List of presidents of the Philippines

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For colonial chief executives of the Philippines prior to the ratification of the 1935 Constitution of the Philippines, see Governor-General of the Philippines.

Malacañang Palace in Manila is the official residence of the president.[note 1] Built in 1750, it has become a prominent symbol of and metonym for the office.
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Under the present Constitution of the Philippines, the president of the Philippines (Filipino: pangulo ng Pilipinas) is both the head of state and the head of government, and serves as the commander-in-chief of the country's armed forces.[4][5] The president is directly elected by qualified voters of the population to a six-year term and must be "a natural-born citizen of the Philippines, a registered voter, able to read and write, at least forty years of age on the day of the election, and a resident of the Philippines for at least ten years immediately preceding such election". Any person who has served as president for more than six years is barred from running for the position again. Upon an incumbent president's death, permanent disability, resignation, or removal from office, the vice president assumes the post.[6]

Line of succession[]

Prior to the presidential governance, the Philippines was governed by a succession of Spanish military generals during colonization by Spain. The military governors were appointed by the Spanish royals to lead the civil government of the archipelago.

In the waning years of Spanish dominion in the Philippines, a Philippine Revolution occurred. This led to the establishment of a brief revolutionary government. This occurred while Spain and the United States were both engaged in a war for control of the Philippine islands. The Americans defeated the Spanish forces seized control of the islands and undermined the revolutionary government.

Earlier under the American colonization, the president of the United States appointed four military generals. It later transferred the civil governance to an appointed governor-general, both under the Insular and Commonwealth periods. The Philippines then was considered as an overseas territory of the United States.

Presidency[]

While the line of succession of presidency is formally recognized starting with the ascension to power of Emilio Aguinaldo as a revolutionary president, it does not mean however, that the Philippines did not have a civil government prior to the Philippine Revolution.

Spain had a civilian colonial government established in the Philippine islands for over four centuries spearheaded by a governor appointed by the viceroy of Mexico. The governor runs the colonial government on behalf of the Spanish crown.

Emilio Aguinaldo became the inaugural president of the Philippines under the Malolos Republic, considered the First Philippine Republic.[7][note 2] He held that office until 1901 when he was captured by United States forces during the Philippine–American War (1899–1902).[4] The American colonization of the Philippines abolished the First Republic,[12] which led to an American governor-general exercising executive power.[19]

In 1935, the United States, pursuant to its promise of full Philippine sovereignty,[20] established the Commonwealth of the Philippines following the ratification of the 1935 Constitution, which also restored the presidency. The first national presidential election was held,[note 3] and Manuel L. Quezon (1935–44) was elected to a six-year term, with no provision for re-election,[5] as the second Philippine president and the first Commonwealth president.[note 2] In 1940, however, the Constitution was amended to allow re-election but shortened the term to four years.[4] A change in government occurred three years later when the Second Philippine Republic was organized with the enactment of the 1943 Constitution, which Japan imposed after it occupied the Philippines in 1942 during World War II.[23] José P. Laurel acted as puppet president of the new Japanese-sponsored government;[24] his de facto presidency,[25] not legally recognized until the 1960s,[11] overlapped with that of the president of the Commonwealth, which went into exile. The Second Republic was dissolved after Japan surrendered to the Allies in 1945; the Commonwealth was restored in the Philippines in the same year with Sergio Osmeña (1944–46) as president.[4]

Manuel Roxas (1946–1948) followed Osmeña when he won the first post-war election in 1946. He became the first president of the independent Philippines when the Commonwealth ended on July 4 of that year. The Third Republic was ushered in and would cover the administrations of the next five presidents, the last of which was Ferdinand Marcos (1965–86),[4] who performed a self-coup by imposing martial law in 1972.[26] The dictatorship of Marcos saw the birth of the New Society (Filipino: Bagong Lipunan) and the Fourth Republic. His tenure lasted until 1986 when he was deposed in the People Power Revolution. The current constitution came into effect in 1987, marking the beginning of the Fifth Republic.[4]

Of the individuals elected as president, three died in office: two of natural causes (Manuel L. Quezon[27] and Manuel Roxas[28]) and one in a plane crash (Ramon Magsaysay, 1953–57[29]). The longest-serving president is Ferdinand Marcos with 20 years and 57 days in office; he is the only president to have served more than two terms. The shortest is Sergio Osmeña, who spent 1 year and 300 days in office.

Two women have held the office: Corazon Aquino (1986–92), who ascended to the presidency upon the successful People Power Revolution of 1986, and Gloria Macapagal Arroyo (2001–10), who, as vice president, ascended to the presidency upon Estrada's resignation and was elected to a full six-year term in 2004.

List[]

No. Portrait President
(Lifespan) 		Party Term of office
(Length of tenure) 		Election Vice president
(Party; term of office, if different from president's) 		Era
1 Emilio Aguinaldo Emilio Aguinaldo
(1869–1964) 		Katipunan January 23, 1899 – March 23, 1901[a]
(2 years, 59 days) 		1899 None[b] First Republic
American Governors-General; from July 1, 1901 to July 1, 1902, the civil and military governor served concurrently. August 14, 1898 – July 4, 1902
(3 years, 324 days) 		Appointed by the president of the United States, with advice and consent of the United States Senate. U.S. military government
July 4, 1901 – November 15, 1935
(34 years, 134 days) 		U.S. Insular Government
2 Manuel L. Quezon Manuel L. Quezon
(1878–1944) 		Nacionalista November 15, 1935 – August 1, 1944[c]
(8 years, 260 days) 		1935 Sergio Osmeña
(Nacionalista) 		Commonwealth
1941
3 José P. Laurel Jose P. Laurel
(1891–1959) 		KALIBAPI October 14, 1943 – August 17, 1945[d]
(1 year, 307 days) 		1943 None[b] Second Republic
4 Sergio Osmeña Sergio Osmeña
(1878–1961) 		Nacionalista August 1, 1944 – May 28, 1946
(1 year, 300 days) 		1941 Vacant[e] Commonwealth
5 Manuel Roxas Manuel Roxas
(1892–1948) 		Nacionalista's Liberal wing, later Liberal May 28, 1946 – April 15, 1948[c]
(1 year, 323 days) 		1946 Elpidio Quirino
(Nacionalista's Liberal wing, later Liberal)
Third Republic
6 Elpidio Quirino Elpidio Quirino
(1890–1956) 		Liberal April 17, 1948 – December 30, 1953
(5 years, 257 days) 		Vacant[e]
1949 Fernando Lopez
(Liberal, later Democratic; 1949–1953)
7 Ramon Magsaysay Ramon Magsaysay
(1907–1957) 		Nacionalista December 30, 1953 – March 17, 1957[c]
(3 years, 77 days) 		1953 Carlos P. Garcia
(Nacionalista)
8 Carlos P. Garcia Carlos P. Garcia
(1896–1971) 		Nacionalista March 18, 1957 – December 30, 1961
(4 years, 287 days) 		Vacant[e]
1957 Diosdado Macapagal
(Liberal; 1957–1961)
9 Diosdado Macapagal Diosdado Macapagal
(1910–1997) 		Liberal December 30, 1961 – December 30, 1965
(4 years, 0 days) 		1961 Emmanuel Pelaez
(Liberal, later Nacionalista)
10 Ferdinand Marcos Ferdinand Marcos
(1917–1989) 		Nacionalista, later KBL December 30, 1965 – February 25, 1986[f]
(20 years, 57 days) 		1965 Fernando Lopez
(Nacionalista; 1965–1972)
1969
None[b] Marcos dictatorship
1973[g]
1977[g]
  New Society
1981 Fourth Republic
Vacant[h]
1986
11 Corazon Aquino Corazon Aquino
(1933–2009) 		UNIDO, later independent February 25, 1986 – June 30, 1992
(6 years, 126 days) 		Salvador Laurel
(UNIDO, later Nacionalista)
Provisional Government
Fifth Republic
 
12 Fidel Ramos Fidel V. Ramos
(born 1928) 		Lakas June 30, 1992 – June 30, 1998
(6 years, 0 days) 		1992 Joseph Estrada
(NPC, later LAMMP)
13 Joseph Estrada Joseph Estrada
(born 1937) 		LAMMP June 30, 1998 – January 20, 2001[i]
(2 years, 204 days) 		1998 Gloria Macapagal Arroyo
(Lakas)
14 Gloria Macapagal Arroyo WEF 2009-crop.jpg Gloria Macapagal Arroyo
(born 1947) 		Lakas, later Lakas–Kampi January 20, 2001 – June 30, 2010
(9 years, 161 days) 		Vacant
Teofisto Guingona Jr.
(Lakas, later independent; 2001–2004)
2004 Noli de Castro
(Independent; 2004–2010)
15 Benigno Aquino III Benigno Aquino III
(1960–2021) 		Liberal June 30, 2010 – June 30, 2016
(6 years, 0 days) 		2010 Jejomar Binay
(PDP–Laban, later UNA)
16 Rodrigo Duterte Rodrigo Duterte
(born 1945) 		PDP–Laban June 30, 2016 – present
(5 years, 203 days) 		2016 Leni Robredo
(Liberal)

Notes[]

  1. ^ Term started at the inauguration of the First Republic, and ended with Aguinaldo's capture in Palanan.
  2. ^ a b c The constitution at this time did not create an office of the vice president.
  3. ^ a b c Died in office.
  4. ^ Term started with the inauguration of the Second Republic, and ended with Laurel's declaration of its dissolution.
  5. ^ a b c The constitution at this time did not mandate a selection of a new vice president after the erstwhile vice president becomes president.
  6. ^ Ousted after the People Power Revolution, and fled the country afterwards.
  7. ^ a b This was a referendum asking the electorate if the incumbent president should remain in office.
  8. ^ A plebiscite approved the recreation of the office of the vice president, but an election was not called until 1986.
  9. ^ Ousted after the Second EDSA Revolution; later declared as resigned by the Supreme Court.

Timeline[]

See also: List of presidents of the Philippines by time in office
Rodrigo DuterteBenigno Aquino IIIGloria Macapagal ArroyoJoseph EstradaFidel RamosCorazon AquinoFerdinand MarcosDiosdado MacapagalCarlos P. GarciaRamon MagsaysayElpidio QuirinoManuel RoxasSergio OsmeñaJosé P. LaurelManuel L. QuezonEmilio Aguinaldo

Notes[]

  1. ^ The president has three official residences, with the Malacañang Palace Complex as the principal abode and workplace.[1] The other two are Mansion House in Baguio, the official summer residence,[2] and Malacañang sa Sugbo (Malacañang of Cebu), the official residence in Cebu.[3]
  2. ^ a b In chronological order, the presidents started with Manuel L. Quezon,[8] who was then succeeded by Sergio Osmeña as the second president,[9] until the recognition of Emilio Aguinaldo[10] and José P. Laurel's[11] presidencies in the 1960s.[subnote 1][subnote 2] With Aguinaldo as the first president and Laurel as the third, Quezon and Osmeña are thus listed as the second and the fourth, respectively.[4][18]
  3. ^ Emilio Aguinaldo, the official first president, was elected by the Malolos Congress and not by popular vote.[21][22]

Subnotes

  1. ^ The Malolos Republic, an independent revolutionary state that is actually the first constitutional republic in Asia,[12][13] remained unrecognized by any country[14][15] until the Philippines acknowledged the government as its predecessor,[16] which it also calls the First Philippine Republic.[12][10][17] Aguinaldo was consequently counted as the country's first president.[7][10]
  2. ^ The Second Republic was later declared by the Supreme Court of the Philippines as a de facto, illegitimate government on September 17, 1945.[11] Its laws were considered null and void;[4][11] despite this, Laurel was included in the official roster of Philippine presidents in the 1960s.[11]

References[]

  1. ^ Ortiguero, Romsanne (October 22, 2014). "TRAVEL Inside Malacañang Complex, 3 places to visit for a charming date with history". News5. TV5. Archived from the original on June 30, 2016. Retrieved June 22, 2016.
  2. ^ "Mansion House". Presidential Museum and Library. Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office. Retrieved June 20, 2016.
  3. ^ Sisante, Jam (August 6, 2010). "Malacañang sa Sugbo still the president's official residence in Cebu". GMA News and Public Affairs. GMA Network. Retrieved June 20, 2016.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h "The Executive Branch". Official Gazette. Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office. Retrieved June 18, 2016.
  5. ^ a b PCDSPO 2015, pp. 62–64
  6. ^ "The Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines". Official Gazette. Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office. Retrieved June 18, 2016.
  7. ^ a b Tucker 2009, p. 8
  8. ^ Quezon, Manuel Luis M. (December 30, 1941). "Second Inaugural Address of President Quezon". Official Gazette. Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office. Retrieved July 22, 2016.
  9. ^ Staff writer(s) (October 19, 1961). "Sergio Osmena, Second President of the Philippines". Toledo Blade. Manila: Block Communications. Retrieved July 22, 2016.
  10. ^ a b c Pascual, Federico D., Jr. (September 26, 2010). "Macapagal legacy casts shadow on today's issues". The Philippine Star. Retrieved July 22, 2016.
  11. ^ a b c d e Staff writer(s) (October 14, 2015). "Second Philippine Republic". Presidential Museum and Library. Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office. Archived from the original on March 15, 2015. Retrieved July 6, 2016.
  12. ^ a b c Staff writer(s) (September 7, 2012). "The First Philippine Republic". National Historical Commission of the Philippines. Retrieved June 17, 2016.
  13. ^ "Araw ng Republikang Filipino, 1899" [Philippine Republic Day, 1899]. Official Gazette. Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office. Retrieved June 22, 2016.
  14. ^ Tucker 2009, p. 496
  15. ^ Abueva, José V. (February 12, 2013). "Our only republic". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved June 22, 2016.
  16. ^ Macapagal, Diosdado (June 12, 1962). "Address of President Macapagal on Independence Day". Official Gazette. Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office. Retrieved July 23, 2016.
  17. ^ "Proclamation No. 533, s. 2013". Official Gazette. Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office. January 9, 2013. Retrieved July 25, 2016.
  18. ^ "Philippine Presidents". Presidential Museum and Library. Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office. Archived from the original on May 27, 2016. Retrieved June 15, 2016.
  19. ^ Agoncillo & Guerrero 1970, p. 281
  20. ^ "The Commonwealth of the Philippines". Official Gazette. Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office. Retrieved July 8, 2016.
  21. ^ "Emilio Aguinaldo". Presidential Museum and Library. Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office. Archived from the original on November 4, 2012. Retrieved June 15, 2016.
  22. ^ PCDSPO 2015, p. 203
  23. ^ Jose, Ricardo T. (1997). Afterword. His Excellency Jose P. Laurel, President of the Second Philippine Republic: Speeches, Messages and Statements, October 14, 1943 to December 19, 1944. By Laurel, José P. Manila: Lyceum of the Philippines in cooperation with the José P. Laurel Memorial Foundation. ISBN 971-91847-2-8. Retrieved June 18, 2016 – via Presidential Museum and Library.
  24. ^ Staff writer(s) (September 3, 1945). "The Philippines: End of a Puppet". Time. Retrieved July 5, 2016.
  25. ^ "Today is the birth anniversary of President Jose P. Laurel". Presidential Museum and Library. Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office. Retrieved June 18, 2016.
  26. ^ "Declaration of Martial Law". Official Gazette. Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office. Retrieved June 18, 2016.
  27. ^ Tejero, Constantino C. (November 8, 2015). "The real Manuel Luis Quezon, beyond the posture and bravura". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved June 16, 2016.
  28. ^ Staff writer(s) (April 16, 1948). "Heart Attack Fatal to Philippine Pres. Roxas". Schenectady Gazette. Manila. Retrieved June 16, 2016.
  29. ^ "Death Anniversary of President Ramon Magsaysay". Presidential Museum and Library. Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office. March 17, 2013. Retrieved June 16, 2016.

Works cited[]

External links[]

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