WHO Model List of Essential Medicines

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For the list for children, see WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children.
World map with the words "40 years of the model list of essential medicines 1977–2017"
2017 marked the 40th anniversary of the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines.

The WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (aka Essential Medicines List or EML[1]), published by the World Health Organization (WHO), contains the medications considered to be most effective and safe to meet the most important needs in a health system.[2] The list is frequently used by countries to help develop their own local lists of essential medicines.[2] As of 2016, more than 155 countries have created national lists of essential medicines based on the World Health Organization's model list.[1] This includes countries in both the developed and developing world.[2][3]

The list is divided into core items and complementary items.[4] The core items are deemed to be the most cost-effective options for key health problems and are usable with little additional health care resources.[4] The complementary items either require additional infrastructure such as specially trained health care providers or diagnostic equipment or have a lower cost–benefit ratio.[4] About 25% of items are in the complementary list.[5] Some medications are listed as both core and complementary.[6] While most medications on the list are available as generic products, being under patent does not preclude inclusion.[7]

The first list was published in 1977 and included 208 medications.[8][2][9] The WHO updates the list every two years.[10] The 14th list was published in 2005 and contained 306 medications.[11] In 2015, the 19th edition of the list was published and contains around 410 medications.[10] The 20th edition was published in 2017, and contains 433 medications.[12][13] The 21st list was published in 2019 and contains 460 medications.[14][15][16] The national lists contain between 334 and 580 medications.[5]

A separate list for children up to 12 years of age, known as the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children (EMLc), was created in 2007 and is in its 7th edition.[10][17] It was created to make sure that the needs of children were systematically considered such as availability of proper formulations.[18][19] Everything in the children's list is also included in the main list.[20] The list and notes are based on the 19th to 21st edition of the main list.[4][12][14] An α indicates a medicine is only on the complementary list.[4][14]

Anaesthetics, preoperative medicines and medical gases[]

General anaesthetics and oxygen[]

Inhalational medicines[]

Injectable medicines[]

Local anaesthetics[]

  • Bupivacaine
  • Lidocaine
  • Lidocaine/epinephrine (lidocaine + epinephrine)
  • Ephedrineα (For use in spinal anaesthesia during delivery, to prevent hypotension).

Preoperative medication and sedation for short-term procedures[]

  • Atropine
  • Midazolam
  • Morphine

Medical gases[]

Medicines for pain and palliative care[]

Non-opioids and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medicines (NSAIMs)[]

A line drawing of a hexagon with two attachments
A skeletal model of the chemical structure of aspirin
  • Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin)
  • Ibuprofen
  • Paracetamol[note 3] (acetaminophen)

Opioid analgesics[]

Medicines for other common symptoms in palliative care[]

  • Amitriptyline
  • Cyclizine
  • Dexamethasone
  • Diazepam
  • Docusate sodium
  • Fluoxetine
  • Haloperidol
  • Hyoscine butylbromide
  • Hyoscine hydrobromide
  • Lactulose
  • Loperamide
  • Metoclopramide
  • Midazolam
  • Ondansetron
  • Senna

Antiallergics and medicines used in anaphylaxis[]

Antidotes and other substances used in poisonings[]

Nonspecific[]

  • Charcoal, activated

Specific[]

Anticonvulsants/antiepileptics[]

Anti-infective medicines[]

Anthelminthics[]

Intestinal anthelminthics[]

A hexagon joined to a polygon with two attachments to this double ringed structure
A skeletal model of the chemical structure of albendazole

Antifilarials[]

Antischistosomals and other antinematode medicines[]

Antibacterials[]

Access group antibiotics[]

Watch group antibiotics[]

Reserve group antibiotics[]

Antileprosy medicines[]

  • Clofazimine
  • Dapsone
  • Rifampicin

Antituberculosis medicines[]

A small pile of white crystals
Pure crystals of ethambutol

Antifungal medicines[]

Antiviral medicines[]

Antiherpes medicines[]

  • Aciclovir

Antiretrovirals[]

Nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors[]
  • Abacavir (ABC)
  • Lamivudine (3TC)
  • Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF)
  • Zidovudine (ZDV or AZT)
Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors[]
Protease inhibitors[]
Two dark blue capsules with writing on them
Two capsules of atazanavir
  • Atazanavir
  • Atazanavir/ritonavir
  • Darunavir
  • Lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r)
  • Ritonavir
Integrase inhibitors[]
Fixed-dose combinations[]
Medicines for prevention of HIV-related opportunistic infections[]
Other antivirals[]

Antihepatitis medicines[]

Medicines for hepatitis B[]
Nucleoside/Nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors[]
  • Entecavir
  • Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF)
Medicines for hepatitis C[]
Pangenotypic direct-acting antivirals[]
Non-pangenotypic direct-acting antivirals[]
Other antivirals for hepatitis C[]

Antiprotozoal medicines[]

Antiamoebic and antigiardiasis medicines[]

Antileishmaniasis medicines[]

Antimalarial medicines[]

For curative treatment[]
For chemoprevention[]

Antipneumocystosis and antitoxoplasmosis medicines[]

Antitrypanosomal medicines[]

African trypanosomiasis[]
Medicines for the treatment of 1st stage African trypanosomiasis[]
Medicines for the treatment of 2nd stage African trypanosomiasis[]
American trypanosomiasis[]

Medicines for ectoparasitic infections[]

  • Ivermectin

Antimigraine medicines[]

For treatment of acute attack[]

  • Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin)
  • Ibuprofen
  • Paracetamol (acetaminophen)

For prophylaxis[]

  • Propranolol

Immunomodulators and antineoplastics[]

Immunomodulators for non-malignant disease[]

Antineoplastics and supportive medicines[]

Cytotoxic medicines[]

Targeted therapies[]

Immunomodulators[]

Hormones and antihormones[]

Supportive medicines[]

Antiparkinsonism medicines[]

  • Biperiden
  • Levodopa/carbidopa (levodopa + carbidopa)

Medicines affecting the blood[]

Antianaemia medicines[]

Medicines affecting coagulation[]

Other medicines for haemoglobinopathies[]

Blood products of human origin and plasma substitutes[]

Blood and blood components[]

A straw colored liquid inside a clear plastic bag
Bag containing one unit of fresh frozen plasma
  • Fresh frozen plasma
  • Platelet concentrates
  • Packed red blood cells
  • Whole blood

Plasma-derived medicines[]

Human immunoglobulins[]

Blood coagulation factors[]

Plasma substitutes[]

Cardiovascular medicines[]

Antianginal medicines[]

Antiarrhythmic medicines[]

  • Bisoprolol[note 69]
  • Digoxin
  • Epinephrine (adrenaline)
  • Lidocaine
  • Verapamil
  • Amiodaroneα

Antihypertensive medicines[]

Medicines used in heart failure[]

Antithrombotic medicines[]

Anti-platelet medicines[]

  • Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin)
  • Clopidogrel

Thrombolytic medicines[]

Lipid-lowering agents[]

Dermatological medicines (topical)[]

Antifungal medicines[]

Anti-infective medicines[]

Anti-inflammatory and antipruritic medicines[]

Medicines affecting skin differentiation and proliferation[]

Scabicides and pediculicides[]

Diagnostic agents[]

Ophthalmic medicines[]

Radiocontrast media[]

  • Amidotrizoate
  • Barium sulfate
  • Iohexol
  • Barium sulfateα
  • Meglumine iotroxateα

Disinfectants and antiseptics[]

Antiseptics[]

Disinfectants[]

  • Alcohol based hand rub
  • Chlorine base compound
  • Chloroxylenol
  • Glutaral

Diuretics[]

Gastrointestinal medicines[]

  • Pancreatic enzymesα

Antiulcer medicines[]

  • Omeprazole
  • Ranitidine

Antiemetic medicines[]

Anti-inflammatory medicines[]

Laxatives[]

  • Senna

Medicines used in diarrhoea[]

Oral rehydration[]

  • Oral rehydration salts

Medicines for diarrhea[]

Medicines for endocrine disorders[]

Adrenal hormones and synthetic substitutes[]

Androgens[]

  • Testosteroneα

Estrogens[]

No listings in this section.

Progestogens[]

  • Medroxyprogesterone acetate

Medicines for diabetes[]

Insulins[]

  • Insulin injection (soluble)
  • Intermediate-acting insulin

Oral hypoglycaemic agents[]

Medicines for hypoglycaemia[]

Thyroid hormones and antithyroid medicines[]

Immunologicals[]

Diagnostic agents[]

  • Tuberculin, purified protein derivative (PPD)

Sera and immunoglobulins[]

Vaccines[]

A small vial with writing on it being removed from a cardboard package
A vial of oral cholera vaccine

Recommendations for all

Recommendations for certain regions

Recommendations for some high-risk populations

Recommendations for immunization programmes with certain characteristics

Muscle relaxants (peripherally-acting) and cholinesterase inhibitors[]

Eye preparations[]

Anti-infective agents[]

Anti-inflammatory agents[]

Local anesthetics[]

Miotics and antiglaucoma medicines[]

  • Acetazolamide
  • Latanoprost
  • Pilocarpine
  • Timolol

Mydriatics[]

Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)[]

  • Bevacizumabα

Medicines for reproductive health and perinatal care[]

Contraceptives[]

Oral hormonal contraceptives[]

Injectable hormonal contraceptives[]

Intrauterine devices[]

  • IUD with copper
  • IUD with progestogen

Barrier methods[]

  • Condoms
  • Diaphragms

Implantable contraceptives[]

Intravaginal contraceptives[]

Ovulation inducers[]

Uterotonics[]

Antioxytocics (tocolytics)[]

  • Nifedipine

Medicines administered to the mother[]

  • Dexamethasone
  • Tranexamic acid

Medicines administered to the neonate[]

Peritoneal dialysis solution[]

  • Intraperitoneal dialysis solution (of appropriate composition)α

Medicines for mental and behavioural disorders[]

Medicines used in psychotic disorders[]

  • Chlorpromazine
  • Fluphenazine
  • Haloperidol
  • Risperidone
  • Chlorpromazineα
  • Clozapineα
  • Haloperidolα

Medicines used in mood disorders[]

Medicines used in depressive disorders[]

  • Amitriptyline
  • Fluoxetine
  • Fluoxetineα

Medicines used in bipolar disorders[]

Medicines for anxiety disorders[]

  • Diazepam

Medicines used for obsessive compulsive disorders[]

Medicines for disorders due to psychoactive substance use[]

Medicines acting on the respiratory tract[]

Antiasthmatics and medicines for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease[]

  • Beclometasone
  • Budesonide
  • Budesonide/formoterol
  • Epinephrine (adrenaline)
  • Ipratropium bromide
  • Salbutamol (albuterol)
  • Tiotropium

Solutions correcting water, electrolyte and acid-base disturbances[]

Oral[]

Parenteral[]

Miscellaneous[]

Vitamins and minerals[]

Ear, nose and throat medicines[]

Medicines for diseases of joints[]

Medicines used to treat gout[]

Disease-modifying agents used in rheumatoid disorders (DMARDs)[]

Juvenile joint diseases[]

Notes[]

An α indicates the medicine is only on the complementary list. For these items specialized diagnostic or monitoring or specialist training are needed. An item may also be listed as complementary on the basis of higher costs or a less attractive cost-benefit ratio.[4][14]

  1. ^ Thiopental may be used as an alternative depending on local availability and cost.
  2. ^ No more than 30% oxygen should be used to initiate resuscitation of neonates less than or equal to 32 weeks of gestation.
  3. ^ Not recommended for anti‐inflammatory use due to lack of proven benefit to that effect
  4. ^ For the management of cancer pain
  5. ^ Alternatives limited to hydromorphone and oxycodone
  6. ^ For the management of cancer pain
  7. ^ There may be a role for sedating antihistamines for limited indications (EMLc).
  8. ^ as adjunctive therapy for treatment-resistant partial or generalized seizures.
  9. ^ For use in eclampsia and severe pre‐eclampsia and not for other convulsant disorders
  10. ^ for buccal administration when solution for oromucosal administration is not available
  11. ^ The presence of both 25 mg/5 mL and 30 mg/5 mL strengths on the same market would cause confusion in prescribing and dispensing and should be avoided.
  12. ^ Oxamniquine is listed for use when praziquantel treatment fails.
  13. ^ Only for the presumptive treatment of epidemic meningitis in children older than two years and in adults.
  14. ^ cloxacillin, dicloxacillin and flucloxacillin are preferred for oral administration due to better bioavailability.
  15. ^ Procaine benzylpenicillin is not recommended as first-line treatment for neonatal sepsis except in settings with high neonatal mortality, when given by trained health workers in cases where hospital care is not achievable.
  16. ^ single agent trimethoprim may be an alternative for lower urinary tract infection.
  17. ^ Also listed for single-dose treatment of trachoma and yaws.
  18. ^ Third-generation cephalosporin of choice for use in hospitalized neonates
  19. ^ Do not administer with calcium and avoid in infants with hyperbilirubinemia.
  20. ^ Erythromycin may be an alternative. For use in combination regimens for eradication of H. pylori in adults
  21. ^ Imipenem/cilastatin is an alternative, except for acute bacterial meningitis, where meropenem is preferred
  22. ^ For use only in patients with HIV receiving protease inhibitors
  23. ^ For treatment of latent TB infection (LTBI) only
  24. ^ For use only in combination with meropenem or imipenem/cilastatin
  25. ^ Terizidone may be an alternative
  26. ^ Prothionamide may be an alternative
  27. ^ Ofloxacin and moxifloxacin may be alternatives based on availability and programme considerations.
  28. ^ Imipenem/cilastatin may be an alternative
  29. ^ For treatment of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis, histoplasmosis, sporotrichosis, paracoccidioidomycosis, mycoses caused by Talaromyces marneffei and chromoblastomycosis; and prophylaxis of histoplasmosis and infections caused by T. marneffei in AIDS patients
  30. ^ For treatment of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis and acute invasive aspergillosis
  31. ^ For use in pregnant women and in second-line regimens in accordance with WHO treatment guidelines.
  32. ^ Jump up to: a b Emtricitabine (FTC) is an acceptable alternative to 3TC, based on knowledge of the pharmacology, the resistance patterns and clinical trials of antiretrovirals.
  33. ^ Combination also indicated for pre-exposure prophylaxis
  34. ^ For the treatment of viral haemorrhagic fevers
  35. ^ For the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMVr).
  36. ^ For severe illness due to confirmed or suspected influenza virus infection in critically ill hospitalized patients
  37. ^ For the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMVr).
  38. ^ When used in combination with sofosbuvir
  39. ^ When used in combination with daclatasvir
  40. ^ For the treatment of hepatitis C, in combination with direct acting anti-viral medicines
  41. ^ To be used in combination with ribavirin
  42. ^ Jump up to: a b To be used in combination with artesunate 50 mg
  43. ^ For use in the management of severe malaria
  44. ^ Not recommended in the first trimester of pregnancy or in children below 5 kg
  45. ^ To be used in combination with either amodiaquine, mefloquine or sulfadoxine + pyrimethamine
  46. ^ Other combinations that deliver the target doses required such as 153 mg or 200 mg (as hydrochloride) with 50 mg artesunate can be alternatives.
  47. ^ For use only for the treatment of P. vivax infection
  48. ^ For use only in combination with quinine
  49. ^ Only for use to achieve radical cure of P. vivax and P. ovale infections, given for 14 days
  50. ^ For use only in the management of severe malaria, and should be used in combination with doxycycline
  51. ^ Only in combination with artesunate 50 mg
  52. ^ For use only in Central American regions, for P. vivax infections
  53. ^ For use only in combination with chloroquine
  54. ^ For the treatment of 1st and 2nd stage human African trypanosomiasis due to Trypanosoma brucei gambiense infection
  55. ^ To be used for the treatment of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense infection
  56. ^ To be used for the treatment of the initial phase of Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense infection
  57. ^ To be used for the treatment of T. b. gambiense infection
  58. ^ Only to be used in combination with eflornithine, for the treatment of T. b. gambiense infection
  59. ^ Certolizumab pegol, etanercept, golimumab and infliximab are alternatives, including quality-assured biosimilars
  60. ^ Jump up to: a b c Including quality-assured biosimilars
  61. ^ Gefitinib and afatinib are alternatives
  62. ^ Pembrolizumab is an alternative
  63. ^ periconceptual use for prevention of first occurrence of neural tube defects
  64. ^ the square box applies to epoetin alfa, beta and theta, darbepoetin alfa, methoxy polyethylene glycol-epoetin beta, and their respective biosimilars.
  65. ^ Apixaban, edoxaban and rivaroxaban are alternatives
  66. ^ Alternatives are limited to nadroparin and dalteparin
  67. ^ Deferasirox oral form may be an alternative, depending on cost and availability.
  68. ^ Polygeline, injectable solution, 3.5% is considered as equivalent.
  69. ^ Jump up to: a b c Includes metoprolol and carvedilol as alternatives
  70. ^ Includes atenolol, metoprolol and carvedilol as alternatives. Atenolol should not be used as a first-line agent in uncomplicated hypertension in patients >60 years
  71. ^ Hydralazine is listed for use in the acute management of severe pregnancy‐induced hypertension only. Its use in the treatment of essential hypertension is not recommended in view of the availability of more evidence of efficacy and safety of other medicines.
  72. ^ Methyldopa is listed for use in the management of pregnancy‐induced hypertension only. Its use in the treatment of essential hypertension is not recommended in view of the availability of more evidence of efficacy and safety of other medicines.
  73. ^ For use in high‐risk patients
  74. ^ In acute diarrhoea zinc sulfate should be used as an adjunct to oral rehydration salts
  75. ^ Glibenclamide not suitable above 60 years
  76. ^ Carbimazole is an alternative depending on local availability
  77. ^ For use when alternative first-line treatment is not appropriate or available
  78. ^ Carbimazole is an alternative depending on local availability
  79. ^ For use when alternative first-line treatment is not appropriate or available
  80. ^ Exact type to be defined locally
  81. ^ Jump up to: a b c Recommended for certain regions
  82. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Recommended for some high-risk populations
  83. ^ Jump up to: a b c Recommended only for immunization programmes with certain characteristics
  84. ^ For infections due to Chlamydia trachomatis or Neisseria gonorrhoeae
  85. ^ Or homatropine (hydrobromide) or cyclopentolate (hydrochloride)
  86. ^ For use in women actively breastfeeding at least 4 times per day
  87. ^ Where permitted under national law and where culturally acceptable
  88. ^ For induction of labour, should only be used where appropriate facilities are available
  89. ^ The square box is added to include buprenorphine. The medicines should only be used within an established support programme.
  90. ^ Ergocalciferol can be used as an alternative.
  91. ^ For use for rheumatic fever, juvenile arthritis, Kawasaki disease

References[]

  1. ^ Jump up to: a b "The WHO Essential Medicines List (EML): 30th anniversary". World Health Organization. Retrieved 26 June 2016.
  2. ^ Jump up to: a b c d "Essential medicines". World Health Organization. Retrieved 19 January 2017.
  3. ^ Persaud N, Jiang M, Shaikh R, Bali A, Oronsaye E, Woods H, Drozdzal G, Rajakulasingam Y, Maraj D, Wadhawan S, Umali N, Wang R, McCall M, Aronson JK, Plüddemann A, Moja L, Magrini N, Heneghan C (June 2019). "Comparison of essential medicines lists in 137 countries". Bull. World Health Organ. 97 (6): 394–404C. doi:10.2471/BLT.18.222448. hdl:10665/325509. ISSN 0042-9686. PMC 6560372. PMID 31210677.
  4. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "19th WHO Model List of Essential Medicines" (PDF). World Health Organization. April 2015. p. Annex 1. Retrieved 17 January 2017.
  5. ^ Jump up to: a b Bansal D, Purohit VK (January 2013). "Accessibility and use of essential medicines in health care: Current progress and challenges in India". Journal of Pharmacology & Pharmacotherapeutics. 4 (1): 13–8. doi:10.4103/0976-500X.107642. PMC 3643337. PMID 23662019.
  6. ^ "The Selection and Use of Essential Medicines - WHO Technical Report Series, No. 920: 5. Reviews of sections of the Model List: 5.2 Review of core versus complementary listing of medicines". World Health Organization (WHO). 2003. Retrieved 6 March 2017.
  7. ^ Beall R (2016). "Patents and the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (18th Edition): Clarifying the Debate on IP and Access" (PDF). World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). Retrieved 3 May 2017.
  8. ^ World Health Organization (1977). The selection of essential drugs : report of a WHO expert committee [meeting held in Geneva from 17 to 21 October 1977]. Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/41272. ISBN 9241206152. Technical report series; no. 615.
  9. ^ Wirtz VJ, Hogerzeil HV, Gray AL, Bigdeli M, de Joncheere CP, Ewen MA, et al. (January 2017). "Essential medicines for universal health coverage". Lancet. 389 (10067): 403–476. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31599-9. PMC 7159295. PMID 27832874.
  10. ^ Jump up to: a b c "WHO Model Lists of Essential Medicines". World Health Organization. The current versions are the 21st WHO Essential Medicines List (EML) and the 7th WHO Essential Medicines List for Children (EMLc) updated in June 2019.
  11. ^ Prakash B, Nadig P, Nayak A (2016). "Rational Prescription for a Dermatologist". Indian Journal of Dermatology. 61 (1): 32–8. doi:10.4103/0019-5154.174017. PMC 4763692. PMID 26955092.
  12. ^ Jump up to: a b World Health Organization (2017). WHO model list of essential medicines, 20th list (March 2017, amended August 2017). Geneva. hdl:10665/273826.
  13. ^ "Essential Medicines List and WHO Model Formulary". World Health Organization. Retrieved 5 May 2018.
  14. ^ Jump up to: a b c d World Health Organization (2019). World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019. Geneva. hdl:10665/325771. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
  15. ^ World Health Organization (2019). Executive summary: the selection and use of essential medicines 2019: report of the 22nd WHO Expert Committee on the selection and use of essential medicines. Geneva. hdl:10665/325773. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.05. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
  16. ^ "Strengthening access to essential medicines". World Health Organization. Retrieved 3 May 2020.
  17. ^ World Health Organization (2019). World Health Organization model list of essential medicines for children: 7th list 2019. Geneva. hdl:10665/325772. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.07. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
  18. ^ Rose K, Anker JN (2010). Guide to Paediatric Drug Development and Clinical Research. Karger Medical and Scientific Publishers. p. 42. ISBN 9783805593625.
  19. ^ Seyberth HW, Rane A, Schwab M (2011). Pediatric Clinical Pharmacology. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 358. ISBN 9783642201950.
  20. ^ Hoppu K (June 2017). "Essential Medicines for Children". Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 101 (6): 718–720. doi:10.1002/cpt.661. PMID 28182281. S2CID 23873145.

Further reading[]

  • World Health Organization (2009). Stuart MC, Kouimtzi M, Hill SR (eds.). WHO Model Formulary 2008. hdl:10665/44053. ISBN 9789241547659.
  • World Health Organization (2015). The selection and use of essential medicines. Twentieth report of the WHO Expert Committee 2015 (including 19th WHO Model List of Essential Medicines and 5th WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children). Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/189763. ISBN 9789240694941. ISSN 0512-3054. WHO technical report series; no. 994.
  • World Health Organization (2017). The selection and use of essential medicines: report of the WHO Expert Committee, 2017 (including the 20th WHO Model List of Essential Medicines and the 6th Model List of Essential Medicines for Children). Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/259481. ISBN 978-92-4-121015-7. ISSN 0512-3054. WHO technical report series; no. 1006.
  • World Health Organization (2019). The selection and use of essential medicines: report of the WHO Expert Committee on Selection and Use of Essential Medicines, 2019 (including the 21st WHO Model List of Essential Medicines and the 7th WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children). Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/330668. ISBN 9789241210300. ISSN 0512-3054. WHO technical report series;1021.
  • World Health Organization (2019). "Additions and deletions of medicines on the WHO model lists of essential medicines: 1977-2017". hdl:10665/278038. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.01. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

External links[]

eEML - Electronic Essential Medicines List

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