Bohtan

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Not to be confused with Bhutan.
Bohtan
1338–1847
Bohtan Principality circa 1835
Bohtan Principality circa 1835
Status
Capital
Religion
Yezidism, Sunni Islam (From 14 Century)
GovernmentPrincipality
Mir 
• 1821-1847
Bedir Khan Beg(last)
History 
• Established
1338
• Disestablished
1847
 Succeeded by
Ottoman Empire
Today part ofTurkey, Al-Hasakah Governorate, Iraq
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Bohtan (also Buhtan, Bokhti) was a medieval Kurdish principality in the Ottoman Empire centered on the town of Jazirah ibn 'Omar (modern Cizre also known as Cizîra Botan (Jazira Botan) in southeastern Anatolia. Bohtanis were an ancient and prominent branch of the Kurds that claimed descent from the Islamic General and Sahaba Khalid ibn al-Walid.[1] The official religion of this principality was Yezidism in 14th century, although the rulers eventually converted to Islam, Bohtan still constituted the third major Yezidi enclave after Shekhan and Sinjar until 19th century.[2][3]

History[]

In the early 8th century, Bukhtis and Bajnawi Kurds ruled the area surrounding Sinjar and Jazira mountains known under name Zozan by Arab geographers. Yaqoot Hamawi describes their residing area to be from Ikhlat to Salmas which included many strongholds belonging to Bokhtis; he also mentioned town of Jardhakil as their capital. The principality ruled over an area extending from Diyarbakir to Van and from Rawanduz to Sinjar at its peak.[1] The first governors of Bohtan, were from the Azizan family, who originally followed Yezidism[4][5] later converted to Sunni Islam[5] and were related to the Governors of the Principality of Bitlis.[6] Following their role in the Ottoman defeat of the Safavids in the Battle of Caldiran in 1514,[6] Bohtan was granted the status of a Hükümet, and it became a hereditary Kurdish principality within the Ottoman Empire.[7]

An important governor of the Bohtan was Bedir Khan Bey, who succeeded Mir Seyfeddin.[8] Bedir Khan Bey was Mîr of the principality between 1821 and 1847.[1] He brought security into Bohtan.[9] According to European diplomats in the region, he even tested if the regional chief was observant enough.[9] He would try to raid a tribe by night, and if he succeeded he would punish the tribal chief in whose territory the robbery was successful.[9] He then returned what he had robbed the night before.[9] The security standard in Bohtan was such, that it encouraged the population of neighboring provinces to move into the territory under Bedir Khans control.[10] This led to the opposition by the Ottoman Vali of Mosul, who demanded an end to the emigration of the habitants from the Mosul province to Bohtan.[10] Following, Bedir Khan expelled 2000 immigrants who settled into Bohtan during the Governorship of Mehmet Pasha in Mosul,[10] but they returned after four years.[10] The renewed emigration lead the Vali of Mosul Mehmet Şerif Pasha to file a report against Bedir Khan, who in 1847 hat to agree to bring an end to the immigration of foreigners in Bohtan.[10] Bedir Khan Bey resigned after an unsuccessful uprising against the Ottoman Empire and following, Bohtan lost its independence[1]

Sub-groups[]

The main branches of Bukhtis were Brasbi, Dasni and Sindi. According to Sharafkhan Bidlisi in his time few Bukhtis followed Yazidi faith, furthermore, he states that previously Bukhtis were among the Kurdish groups who had a large Yazidi branch.[11]

See also[]

References[]

  1. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Jongerden, Joost (2012). Social Relations in Ottoman Diyarbekir, 1870-1915. Brill. p. 60. ISBN 9789004225183.
  2. ^ SHIELDS, SARAH (August 2001). "NELIDA FUCCARO, The Other Kurds: Yazidis in Colonial Iraq, Library of Modern Middle East Studies, vol. 14 (London: I. B. Tauris, 1999). Pp. 246. $55 cloth". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 33 (3): 463–465. doi:10.1017/s0020743801293064. ISSN 0020-7438. S2CID 161122658.
  3. ^ Allison), Christine Robins (nee. "The Yezidis". Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  4. ^ Jwaideh, Wadie (2006-06-19). The Kurdish National Movement: Its Origins and Development. Syracuse University Press. ISBN 978-0-8156-3093-7.
  5. ^ Jump up to: a b Aktürk, Ahmet Serdar (2018). "Family, Empire, and Nation: Kurdish Bedirkhanis and the Politics of Origins in a Changing Era". Journal of Global South Studies. 35 (2): 393. doi:10.1353/gss.2018.0032. ISSN 2476-1419. S2CID 158487762 – via Project Muse.
  6. ^ Jump up to: a b Winter, Stefan (2006). "The other Nahdah: The Bedirxans, the Millîs and the tribal roots of Kurdish nationalism in Syria". Oriente Moderno. 25 (86) (3): 461–474. doi:10.1163/22138617-08603003. ISSN 0030-5472. JSTOR 25818086 – via JSTOR.
  7. ^ Henning, Barbara (2018). Narratives of the History of the Ottoman-Kurdish Bedirhani Family in Imperial and Post-Imperial Contexts: Continuities and Changes. University of Bamberg Press. p. 94. ISBN 978-3863095512.
  8. ^ Henning, Barbara (2018),p. 95
  9. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Gökçe, Hasan (1997). Kieser, Hans-Lukas (ed.), p. 80
  10. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Gökçe, Hasan (1997). Kieser, Hans-Lukas (ed.). Kurdistan et l'Europe (in French). Chronos. p. 81. ISBN 978-3-905312-32-4.
  11. ^ Keo - Religion Archived February 22, 2007, at the Wayback Machine

External links[]

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