benzo-fused unsaturated nitrogen heterocycles, pyrrole provides indole or isoindole depending on the orientation. The pyridine analog is quinoline or isoquinoline. For azepine, benzazepine is the preferred name. Likewise, the compounds with two benzene rings fused to the central heterocycle are carbazole, acridine, and dibenzoazepine. Thienothiophene are the fusion of two thiophene rings. Phosphaphenalenes are a tricyclic phosphorus-containing heterocyclic system derived from the carbocycle phenalene.

History of heterocyclic chemistry[]

The history of heterocyclic chemistry began in the 1800s, in step with the development of organic chemistry. Some noteworthy developments:[10]
1818: Brugnatelli isolates alloxan from uric acid
1832: Dobereiner produces furfural (a furan) by treating starch with sulfuric acid
1834: Runge obtains pyrrole ("fiery oil") by dry distillation of bones
1906: Friedlander synthesizes indigo dye, allowing synthetic chemistry to displace a large agricultural industry
1936: Treibs isolates chlorophyl derivatives from crude oil, explaining the biological origin of petroleum.
1951: Chargaff's rules are described, highlighting the role of heterocyclic compounds (purines and pyrimidines) in the genetic code.

Uses[]

Heterocyclic compounds are pervasive in many areas of life sciences and technology.[2] Many drugs are heterocyclic compounds.[11]

References[]

  1. ^ IUPAC Gold Book heterocyclic compounds
  2. ^ a b Thomas L. Gilchrist "Heterocyclic Chemistry" 3rd ed. Addison Wesley: Essex, England, 1997. 414 pp. ISBN 0-582-27843-0.
  3. ^ Rees, Charles W. (1992). "Polysulfur-Nitrogen Heterocyclic Chemistry". Journal of Heterocyclic Chemistry. 29 (3): 639–651. doi:10.1002/jhet.5570290306.
  4. ^ Edon Vitaku, David T. Smith, Jon T. Njardarson (2014). "Analysis of the Structural Diversity, Substitution Patterns, and Frequency of Nitrogen Heterocycles among U.S. FDA Approved Pharmaceuticals". J. Med. Chem. 57 (24): 10257–10274. doi:10.1021/jm501100b. PMID 25255204.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  5. ^ IUPAC, Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "Hantzsch–Widman name". doi:10.1351/goldbook.H02737
  6. ^ Smith, Michael B.; March, Jerry (2007), Advanced Organic Chemistry: Reactions, Mechanisms, and Structure (6th ed.), New York: Wiley-Interscience, ISBN 978-0-471-72091-1
  7. ^ "Stibinin". chemspider. Royal Society of Chemistry. Retrieved 11 June 2018.
  8. ^ "Bismin". ChemSpider. Royal Society of Chemistry. Retrieved 11 June 2018.
  9. ^ "Selenopyranium". ChemSpider. Royal Society of Chemistry. Retrieved 11 June 2018.
  10. ^ Campaigne, E. (1986). "Adrien Albert and the rationalization of heterocyclic chemistry". Journal of Chemical Education. 63 (10): 860. Bibcode:1986JChEd..63..860C. doi:10.1021/ed063p860.
  11. ^ "IPEXL.com Multilingual Patent Search, Patent Ranking". www.ipexl.com.

External links[]

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