Timeline of Philippine political history
This article presents a timeline of Philippine political history focused on governmental transitions of the Philippine archipelago, major polities, invasion attempts, and insurgency movements from the pre-Hispanic period to the present.[nb 1] The information presented here is highly summarized, and more complete information can be found in more detailed articles linked below.
Chronology[]
Date range[a] | Before 900 | April 27, 1565- December 10, 1898 |
August 24, 1896- May 10, 1897 |
March 22, 1897- November 1, 1897 |
November 1, 1897- December 14, 1897 |
May 24, 1898- June 23, 1898 |
June 23, 1898- January 23, 1899 |
January 23, 1899- March 23, 1901 |
August 14, 1898- July 1, 1902 |
May 6, 1902- July 14, 1906 |
July 4, 1901- November 15, 1935 |
November 15, 1935- October 22, 1946 |
October 14, 1943- August 17, 1945 |
July 4, 1946- December 30, 1965 |
December 30, 1965- February 25, 1986 |
February 2, 1987- |
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Sovereign entity |
None | Spain | Disputed[b] | United States | Disputed | Republic of the Philippines | ||||||||||
Governing body | None | Spanish East Indies | Disputed[c] | Philippine Commission | Commonwealth of the Philippines | Second Philippine Republic | Republic of the Philippines | |||||||||
Polities | Pre-Colonial Philippines | Spanish East Indies | Republika ng Katagalugan aka Haring-Bayang Katagalugan |
Republica Filipina aka Republica de Filipinas aka Pahamalaan ng Sangkatagalugan |
Republica de Filipinas | Gobierno Dictatorial de Filipinas | Gobierno Revolucionario de Filipinas | Philippine Commission and Republica Filipina | Republika ng Katagalugan aka Republika ng Kapuluang Katagalugan |
US Military Government | US Insular Government | Commonwealth of the Philippines | Second Philippine Republic and Government in exile of the Commonwealth of the Philippines | Third Republic of the Philippines | Fourth Republic of the Philippines | Fifth Republic of the Philippines |
Constitutional Document | Colonial authority of The Crown | Katipunan constitution, laws and official decrees | Official decrees of Aguinaldo | Provisional Constitution | Official decrees of Aguinaldo | Malolos Constitution | Katipunan constitution, laws and official decrees | United States Constitution |
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1935 Constitution | 1943 Constitution | 1935 Constitution | 1973 Constitution | 1987 Constitution | ||
Capital | Manila | Morong | San Francisco de Malabon, Cavite | San Miguel, Bulacan | Bacoor, Cavite | Malolos, Bulacan | Malolos, Bulacan | Morong | Manila |
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|
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Manila | |||
Form of Government | Barangay state | Spanish Colony | Unrecognized provisional revolutionary republic | Unrecognized provisional revolutionary republic | Unrecognized provisional revolutionary constitutional republic | Unrecognized provisional dictatorship | Unrecognized provisional revolutionary republic | Unrecognized Unitary semi-presidential constitutional revolutionary republic | Unrecognized provisional revolutionary republic | Military occupational transitional government | Unincorporated territories of the United States | Presidential commonwealth | Single-party authoritarian Republic (recognized only by Axis) | Unitary presidential Constitutional republic | Unitary dominant-party pseudo-parliamentary republic under totalitarian civic-military rule | Unitary presidential constitutional republic |
Head of State | Datu, Rajah, Sultan |
|
Supreme President/President of the Sovereign Nation
|
President of the Philippines
|
President of the Philippines
|
Dictator
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President of the Philippines
|
President of the Philippines
|
Supreme President | US President
|
US President
|
President of the Philippines
|
President of the Philippines
|
President of the Philippines
|
President of the Philippines
|
President of the Philippines
|
Head of Government | Spanish Governor-General | Prime Minister of the Philippines
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US Military Governor- General
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US Insular Governor- General
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Japanese Military Governor
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Prime Minister of the Philippines
| ||||||||||
Legislative | Council of Elders |
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Kataastaasang Sanggunian (Supreme Council) | Consejo Supremo | Revolutionary Congress | La Asemblea Nacional |
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Philippine Legislature |
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National Assembly | Congress of the Philippines | Batasang Pambansa
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Congress of the Philippines | |||
Judiciary | Datu as Presiding Officer
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Real Audiencia | Camara Reina (Secret Judicial Chamber) | Supreme Council of Grace and Justice | Court Martial | Supreme Court | US Supreme Court | Supreme Court of the Philippines | ||||||||
Military | Datu as Military Commander
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Spanish Imperial Army; Guarda Civil |
Katipunan | Philippine Revolutionary Army | Philippine Republican Army | Katipunan | United States Army | United States Army; USA Philippine Division; Philippine Constabulary; Philippine Scouts |
Armed Forces of the Philippines; USA Philippine Division; Philippine Constabulary |
Armed Forces of the Philippines | ||||||
Currency | Piloncitos |
|
Peso | Japanese government-issued Philippine peso | Peso | |||||||||||
Official Language(s) | Spanish | Tagalog | Tagalog, Spanish | Tagalog | English, Tagalog | English | English, Spanish | Japanese, Filipino, Spanish | English, Filipino | |||||||
State Religion | None; Islam in sultanates | Roman Catholicism | Separation of church and state | |||||||||||||
Invasions and Insurgencies |
|
In 1529, Spain claimed dominion over the Philippine archipelago on the basis of Magellan's discovery, a valid mode of acquisition at the time.[1] Various local revolts erupted throughout Spanish rule.[nb 2] Battles of La Naval de Manila, a series of five naval battles between Spanish and Dutch forces in 1646. The Ilustrados "enlightened ones" constituted the Filipino educated class during the Spanish colonial period in the late 19th century. Mostly based outside the Philippines, they helped mold the flame of a united Filipino nationalism and identity in the islands. Almost all previous insurgencies were tribal, provincial and regional in nature. |
|
March 22, 1897 – Emilio Aguinaldo is elected president of a government meant to replace the prior Katipunan insurgent government by attendees of the Tejeros Convention. He was sworn in the day after and fully assumed the office by April despite Bonifacio having annulled the convention proceedings.[8] | Established as an insurgent constitutional republic on November 2, 1897, with Aguinaldo as President. This insurgent government had a constitution, President, Vice President, etc.
December 14, 1897 – Signing of the Pact of Biak-na-Bato, suspending the insurgency. Aguinaldo and other insurgent leaders went into voluntary overseas exile. Armed activities temporarily officially halted by the Filipino revolutionary forces. April 1898 – General Francisco Makabulos forms the insurgent General Executive Committee of Northern Luzon, intended to be a provisional government "until a general government of the Republic in these islands shall again be established." This insurgent government had a constitution, President, Vice President, etc.[9][10] |
May 1, 1898 – Hostilities between the U.S. and Spain commenced in the Philippines.[11]
|
June 23, 1899 – Aguinaldo issues proclamation replacing his dictatorial government with a revolutionary one.[17][18] | January 22, 1899 – Promulgation of the Malolos Constitution. Replaces Aguinaldo's insurgent revolutionary government with the Malolos Republic, also known as the First Philippine Republic, with Aguinaldo as president.[19] Although the republic never received foreign recognition, Filipinos consider Aguinaldo to be the first president based on this.[20]
Gen. Miguel Malvar, successor of Aguinaldo continued the fight until he surrendered in 1902. Clashes with Moro rebels continued in the south.
|
|
Until 1913 scattered resistance to U.S. rule continued based on the First Republic's or the Katipunan's platforms.
From then until 1935 there was no organized mass resistance, but small pockets of defiance still persisted coming mostly from various religious sects, sakdalistas and die-hard republikanos. |
Small segments of opposition continued from a new front, mainly from the legal nationalist and labor groups.
Following the end of World War II, there was resistance from the Hukbalahap and the short lived/progressive political party, Democratic Alliance (DA). |
Hukbalahap
|
Resistance from Hukbalahap continued.[24] Hukbalahap later changed its name to "Hukbong Magpapalaya ng Bayan" (People's Liberation Army) or simply "Huks".
|
None, or See Notes | ||
Sovereignty notes | Philippines as one whole national entity was non-existent. Islands comparable to Greece composed of numerous sovereign and independent chiefdoms, several minor kingdoms and thalassocracies such as the Kedatuan of Madja-as, the rajahnates of Cebu and Butuan, Sultanates of Maguindanao, Lanao and Sulu who were all already engaged in trading with the Chinese, Japanese, Malaysians, Indonesians, the Arabs and the Indians.
Considered by Western nations as territorium nullius (an expression deriving from Roman Law meaning "empty land," or "land belonging to no one").[26] |
|
|
The Commonwealth of the Philippines, still under U.S. sovereignty, was inaugurated on November 15, 1935. The enabling legislation, the Tydings–McDuffie Act, provided for a ten-year period of transition to full independence. |
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Notes |
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See also[]
- Politics of the Philippines
Politics of the Philippines |
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Philippines portal
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- Prehistoric Philippines
- Ancient barangays
- Datus, Rajahs and Sultans
- Rajah Lakandula
- Rajah Humabon
- Rajah Sulayman
- Sultan of Sulu
- Lapu-Lapu
- Rajah Bendahara Kalantiaw III
- Rajah Lakandula
- Rajah Suliman
- Rajah Tupas
- Sultan Kudarat
- Maragtas epic
- Datu Puti
- Irong-irong
- Kalantiao
- Babaylan
- Datus, Rajahs and Sultans
- Ancient barangays
- Spanish colony
- Viceroyalty of New Spain
- Miguel López de Legazpi
- Guido de Lavezaris
- Francisco de Sande
- Gonzalo Ronquillo de Peñaloza
- Diego Ronquillo
- Santiago de Vera
- Gómez Pérez Dasmariñas
- Pedro de Rojas
- Luis Pérez Dasmariñas
- Francisco de Tello de Guzmán
- Pedro Bravo de Acuña
- Rodrigo de Vivero
- Juan de Silva
- Alonso Fajardo y Tenza
- Fernándo de Silva
- Juan Niño de Tabora
- Juan Cerezo de Salamanca
- Sebastián Hurtado de Corcuera
- Diego Fajardo Chacón
- Sabiniano Manrique de Lara
- Diego de Salcedo
- Juan Manuel de la Peña Bonifaz
- Fausto Cruzat y Gongora
- Fernando Manuel de Bustillo Bustamante y Rueda
- Francisco de la Cuesta
- Juan Arrechederra
- Pedro Manuel de Arandía Santisteban
- Miguel Lino de Ezpeleta
- Manuel Rojo
- Simón de Anda y Salazar
- Francisco Javíer de la Torre
- Simón de Anda y Salazar
- José Basco y Vargas
- Félix Berenguer de Marquina
- Rafael María de Aguilar y Ponce de León
- Mariano Fernández de Folgueras
- Crown colony
- Pascual Enrile y Alcedo
- Marcelino de Oraá Lecumberri
- Narciso Clavería y Zaldúa
- Fernándo Norzagaray y Escudero
- José de la Gándara y Navarro
- Manuel Maldonado
- Cárlos María de la Torre y Nava Cerrada
- Rafael de Izquierdo y Gutíerrez
- José Malcampo y Monje
- Fernando Primo de Rivera
- Emilio Molíns
- Joaquín Jovellar
- Emilio Terrero y Perinat
- Valeriano Wéyler
- Eulogio Despujol
- Federico Ochando
- Ramón Blanco
- Camilo Polavieja
- Basilio Agustín
- José de Lachambre
- Viceroyalty of New Spain
- Philippine Revolution
- La Liga Filipina
- José Rizal
- Marcelo H. del Pilar
- Graciano López Jaena
- Mariano Ponce
- La Solidaridad
- Katipunan
- Andrés Bonifacio
- Emilio Jacinto
- Melchora Aquino
- Republic of Biak-na-Bato
- Emilio Aguinaldo
- Mariano Trías
- Baldomero Aguinaldo
- Spanish–American War
- La Liga Filipina
- American territory
- Philippine–American War
- US Military Government
- Wesley Merritt
- Elwell S. Otis
- Arthur MacArthur, Jr.
- Adna Chaffee
- First Philippine Republic
- Emilio Aguinaldo
- Apolinario Mabini
- Pedro Paterno
- Antonio Luna
- Gregorio del Pilar
- Emilio Aguinaldo
- US Insular Government
- William Howard Taft
- Luke E. Wright
- Henry Clay Ide
- James Francis Smith
- Newton W. Gilbert
- William Cameron Forbes
- Francis Burton Harrison
- Charles Yeater
- Leonard Wood
- Eugene Allen Gilmore
- Henry L. Stimson
- Eugene Allen Gilmore
- Dwight Filley Davis
- Theodore Roosevelt, Jr.
- Frank Murphy
- Commonwealth of the Philippines
- Quezon, Manuel L.
- National Defense Act of 1935
- Sergio Osmeña
- Bell Trade Act
- Philippine Executive Commission
- Masaharu Homma
- Shizuichi Tanaka
- Shigenori Kuroda
- Jorge B. Vargas
- Second Philippine Republic
- Republic of the Philippines
- Third Republic of the Philippines
- Manuel Roxas
- Elpidio Quirino
- Ramon Magsaysay
- Carlos P. Garcia
- Diosdado Macapagal
- Fourth Republic of the Philippines
- Ferdinand Marcos
- Imelda Marcos
- Benigno Aquino Jr.
- EDSA Revolution
- Ferdinand Marcos
- Fifth Republic of the Philippines
- Corazon Aquino
- Fidel Ramos
- Joseph Estrada
- EDSA II
- Gloria Macapagal Arroyo
- Benigno Aquino III
- Rodrigo Roa Duterte
- Third Republic of the Philippines
- Prehistoric Philippines
Notes[]
- ^ This article may be incomplete lacking, in particular, information regarding the MNLF, MILF and Abu Sayyaf groups which should possibly be included. See e.g., the Civil conflict in the Philippines article.
- ^
- Dagami Revolt (1567), Manila Revolt (1574), Pampangos Revolt (1585), Conspiracy of the Maharlikas (Luzon), Tondo Conspiracy (1587–1588), Revolts Against the Tribute (1589), Magalat Revolt (1596)
- Igorot Revolt (1601), Chinese revolt of 1602, Irraya Revolt (1621), Tamblot Revolt (1621–1622), Bankaw Revolt (1621–1622), Isneg Revolt (1625–1627), Cagayan Revolt (1639), Ladia Revolt (1643), Zambales Revolt (1645), Pampanga Revolt (1645), Sumuroy Revolt (1649–50), Pintados Revolt (1649–1650), Zambal Revolt (1660), Maniago Revolt (1660), Malong Revolt (1660–1661), Ilocano Revolt (1661), Chinese revolt of 1662, Panay Revolt (1663), Sambal Revolt (1681–1683), Tingco plot (1686), Rivera Revolt (1718), Magtanĝaga Revolt (1718), Caragay Revolt (1719), Dagohoy Rebellion (1744–1829), Agrarian Revolt (1745–1746)
- Silang Revolt (1762–63), Palaris Revolt (1762–1765), Camarines Revolt (1762–1764), Cebu Revolt (1762–1764), Dabo and Marayac Revolt (1763), Isabela Revolt (1763)
- Lagutao Revolt (1785), Ilocos Norte Revolt (1788), Magtanong and Malibiran Revolt (1787), Nueva Vizcaya Revolt (1805), Ambaristo Revolt (1807), Ilocos Norte Revolt (1811), Sarat Revolt (1815), Bayot Revolt (1822), Novales Mutiny (1823), Parang and Upay Revolt (1822–1835), Pule Revolt (1840–1841), Camerino Revolt (1865–1869), Labios Revolt (1870–1871), Cavite Mutiny (1872)
References[]
- ^ Bautista 2009, p. 12.
- ^ Agoncillo 1990, p. 172.
- ^ Zaide 1968, pp. 238, 285.
- ^ Ricarte 1926, p. 27.
- ^ Guerrero, Milagros; Schumacher, S.J., John (1998). Reform and Revolution. Kasaysayan: The History of the Filipino People. Vol. 5. Asia Publishing Company Limited. ISBN 962-258-228-1.
- ^ Guerrero, Milagros; Encarnación, Emmanuel; Villegas, Ramón (1996). "Andrés Bonifacio and the 1896 Revolution". Sulyap Kultura. National Commission for Culture and the Arts. 1 (2): 3–12. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved August 2, 2009.
- ^ Richardson, Jim (2013). The Light of Liberty: Documents and Studies on the Katipunan, 1892-1897. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press. ISBN 9789715506755.
- ^ Agoncillo 1990, pp. 177–178.
- ^ Constantino 1975, pp. 202–203.
- ^ Agoncillo 1990, pp. 185–186.
- ^ Agoncillo 1990, pp. 189–190.
- ^ Agoncillo 1990, p. 192.
- ^ Titherington 1900, pp. 357–358.
- ^ Kalaw 1927, pp. 413–417.
- ^ Guevara 1972, pp. cc=philamer, rgn=full%20text, idno=aab1246.0001.001, didno=aab1246.0001.001, view=image, seq=00000025 7–12.
- ^ Elliott 1917, pp. 491–493 (Appendix E: Aguinaldo's Proclamation of June 18, 1898, Establishing the Dictatorial Government)
- ^ Guevara 1972, pp. 28–40.
- ^ Elliott 1917, pp. 493–497 (Appendix F: Aguinaldo's Proclamation of June 23, Establishing the Revolutionary Government)
- ^ Guevara 1972, pp. 88–119.
- ^ Tucker 2009, p. 8.
- ^ Constantino 1975, pp. 261–266.
- ^ Constantino 1975, pp. 266–267.
- ^ Agoncillo 1990, pp. 447–449.
- ^ Agoncillo 1990, pp. 451–460.
- ^ Agoncillo 1990, p. 458.
- ^ Bautista 2009, p. 13.
- ^ Noland 1990, p. 79.
- ^ Scott 1992, pp. 50–53, notes 24 and 25 on pp. 62–63.
- ^ Zaide 1994, pp. 89–91.
- ^ Villarroel 2009, pp. 93–133.
- ^ Zaide 1994, p. 279.
- ^ Treaty of Peace Between the United States and Spain; December 10, 1898, Yale, 2009, retrieved October 1, 2010.
- ^ Peterson 2007, pp. 10–11.
- ^ Worcester 1914, p. 167.
- ^ a b c Randolph 2009, p. 197.
- ^ Kalaw 1927, pp. cc=philamer, idno=afj2233.0001.001, frm=frameset, view=image, seq=219, page=root, size=s 199–200.
- ^ Worcester 1914, pp. 175–176.
- ^ Rodell 2002, p. 18.
- ^ TREATY OF GENERAL RELATIONS BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES. SIGNED AT MANILA, ON 4 JULY 1946 (PDF), United Nations, archived from the original (pdf) on July 23, 2011, retrieved December 10, 2007.
- ^ Exchange of Notes between the Government of the United Kingdom and the Government of the Republic of the Philippines regarding the transfer of the administration of the Turtle and Mangsee Islands to the Philippine Republic; Cmd 8320
Further reading[]
- Ocay, Jeffry V. (2010). "DOMINATION AND RESISTANCE IN THE PHILIPPINES: FROM THEPRE-HISPANIC TO THE SPANISH AND AMERICAN PERIOD". Lumina. Holy Name University. 21 (1).
Bibliography[]
- Agoncillo, Teodoro A. (1990), History of the Filipino People (Eighth ed.), University of the Philippines, ISBN 971-8711-06-6.
- Bautista, Lowell B. (September 3, 2009), "The Historical Context and Legal Basis of the Philippine Treaty Limits" (PDF), Aegean Review of the Law of the Sea and Maritime Law, 1: 111–139, doi:10.1007/s12180-009-0003-5, ISSN 1864-9610, archived from the original (PDF) on October 11, 2010
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- Constantino, Renato (1975), The Philippines: A Past Revisited, vol. I, Renato Constantino, ISBN 978-971-8958-00-1.
- Elliott, Charles Burke (1917), The Philippines: To the End of the Commission Government, a Study in Tropical Democracy (pdf).
- Guevara, Sulpico, ed. (2005), The laws of the first Philippine Republic (the laws of Malolos) 1898–1899, Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Library (published 1972) (English translation by Sulpicio Guevara).
- Kalaw, Maximo M. (1927), The development of Philippine politics, Oriental commercial.
- Kalaw, Maximo Manguiat (1921), The Present Government of the Philippines, Oriental commercial (published 2007), ISBN 1-4067-4636-3. (Note: 1. The book cover incorrectly lists author as "Maximo M Lalaw", 2. Originally published in 1921 by The McCullough Printing Co., Manila.)
- Noland, Marcus (1990), Pacific Basin developing countries: prospects for the future, Peterson Institute, ISBN 978-0-88132-081-7.
- Peterson, Don (2007), 1898: Five Philippine Governors-General Serve Rapid Fire Terms (PDF), Philippine Philatelic Journal.
- Ricarte, Artemio (1926), The Hispano-Philippine Revolution, Yokohama This book was published by Ricarte himself, includes his memoirs on the Philippine Revolution.
- Rodell, Paul A. (2002), "Culture and customs of the Philippines", Culture and customs of Asia, Greenwood Publishing Group, ISBN 978-0-313-30415-6.
- Scott, William Henry (1992), Looking for the Prehispanic Filipino: and other essays in Philippine history, New Day Publishers, ISBN 978-971-10-0524-5.
- Titherington, Richard Handfield (1900), A history of the Spanish–American War of 1898, D. Appleton and Company.
- Tucker, Spencer C. (2009), The encyclopedia of the Spanish-American and Philippine-American wars: a political, social, and military history, ABC-CLIO, ISBN 978-1-85109-951-1.
- Villarroel, Fidel (2009), "Philip II and the "Philippine Referendum" of 1599", in Ramírez, Dámaso de Lario (ed.), Re-shaping the World: Philip II of Spain and His Time (illustrated ed.), Ateneo de Manila University Press, ISBN 978-971-550-556-7.
- Randolph, Carman Fitz (2009), The Law and Policy of Annexation, BiblioBazaar, LLC, ISBN 978-1-103-32481-1.
- Worcester, Dean Conant (1914), The Philippines: Past and Present (vol. 1 of 2), Macmillan, ISBN 1-4191-7715-X.
- Zaide, Gregorio F. (1968), The Philippine revolution, Modern Book Co.
- Zaide, Sonia M. (1994), The Philippines: A Unique Nation, All-Nations Publishing Co., ISBN 971-642-071-4.
- Political history of the Philippines
- Sovereignty