Bridges and tunnels across the Yangtze River
The bridges and tunnels across the Yangtze River carry rail and road traffic across China's longest and largest river and form a vital part of the country's transportation infrastructure. The river bisects China proper from west to east, and every major north-south bound highway and railway must cross the Yangtze. Large urban centers along the river such as Chongqing, Wuhan, and Nanjing also have urban mass transit rail lines crossing the Yangtze.
Pontoon bridges have been used by militaries for two thousand years on the Yangtze, but until the completion of the Wuhan Yangtze River Bridge in 1957, there were no permanent bridges along the main stretch of the river known as Chang Jiang (the "Long River"), from Yibin to the river mouth in Shanghai, a distance of 2,884 km (1,792 mi). Since then, over 75 bridges and six tunnels have been built over this stretch, the overwhelming majority since 1990. They reflect a broad array of bridge designs and, in many cases, represent significant achievements in modern bridge engineering. Several rank among the world's longest suspension, cable-stayed, arch bridges, truss and box girder bridges as well as some of the highest and tallest bridges.
Upriver from Yibin, bridge spans are more common along the Jinsha and Tongtian sections where the Yangtze is much narrower, although numerous new bridges are being added. The oldest bridge still in use is the Jinlong, a simple suspension bridge over the Jinsha section of the river in Lijiang, Yunnan that was originally built in 1880 and rebuilt in the 1936.[1]
Section names of the Yangtze[]
Due to changes in the designation of the source of the Yangtze, various sections of the river have been thought of as distinct rivers with different names. The bridges and tunnels of the Yangtze have compound names consisting of the location name and the river section name. Today, the river has four sectional names in (in Chinese) : (1) Tuotuo, (2) Tongtian, (3) Jinsha and (4) Chang Jiang.
- The Tuotuo River, considered the official headstream of the Yangtze, flows 358 km (222 mi) from the glaciers of the Gelaindong massif in the Tanggula Mountains of southwestern Qinghai to the confluence with the Dangqu River to form the Tongtian River.
- The Tongtian continues for 813 km (505 mi) to the confluence with the Batang River at Yushu in south central Qinghai.
- The Jinsha or Gold Sands River continues for 2,308 km (1,434 mi) along the border of western Sichuan with Qinghai, Tibet, and Yunnan, through northern Yunnan and southern Sichuan to the confluence with the Min River at Yibin in south central Sichuan.
- Chang Jiang or the "Long River" refers to the final 2,884 km (1,792 mi) of the Yangtze from Yibin through southeastern Sichuan, Chongqing, western Hubei, northern Hunan, eastern Hubei, northern Jiangxi, Anhui and Jiangsu to the river's mouth in Shanghai. Chang Jiang is generally substituted by "Yangtze" in English usage.
For example, the Nanjing Chang Jiang Bridge is translated as the Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge. The Taku Jinsha River Bridge is a bridge along the Jinsha section of the Yangtze.
History[]
The Yangtze River forms a major geographic barrier dividing northern and southern China. For millennia, travelers crossed the Yangtze by ferry. In the first half of the 20th century, rail passengers from Beijing to Guangzhou and Shanghai had to disembark, respectively, at Hanyang and Pukou, and cross the river by steam ferry before resuming journeys by train.
Bridges in antiquity[]
Pontoon bridges[]
The earliest recorded pontoon bridge over the Yangtze was the Jiangguan Pontoon Bridge built in AD 35 by Gongsun Shu, the ruler of Sichuan, in the war with the Han Emperor Liu Xiu.[2][3] Gongsun Shu built the pontoon across a narrow part of the river between Jingmen and Yichang in (modern Hubei Province) to block the Han Emperor's navy from sailing upriver into Sichuan.[3] The pontoon was burned in battle and Liu Xiu went on to capture Sichuan.[3]
In 570, the Northern Zhou general Chen Teng built a crude suspension bridge across the Xiling Gorge using thick rope and reeds to carry food and provisions for his troops on the south bank. The bridge was cut apart by boats lined with sharp knives sent down river by the Chen general Zhang Shaoda.[4]
During the Tang Dynasty, a pontoon bridge was built in Sangouzhen in the Qutang Gorge in 619.[2][4]
In 974, during the Song Emperor Zhao Kuangyin's conquest of the Southern Tang, a pontoon over 1,000 meters long linked together by bamboo chains was erected in just three days at Caishiji (Ma'anshan, Anhui Province) and enabled the Song Army to advance swiftly across the river and capture Nanjing, the Southern Tang capital.[2][3]
The Taiping rebels made extensive use of pontoons on the Yangtze in their campaign against the Qing Dynasty in the Yangtze Basin.[3] In December 30, 1852, they built two pontoons nearly 3,000 meters long in a fortnight's time at Baishazhou and Yingwuzhou in Wuhan to move troops from Hanyang on the north bank to the Wuchang on the south bank.[3] The Taipings tied together small boats into twos and threes and steered these preassembled pieces simultaneously into the river, and used iron anchors to set the pontoons instead of chains. They added leather-covered walls to the bridges and added towers and firing positions.[3]
Pontoon bridges have not been a feasible long-term solution to cross river transport because they block boat traffic on the Yangtze, a major conduit for travelers and cargo between the coast and the Chinese interior.
Iron chain bridges[]
Dating back to 3rd century, militaries of antiquity have stretched iron chains across the Yangtze in the Three Gorges to block invading armies. Notable examples include the iron chain defense of the Wu Kingdom in the Xiling Gorge against the Jin Dynasty in 280, the Former Shu's chain across Kuimen in the Qutang Gorge against the Jingnan in 925, and Song general Xu Zongwu's seven-link chain at the same location against the Mongols in 1264.[4]
The first documented iron chain bridge across the river was built in the 7th century by the Tibetan Empire over the Jinsha. The Shenchuan Iron Bridge, a simple suspension bridge, stood at what is today Tacun of Weixi Lisu Autonomous County in the Dêqên Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture of northwestern Yunnan Province, and was probably built to help the Tibetan military advance against the Kingdom of Nanzhao during its invasions between 682 and 704.[6] The Tibetans stationed a frontier command office in the town called the Shenchuan Iron Bridge jiedushi.[6] The bridge facilitated trade between the two countries until 794 when the Nanzhao realigned with the Tang Dynasty and destroyed the bridge in a war with the Tibetan Empire.[6][7]
The oldest bridge still in use on the Yangtze is the in Lijiang, a simple iron chain suspension bridge first built during the Qing Dynasty from 1876 to 1880.[8] It was destroyed in a flood in 1935 and rebuilt the following year.[8] The bridge was named a National Historical Site in 2006.[8]
Iron chain bridges are more durable than pontoon bridges and allow for year-round use, although when the river level is high during the flood season, boards on the bridge deck must be removed.[9]
Modern bridges[]
Chang Jiang[]
The first permanent bridge to cross the Chang Jiang section of the river was the Wuhan Yangtze River Bridge, built from 1955 to 1957. The dual-use road-rail bridge was a major infrastructural project in the early years of the People's Republic and was completed with Soviet assistance. The second bridge was a single-track railway bridge built in Chongqing in 1959. The Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge, also a road-rail bridge, was the first bridge to cross the lower reaches of the Yangtze. It was built from 1960 to 1968, after the Sino-Soviet split, and did not receive foreign assistance. The Zhicheng Road-Rail Bridge followed in 1971.
Only two bridges opened in the 1980s, the Chongqing's First Shibanpo Bridge in 1980 and the in 1982. Both were in the upper reaches of Changjiang in Sichuan Province, to which Chongqing Municipality belonged at the time.
Bridge-building resumed in the 1990s and accelerated in the first decade of the 21st century due to the rapid growth of the Chinese economy. Jiangxi Province had its first bridge in 1993 with the opening of the Jiujiang Bridge. The first bridge in Anhui Province, the Tongling Bridge, opened in 1995. Six of the 11 bridges built in the 1990s and half of the 40 bridge crossings added in the 2000s were built in Chongqing Municipality, which became a directly-controlled municipality in 1997 to facilitate the construction of the Three Gorges and experienced a building boom.
By 2005, there were over 50 bridges across the Yangtze River between Yibin and Shanghai. The rapid pace of bridge construction has continued. The first tunnel under the Yangtze opened in Wuhan in 2008.
As of December 2014, urban Chongqing has 18 bridges, Wuhan has nine[10] bridges and three tunnels, and Nanjing has five bridges and two tunnels. About a dozen other bridges are now under construction.
In December 2020 a new bridge is planned to be opened, the Wufengshan Yangtze River Bridge with 4 + 4 highway lanes on the upper deck and 4 railway tracks in the lower deck.[11]
Upstream sections[]
In the upper reaches of the Yangtze above Yibin, the Jinsha (Gold Sands), Tongtian, and Tuotuo sections of the river are narrower and bridges are more numerous. As of December 2014, Yibin had 10 bridges across the Jinsha and Panzhihua had 16.
The Taku Jinsha River Bridge, under construction in Lijiang, is set to become the highest bridge in the world with a bridge deck that is 512 m (1,680 ft) above the surface of the river.[12]
Bridge strain[]
With the advent of economic growth around the country and widespread use of heavy freight trucks, bridges along the Yangtze have been bearing greater load, leading to greater strain on older bridge structures. The Jiujiang Yangtze River Bridge was originally designed to carry trucks weighing up to 30 t (33 short tons).[13] In 2008, the tonnage limit was raised to 55 t (61 short tons).[13] In November 2011, a crack was discovered in the bridge's steel structure and forced the authorities to close the bridge to freight traffic.[14] In February 2012, the tonnage limit was lowered to 20 t (22 short tons).[13] Truck traffic had to be re-routed to neighboring provinces. In 2012, a crack was discovered in one girder of the Luzhou Yangtze River Bridge, leading to bridge closure and emergency repairs.[15]
Longest and tallest bridges[]
Bridges over the Yangtze including some of the longest and tallest bridges in the world.
- The Runyang Bridge [2005] (1,490 m (4,890 ft)), Fourth Nanjing Bridge [2012] (1,418 m (4,652 ft)) and Jiangyin Bridge [1999] (1,385 m (4,544 ft)) are all among the ten longest suspension bridges in the world.
- The [2020] (1,092 m (3,583 ft)), Sutong Bridge [2008] (1,088 m (3,570 ft)), Edong Bridge [2010] (926 m (3,038 ft)), Jiujiang Expressway Bridge [2013] (818 m (2,684 ft)) and Jingyue Bridge [2010] (816 m (2,677 ft)) all have cable-stayed bridge spans that rank among the top ten in the world.
- The Chaotianmen Bridge [2009] (552 m (1,811 ft)) is the longest arch bridge in the world. The Wushan Bridge [2005] (460 m (1,510 ft)) also ranks in the top ten.
- The Dashengguan Bridge [2010] and Jiujiang Bridge [1992] rank among the longest continuous truss bridges by total truss length.
- The Sutong, Jingyue, Zhongzhou [2009], and Jiujiang Expressway Bridges rank among the ten tallest in the world.
- Chongqing's Second Shibanpo Bridge [2006] set a world record for box girder bridges with a longest span of 330 m (1,080 ft).[16]
- The Yangsigang Bridge [2019] has a main span of 1,700 metres (5,600 feet). It is the second longest suspension bridge in the world and the longest with a double-deck configuration.[17]
Longest span timeline[]
Year | Bridge | City | Province | Longest span | Type |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1957 | First Wuhan Bridge | Wuhan | Hubei | 128 m (420 ft) | truss |
1968 | First Nanjing Bridge | Nanjing | Jiangsu | 160 m (520 ft) | truss |
1971 | Zhicheng Bridge | Zhicheng | Hubei | 160 m (520 ft) | truss |
1980 | First Shibanpo Bridge | Chongqing | Sichuan | 174 m (571 ft) | beam |
1993 | Jiujiang Bridge | Jiujiang | Jiangxi | 216 m (709 ft) | truss & arch |
1995 | Lijiatuo Bridge | Jiulongpo District Nan'an District |
Chongqing | 444 m (1,457 ft) | cable-stayed |
1996 | Xiling Bridge | Yichang | Hubei | 900 m (3,000 ft) | suspension |
1999 | Jiangyin Bridge | Jingjiang, Jiangyin | Jiangsu | 1,385 m (4,544 ft) | suspension |
2005 | Runyang South Bridge | Shiye Island, Zhenjiang | Jiangsu | 1,490 m (4,890 ft) | suspension |
2019 | Yangsigang Bridge | Wuhan | Hubei | 1,700 m (5,600 ft) | suspension |
List of existing bridges and tunnels[]
Chang Jiang[]
Name | Image | Location | Province | Opened | Total length | Longest Span | Type | Carries | Coordinates |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Shanghai Yangtze River Bridge [note 1] |
Chongming, Changxing | Shanghai | 2009 | 9,997 m (32,799 ft) | 730 m (2,400 ft) | cable-stayed | G40 G228 |
31°26′06″N 121°44′39″E / 31.435°N 121.7442°E | |
Shanghai Yangtze River Tunnel [note 1] |
Changxing, Pudong | 2009 | 8,950 m (29,360 ft) | – | tunnel | 31°19′33″N 121°41′40″E / 31.3258°N 121.6944°E | |||
Chongqi Bridge [note 1] |
Qidong, Chongming |
Jiangsu, Shanghai |
2011 | 7,150 m (23,460 ft) | 185 m (607 ft) | box girder | 31°41′45″N 121°39′59″E / 31.6957°N 121.6663°E | ||
Sutong Bridge | Nantong, Changshu | Jiangsu | 2008 | 8,206 m (26,923 ft) | 1,088 m (3,570 ft) | cable-stayed | G15 | 31°47′22″N 121°00′08″E / 31.7894°N 121.0022°E | |
Shanghai-Suzhou-Nantong Bridge | Nantong, Zhangjiagang | 2020 | 11,000 m (36,000 ft) | 1,092 m (3,583 ft) | cable-stayed | 32°01′18″N 120°43′30″E / 32.02167°N 120.72500°E | |||
Jiangyin Bridge | Jingjiang, Jiangyin | 1999 | 3,071 m (10,075 ft) | 1,385 m (4,544 ft) | suspension | G2 | 31°56′57″N 120°16′03″E / 31.9492°N 120.2674°E | ||
Taizhou Bridge Complex [note 2] |
main bridge |
Taizhou, Yangzhong | 2012 | 12,665 m (41,552 ft) | 1,080 m (3,540 ft)x2 | suspension | 32°14′48″N 119°52′36″E / 32.2466°N 119.8767°E | ||
jiajiang bridge | Yangzhong, Zhenjiang | 125 m (410 ft) | box girder | ||||||
Runyang Bridge Complex [note 3] |
north stream |
Yangzhou, Zhenjiang | 2005 | 7,210 m (23,650 ft) | 406 m (1,332 ft) | cable-stayed | G4011 | 32°12′26″N 119°21′49″E / 32.2072°N 119.3637°E | |
south stream |
Zhenjiang | 1,490 m (4,890 ft) | suspension | ||||||
Qixiashan Bridge | Nanjing | 2012 | 5,437 m (17,838 ft) | 1,418 m (4,652 ft) | suspension | G25 |
32°10′41″N 118°56′24″E / 32.1780°N 118.9401°E | ||
Baguazhou Bridge | north stream | 2001 | 2,172 m (7,126 ft) | 3*165 m (541 ft) | box girder | G36 | 32°09′45″N 118°50′10″E / 32.1626°N 118.8362°E | ||
south stream |
2,938 m (9,639 ft) | 628 m (2,060 ft) | cable-stayed | G36 S001 | |||||
Nanjing Metro Line 3 Tunnel | 2015 | 3,100 m (10,200 ft) | tunnel | Line 3
|
|||||
Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge | 1968 | 4,588 m (15,052 ft) | 160 m (520 ft) | truss | G104 Jinghu Railway |
32°06′55″N 118°44′20″E / 32.1153°N 118.7389°E | |||
Nanjing Dinghuaimen Yangtze River Tunnel | 2016 | North: 7014m;South: 7363m | – | Tunnel | (4+4)-lane X-shaped highway | Unknown | |||
Nanjing Yingtian Avenue Yangtze River Tunnel | 2009 | 3,837 m (12,589 ft) | – | tunnel | 6-lane highway | 31°58′14″N 118°38′28″E / 31.9706°N 118.6411°E | |||
Nanjing Metro Line 10 Tunnel | 2014 | 3,345 m (10,974 ft) | – | tunnel | Line 10 |
||||
main bridge |
2020 | 4,300 m (14,100 ft) | 2*600 m (2,000 ft) | cable-stayed | G205 G312 S001 |
||||
jiajiang tunnel | 1,758 m (5,768 ft) | – | tunnel | ||||||
Dashengguan road bridge | 2005 | 4,744 m (15,564 ft) | 648 m (2,126 ft) | cable-stayed | G42 |
31°58′14″N 118°38′28″E / 31.9706°N 118.6411°E | |||
Dashengguan railway bridge | 2010 | 1,615 m (5,299 ft) | 336 m (1,102 ft) | arch | Jinghu HSR Huhanrong PDL Line S3
|
31°57′35″N 118°37′52″E / 31.9598°N 118.6310°E | |||
Ma'anshan Bridge Complex [note 4] |
left strean |
Ma'anshan | Anhui | 2013 | 11,209 m (36,775 ft) | 1,080 m (3,540 ft)x2 | suspension | G4221 | 31°36′36″N 118°23′32″E / 31.6101°N 118.3921°E |
right stream |
260 m (850 ft)x2 | cable-stayed | |||||||
Wuhu Bridge | Wuhu | 2000 | 2,193 m (7,195 ft) | 312 m (1,024 ft) | cable-stayed | G329 |
31°23′16″N 118°20′07″E / 31.3878°N 118.3353°E | ||
芜湖长江三桥 |
Wuwei County, Wuhu | 2018 | 1,232 m (4,042 ft) | 588 m (1,929 ft) | cable-stayed | 8-lane road
Wuhu metro line 1 |
31°21′07″N 118°20′47″E / 31.3519°N 118.3464°E | ||
芜湖长江二桥 |
2017 | 1,622 m (5,322 ft) | 806 m (2,644 ft) | cable-stayed | 31°14′09″N 118°08′14″E / 31.235833°N 118.137222°E | ||||
铜陵长江公铁大桥 |
Tongling | 2015 | 1,290 m (4,230 ft) | 630 m (2,070 ft) | cable-stayed | 31.082778°N 117.973889°E | |||
Tongling Bridge | Tongling | 1995 | 1,152 m (3,780 ft) | 432 m (1,417 ft) | cable-stayed | G3 G330 |
30°51′22″N 117°43′36″E / 30.8560°N 117.7268°E | ||
池州长江大桥 |
Zongyang County, Chizhou | 2019[18] | 10,700 m (35,100 ft) | 828 m (2,717 ft) | cable-stayed | G0321 | |||
Anqing Yangtze River Railway Bridge | Anqing, Chizhou | 2015 | 2,997 m (9,833 ft) | 580 m (1,900 ft) | cable-stayed | Ning'an ICR, Liu'anjing railway | 30.4991°N 117.0714°E | ||
Anqing Bridge | Anqing, Dongzhi County | 2004 | 1,040 m (3,410 ft) | 510 m (1,670 ft) | cable-stayed | G50 | 30°29′57″N 117°04′17″E / 30.4991°N 117.0714°E | ||
望东长江大桥 |
Wangjiang County, Dongzhi County | 2016 | 1,622 m (5,322 ft) | 806 m (2,644 ft) | cable-stayed | G35 | 30.4991°N 117.0714°E | ||
Jiujiang Bridge | Huangmei, Jiujiang | Hubei, Jiangxi |
1993 | 1,806 m (5,925 ft) | 216 m (709 ft) | combined truss and arch | G105 Jingjiu Railway |
29°45′01″N 116°00′49″E / 29.7502°N 116.0136°E | |
Jiujiang Expressway Bridge | 2013 | 1,405 m (4,610 ft) | 818 m (2,684 ft) | cable-stayed | G70 | 29°43′20″N 115°54′30″E / 29.722306°N 115.908444°E | |||
Huangshi Bridge | Huangshi | Hubei eastern |
1995 | 1,060 m (3,480 ft) | 245 m (804 ft) | beam | S201 | 30°15′04″N 115°04′19″E / 30.2512°N 115.07201°E | |
Edong Bridge | Huangshi, Xishui County | 2010 | 1,486 m (4,875 ft) | 926 m (3,038 ft) | cable-stayed | G45 | 30°15′39″N 115°04′28″E / 30.2607°N 115.0744°E | ||
Ehuang Bridge | Huanggang, Ezhou | 2002 | 1,290 m (4,230 ft) | 480 m (1,570 ft) | cable-stayed | G106 | 30°24′44″N 114°55′09″E / 30.4121°N 114.9193°E | ||
黄冈长江大桥 |
2014 | 1,215 m (3,986 ft) | 567 m (1,860 ft) | cable-stayed | Wuhuang ICR |
30°29′53″N 114°50′03″E / 30.4981°N 114.8342°E | |||
Yangluo Bridge | Wuhan | 2007 | 2,735 m (8,973 ft) | 1,280 m (4,200 ft) | suspension | G70 | 30°37′27″N 114°33′28″E / 30.6242°N 114.5578°E | ||
Tianxingzhou Bridge | 2009 | 4,657 m (15,279 ft) | 504 m (1,654 ft) | cable-stayed | G316
Wuhan Third Ring Road |
30°39′25″N 114°24′18″E / 30.6569°N 114.4050°E | |||
Erqi Bridge | 2011 | 2,922 m (9,587 ft) | 616 m (2,021 ft)x2 | cable-stayed | Wuhan Second Ring Road | 30°37′39″N 114°20′31″E / 30.6276°N 114.3420°E | |||
Second Wuhan Bridge | 1995 | 1,080 m (3,540 ft) | 400 m (1,300 ft) | cable-stayed | Wuhan Inner Ring Road | 30°36′18″N 114°19′12″E / 30.6051°N 114.32012°E | |||
Wuhan Metro Line 8 Tunnel | 2017 | – | tunnel | Line 8
|
|||||
Wuhan Yangtze River Highway and Railway Tunnel | 2018 | 2,590 m (8,500 ft) | – | tunnel | 6-lane road Line 7
|
||||
Wuhan Yangtze River Tunnel | 2008 | 3,630 m (11,910 ft) | – | tunnel | 4-lane road | 30°34′45″N 114°18′26″E / 30.5792°N 114.3072°E | |||
Wuhan Metro Line 2 Tunnel | 2012 | 3,098 m (10,164 ft) | – | tunnel | Line 2 |
||||
Wuhan Yangtze River Bridge | 1957 | 1,670 m (5,480 ft) | 128 m (420 ft) | truss | G107
Wuhan Inner Ring Road |
30°32′59″N 114°17′18″E / 30.5497°N 114.2882°E | |||
Wuhan Metro Line 4 Tunnel | 2014 | 2,994 m (9,823 ft) (left tube) 3,003 m (9,852 ft)(right tube) |
– | tunnel | Line 4 |
||||
Yingwuzhou Bridge | 2014 | 2,300 m (7,500 ft) | 850 m (2,790 ft) | suspension | Wuhan Second Ring Road | 30°31′51″N 114°16′46″E / 30.5308°N 114.2794°E | |||
Yangsigang Bridge | 2019 | 3,589 m (11,775 ft) | 1,700 m (5,600 ft) | suspension | double-layer 6-lane roads | 30°30′24″N 114°15′24″E / 30.5067°N 114.2568°E | |||
Baishazhou Bridge | 2000 | 3,589 m (11,775 ft) | 618 m (2,028 ft) | cable-stayed | G107
Wuhan Third Ring Road |
30°29′05″N 114°14′44″E / 30.4846°N 114.2455°E | |||
Wuhan Zhuankou Yangtze River Bridge | 2017 | 5,296 m (17,375 ft) | 760 m (2,490 ft) | cable-stayed | S40 Wuhan Fourth Ring Road | ||||
Wuhan Junshan Yangtze River Bridge | 2001 | 2,847 m (9,341 ft) | 460 m (1,510 ft) | cable-stayed | G4 | 30°22′27″N 114°08′25″E / 30.374028°N 114.140278°E | |||
Jiayu Yangtze River Bridge
嘉鱼长江大桥 |
Honghu, Jiayu County | 2019 | 4,690 m (15,390 ft) | 920 m (3,020 ft) | cable-stayed | ||||
Jingyue Bridge | Jianli, Yueyang | Hubei, Hunan |
2010 | 5,400 m (17,700 ft) | 816 m (2,677 ft) | cable-stayed | G0421 | 29°32′40″N 113°13′21″E / 29.54434°N 113.222433°E | |
石首长江大桥 |
Hubei western |
2019 | 2,670 m (8,760 ft) | 820 m (2,690 ft) | cable-stayed |
|
|||
荆州长江公铁大桥 |
Jiangling County, Gong'an County | 2019 | 6,317 m (20,725 ft) | 518 m (1,699 ft) | cable-stayed |
|
|||
Jingzhou Bridge | Jingzhou, Gong'an County | 2002 | 4,177 m (13,704 ft) | 500 m (1,600 ft) | cable-stayed | G55 | 30°18′32″N 112°12′59″E / 30.308837°N 112.21628°E | ||
Zhicheng Bridge | Zhijiang, Yidu | 1971 | 1,742.3 m (5,716 ft) | 160 m (520 ft) | truss | S225 Jiaoliu railway |
30°17′10″N 111°31′35″E / 30.286086°N 111.526442°E | ||
Yichang Bridge | Yichang, Yidu | 2001 | 1,187 m (3,894 ft) | 960 m (3,150 ft) | suspension | G50
|
30°34′11″N 111°23′30″E / 30.569601°N 111.391536°E | ||
Yichang Railway Bridge | Yichang | 2008 | 2,446 m (8,025 ft) | 275 m (902 ft) (x2) | combined truss and arch | Yiwan Railway | 30°39′21″N 111°19′32″E / 30.655944°N 111.325583°E | ||
Yiling Bridge | 2001 | 936 m (3,071 ft) | 348 m (1,142 ft) (x2) | cable-stayed | S323 | 30°41′03″N 111°17′22″E / 30.684131°N 111.289515°E | |||
至喜长江大桥 |
Yangtze Main Bridge |
2016 | 3,230 m (10,600 ft) | 838 m (2,749 ft) | suspension | 30°25′31″N 111°09′44″E / 30.4252°N 111.1623°E | |||
Sanjiang Bridge |
210 m (690 ft) | cable-stayed | |||||||
Xiling Bridge | 1996 | 1,119 m (3,671 ft) | 900 m (3,000 ft) | suspension | 4-lane road | 30°49′43″N 111°02′47″E / 30.8285°N 111.0465°E | |||
秭归长江大桥 |
Zigui County | 2019 | 883 m (2,897 ft) | 531 m (1,742 ft) | combined arch and truss | S255 | |||
Badong Bridge | Badong | 2004 | 908 m (2,979 ft) | 388 m (1,273 ft) | cable-stayed | G209
|
31°02′55″N 110°19′42″E / 31.048556°N 110.328472°E | ||
Wushan Bridge | Wushan County | Chongqing | 2005 | 612 m (2,008 ft) | 460 m (1,510 ft) | arch | S301 | 31°03′47″N 109°54′08″E / 31.063056°N 109.902111°E | |
Fengjie Bridge | Fengjie | 2005 | 893 m (2,930 ft) | 460 m (1,510 ft) | cable-stayed | 31°01′13″N 109°28′51″E / 31.020306°N 109.480944°E | |||
Yunyang Bridge | Yunyang | 2005 | 637 m (2,090 ft) | 318 m (1,043 ft) | cable-stayed | S305 | 30°54′56″N 108°42′42″E / 30.9155°N 108.71175°E | ||
驸马长江大桥 |
Wanzhou | 2017[19] | 2,003 m (6,572 ft) | 1,050 m (3,440 ft) | suspension | ||||
Second Wanzhou Bridge | 2004 | 1,153.86 m (3,786 ft) | 580 m (1,900 ft) | suspension | 4-lane road | 30°49′33″N 108°24′17″E / 30.825889°N 108.404778°E | |||
万州长江三桥 |
2019 | 2,200 m (7,200 ft) | 730 m (2,400 ft) | cable-stayed | 6-lane road | 30°47′14″N 108°24′11″E / 30.787222°N 108.403056°E | |||
Wanzhou Railway Bridge | 2005 | 1,106 m (3,629 ft) | 360 m (1,180 ft) | arch | Yiwan Railway | 30°46′11″N 108°25′00″E / 30.769778°N 108.416528°E | |||
Wanzhou Yangtze River Bridge | 1997 | 864 m (2,835 ft) | 420 m (1,380 ft) | arch | G211 | 30°45′35″N 108°25′09″E / 30.759611°N 108.419278°E | |||
Zhongxian Bridge | Zhong County | 2001 | 1,200 m (3,900 ft) | 560 m (1,840 ft) | suspension | G350 | 30°18′07″N 108°02′57″E / 30.301833°N 108.049111°E | ||
Zhongzhou Bridge | 2009 | 2,145 m (7,037 ft) | 460 m (1,510 ft) | cable-stayed | G50
|
30°13′55″N 108°00′21″E / 30.231944°N 108.005833°E | |||
丰都长江二桥 |
Fengdu | 2017 | 1,466 m (4,810 ft) | 680 m (2,230 ft) | cable-stayed | 29°51′58″N 107°42′43″E / 29.866073°N 107.712039°E | |||
Fengdu Bridge | 1997 | 620 m (2,030 ft) | 450 m (1,480 ft) | suspension | 29°51′20″N 107°40′11″E / 29.855417°N 107.669722°E | ||||
Hanjiatuo Bridge | Fuling | 2012 | 1,137 m (3,730 ft) | 432 m (1,417 ft) | cable-stayed | Yuli Railway | 29°46′04″N 107°25′02″E / 29.767694°N 107.417278°E | ||
Fuling Yangtze River pipeline bridge | 1991 | 730 m (2,400 ft) | 400 m (1,300 ft) | cable-stayed | Gas pipeline | ||||
Shiban'gou Bridge | 2009 | 975 m (3,199 ft) | 450 m (1,480 ft) | cable-stayed | 4-lane road | 29°43′50″N 107°24′21″E / 29.730694°N 107.405944°E | |||
Fuling Bridge | 1997 | 631 m (2,070 ft) | 330 m (1,080 ft) | cable-stayed | G319 | 29°44′11″N 107°20′49″E / 29.7365°N 107.346806°E | |||
Lidu Bridge | 2007 | 822 m (2,697 ft) | 398 m (1,306 ft) | cable-stayed | 4-lane road | 29°43′37″N 107°17′36″E / 29.727028°N 107.293472°E | |||
青草背长江大桥 |
2013 | 1,146 m (3,760 ft) | 460 m (1,510 ft) | suspension | |||||
Changshou Bridge | Changshou District | 2009 | 1,160 m (3,810 ft) | 460 m (1,510 ft) | cable-stayed | S103 | 29°48′59″N 107°03′25″E / 29.816444°N 107.057028°E | ||
Changshou Yangtze River Railway Bridge | 2005 | 898.3 m (2,947 ft) | 192 m (630 ft) | truss | Yuhuai Railway 2-track |
29°46′22″N 106°59′30″E / 29.772796°N 106.991546°E | |||
Yuzui Bridge | Jiangbei District, Nan'an District | 2009 | 1,440 m (4,720 ft) | 616 m (2,021 ft) | suspension | 29°36′41″N 106°46′21″E / 29.611306°N 106.772556°E | |||
寸滩长江大桥 |
2017[20] | 1,600 m (5,200 ft) | 880 m (2,890 ft) | suspension | 8-lane highway | 29°37′14.2″N106°36′21.8″E | |||
Dafosi Bridge | 2001 | 1,176 m (3,858 ft) | 450 m (1,480 ft) | cable-stayed | G65 | 29°36′24″N 106°34′58″E / 29.606667°N 106.582639°E | |||
Chaotianmen Bridge | 2009 | 4,880 m (16,010 ft) | 552 m (1,811 ft) | arch | 6-lane highway | 29°35′20″N 106°34′38″E / 29.588871°N 106.57721°E | |||
Dongshuimen Bridge | Yuzhong District, Nan'an District | 2014 | 1,124 m (3,688 ft) | 445 m (1,460 ft) | cable-stayed | 4-lane highway | 29°33′39″N 106°35′13″E / 29.5608°N 106.5869°E | ||
Shibanpo Yangtze River Bridge | 1980 | 1,127 m (3,698 ft) | 174 m (571 ft) | box girder | 4-lane highway | 29°32′44″N 106°33′36″E / 29.545556°N 106.559889°E | |||
dual roadway bridge of Shibanpo Yangtze River Bridge | 2006 | 1,103 m (3,619 ft) | 330 m (1,080 ft) | box girder | 4-lane highway | 29°32′44″N 106°33′36″E / 29.545556°N 106.559889°E | |||
Caiyuanba Bridge | 2007 | 1,866 m (6,122 ft) | 420 m (1,380 ft) | arch | 6-lane highway | 29°32′36″N 106°32′53″E / 29.543222°N 106.547944°E | |||
E'gongyan Bridge | Jiulongpo District, Nan'an District | 2000 | 1,022 m (3,353 ft) | 600 m (2,000 ft) | suspension | 6 lane highway | 29°31′24″N 106°31′41″E / 29.52325°N 106.528056°E | ||
Egongyan Rail Transit Bridge | 2019 | 1,650 m (5,410 ft) | 600 m (2,000 ft) | suspension | |||||
Lijiatuo Bridge | Dadukou District, Ba'nan District | 1995 | 1,288 m (4,226 ft) | 444 m (1,457 ft) | cable-stayed | 4-lane highway | 29°28′46″N 106°31′42″E / 29.479472°N 106.528444°E | ||
Masangxi Bridge | 2001 | 1,104 m (3,622 ft) | 360 m (1,180 ft) | cable-stayed | G75 | 29°27′28″N 106°29′39″E / 29.457667°N 106.494194°E | |||
Yudong Bridge | 2008 | 1,541 m (5,056 ft) | 260 m (850 ft) | beam | G210 | 29°24′09″N 106°29′48″E / 29.402556°N 106.496611°E | |||
新白沙沱长江大桥 |
Dadukou District, Jiangjin District | 2018 | 5,320 m (17,450 ft) | 432 m (1,417 ft) | combined cable-stayed and truss | Yugui Railway, and | 29°21′13″N 106°25′31″E / 29.353714°N 106.425267°E | ||
Diwei Bridge | 2004 | 734 m (2,408 ft) | 345 m (1,132 ft) | cable-stayed | 2-lane road | 29°20′41″N 106°24′17″E / 29.344667°N 106.404722°E | |||
Outer-ring Jiangjin Yangtze River Bridge | Jiulongpo District, Jiangjin District | 2009 | 1,199 m (3,934 ft) | 436 m (1,430 ft) | cable-stayed | G93
|
29°15′48″N 106°19′16″E / 29.263444°N 106.321222°E | ||
Dingshan Bridge | 2013 | 897 m (2,943 ft) | 464 m (1,522 ft) | cable-stayed | G212 | 29°16′29″N 106°17′14″E / 29.274743°N 106.287242°E | |||
几江长江大桥 |
Jiangjin District | 2016[21] | 1,897 m (6,224 ft) | 600 m (2,000 ft)[22] | suspension | 6-lane road | |||
江津长江大桥 |
1997 | 1,360 m (4,460 ft) | 240 m (790 ft) | beam | 29°15′50″N 106°15′09″E / 29.263806°N 106.252528°E | ||||
永川长江大桥 |
Jiangjin District, Yongchuan District |
2014[23] | 1,685 m (5,528 ft) | 608 m (1,995 ft) | cable-stayed | 29°02′30″N 105°53′18″E / 29.041667°N 105.888333°E | |||
Bosideng Bridge | Hejiang County | Sichuan | 2012 | 841 m (2,759 ft) | 530 m (1,740 ft) | arch | G93 | 28°53′32″N 105°52′47″E / 28.892182°N 105.879717°E | |
Kangbo Yangtze River Bridge | 2012 | 1,695 m (5,561 ft) | 420 m (1,380 ft) | cable-stayed | G93 | 28°50′42″N 105°47′57″E / 28.84491°N 105.7992°E | |||
黄舣长江大桥 |
Luzhou | 2012 | 1,223 m (4,012 ft) | 520 m (1,710 ft) | cable-stayed | 28°53′43″N 105°32′53″E / 28.895259°N 105.548094°E | |||
泰安长江大桥 |
2008 | 1,573 m (5,161 ft) | 270 m (890 ft) | cable-stayed | G321 | 28°52′42″N 105°31′34″E / 28.878326°N 105.526116°E | |||
国窖长江大桥 |
2012 | 1,189 m (3,901 ft) | 248 m (814 ft) | extradosed | 6-lane road | 28°53′17″N 105°27′20″E / 28.888139°N 105.455556°E | |||
泸州长江大桥 |
1982 | 1,252 m (4,108 ft) | 170 m (560 ft) | beam | 28°52′07″N 105°26′27″E / 28.868494°N 105.440806°E | ||||
泸州长江铁路大桥 |
2002 | 602 m (1,975 ft) | 144 m (472 ft) | beam | 28°46′22″N 105°21′17″E / 28.772813°N 105.35476°E | ||||
隆纳高速长江大桥 |
2003 | 1,408 m (4,619 ft) | 253 m (830 ft) | beam | G76 | 28°45′54″N 105°20′12″E / 28.764941°N 105.336644°E | |||
江安长江大桥 |
Jiang'an County | 2008 | 1,093 m (3,586 ft) | 252 m (827 ft) | beam | 4-lanes road | 28°43′46″N 105°04′58″E / 28.729526°N 105.082659°E | ||
南溪仙源长江大桥 |
Yibin | 2019 | 1,508 m (4,948 ft) | 572 m (1,877 ft) | cable-stayed | S437 | 28°46′04″N 104°39′14″E / 28.76781°N 104.65386°E | ||
Nanxi Bridge | 2012 | 1,295 m (4,249 ft) | 820 m (2,690 ft) | suspension | G93 | 28°47′N 104°57′E / 28.78°N 104.95°E | |||
宜宾长江大桥 [24] |
2008 | 928.73 m (3,047.0 ft) | 460 m (1,510 ft) | cable-stayed | 28°46′04″N 104°39′14″E / 28.76781°N 104.65386°E |
Jinsha[]
Tongtian[]
Name | Image | Location | Province | Opened | Total length | Longest Span | Type | Carries | Coordinates |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
214国道通天河大桥 | Chindu County, Yushu County |
Qinghai (Yushu) |
2003 | beam | 33°00′24″N 97°14′52″E / 33.0068°N 97.2479°E | ||||
青康公路通天河大桥 | 1963 | 150 m (490 ft) | 50 m (160 ft) | arch | road | 33°00′28″N 97°14′47″E / 33.0077°N 97.2464°E | |||
仲达通天河索桥 | simple suspension | footpath | 33°14′59″N 97°00′43″E / 33.2497°N 97.01184°E | ||||||
仲达通天河大桥 | 2012 | beam | road | 33°15′54″N 97°00′59″E / 33.2649°N 97.0163°E | |||||
beam | road | 33°20′20″N 96°58′41″E / 33.3390°N 96.9780°E | |||||||
simple suspension | road | 33°19′45″N 96°52′23″E / 33.3293°N 96.8730°E | |||||||
suspension | road | 33°19′14″N 96°49′25″E / 33.3205°N 96.8236°E | |||||||
suspension | road | 33°33′14″N 96°37′18″E / 33.5538°N 96.6218°E | |||||||
suspension | footpath | 33°35′48″N 96°35′28″E / 33.5968°N 96.591°E | |||||||
Qumarlêb County, Zhidoi County |
suspension | road | 33°44′18″N 96°14′17″E / 33.7383°N 96.2381°E | ||||||
曲麻莱通天河大桥 | 2012 [note 9] |
600 m (2,000 ft) | 100 m (330 ft) | rigid frame bridge | 34°02′10″N 95°49′32″E / 34.0361°N 95.8255°E |
Tuotuo[]
Name | Image | Location | Province | Opened | Total length | Longest Span | Type | Carries | Coordinates |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
109国道沱沱河大桥 | Tanggula Town (Golmud) |
Qinghai (Haixi) |
1958 [note 10] |
beam | 34°13′09″N 92°26′37″E / 34.2193°N 92.4435°E | ||||
青藏铁路长江源特大桥 | 2006 [note 11] |
1,389.6 m (4,559 ft) | beam | Qinghai–Tibet Railway | 34°13′19″N 92°26′09″E / 34.222°N 92.4358°E |
Bridges and tunnels under construction[]
Chang Jiang[]
Name | Location | Expected opening | Total length | Longest span | Type | Carries | Coord. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Shanghai-Nantong Bridge 沪通长江大桥 |
Nantong & Zhangjiagang, Jiangsu | 2019 | ~7,000 m (23,000 ft) | 1,092 m (3,583 ft) | cable-stayed | Hutong Railway |
32°00′33″N 120°44′34″E / 32.009167°N 120.742778°E |
Heyan Road River Tunnel[27] 和燕路过江通道 | Nanjing, Jiangsu | 2022 | 7,368 m (24,173 ft) | - | tunnel | road | |
沌口长江大桥 |
Wuhan, Hubei | 2017 | 3,287 m (10,784 ft) | 760 m (2,490 ft) | cable-stayed | Wuhan 4th Ring Rd.[28] | 30°26′11″N 114°11′40″E / 30.436389°N 114.194444°E |
公安长江大桥 |
Jingzhou, Hubei | 2018 | 2,015.9 m (6,614 ft) | 518 m (1,699 ft) | cable-stayed | Shashi-Gongan Hwy Jingzhou-Yueyang Railroad |
30°04′06″N 112°19′59″E / 30.068333°N 112.333056°E, |
Guojiatuo Bridge
郭家沱長江大橋 |
Jiangbei & Banan, Chongqing | 2021 | 1,363 m (4,472 ft) | 720 m (2,360 ft) | suspension | 8-lane Expressway |
|
Nanjimen Bridge
南纪门长江大桥 |
Nan'an District, Chongqing | 2020 | 1,224 m (4,016 ft) | 480 m (1,570 ft) | cable-stayed | ||
Baijusi Bridge
白居寺长江大桥 |
Dadukou & Banan, Chongqing | 2019 | 1,384 m (4,541 ft) | 660 m (2,170 ft) | cable-stayed | 8-lane Expressway | |
新白沙沱长江大桥 |
Dadukou & Jiangjin, Chongqing | 2017[29] | 920 m (3,020 ft) | 432 m (1,417 ft) | cable-stayed | Chongqing–Guizhou HSR | 29°21′05″N 106°25′46″E / 29.351389°N 106.429444°E |
合江长江大桥 |
Hejiang, Sichuan | 2020[30] | 1,560 m (5,120 ft) | 507 m (1,663 ft) | arch | road |
Upstream sections[]
Name | Location | Expected opening | Total length | Main span | Type | Carries | Coord. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
宜宾金沙江公铁大桥 |
Yibin, Sichuan | 2017 | 1,874.9 m (6,151 ft) | 336 m (1,102 ft) | arch | road Chengdu-Guiyang HSR |
28°43′43″N 104°35′06″E / 28.7287°N 104.5851°E |
普和大桥 |
Yibin, Sichuan | 2016 | 268 m (879 ft) | 180 m (590 ft) | rigid frame | road | 28°41′45″N 104°32′55″E / 28.6957°N 104.5487°E |
新葫芦口大桥 |
Liangshan, Sichuan Zhaotong, Yunnan |
2016[31] | 959 m (3,146 ft) | 656 m (2,152 ft) | suspension | road | 26°58′17″N 102°53′30″E / 26.9714°N 102.8918°E |
金东大桥 |
Liangshan, Sichuan Kunming, Yunnan |
2016[32] | 941 m (3,087 ft) | 730 m (2,400 ft) | suspension | road | 26°30′36″N 103°02′26″E / 26.5099°N 103.0406°E |
乌东德大桥 |
Liangshan, Sichuan Kunming, Yunnan |
? | ~400 m (1,300 ft) | 90 m (300 ft) | rigid frame | road | 26°21′07″N 102°35′50″E / 26.352°N 102.5971°E |
河门口大桥 |
Liangshan, Sichuan Kunming, Yunnan |
2017 | 522 m (1,713 ft) | 240 m (790 ft) | rigid frame | road | 26°18′27″N 102°38′04″E / 26.3074°N 102.6344°E |
成昆二线金沙江大桥 |
Panzhihua, Sichuan | 2020 | cable-stayed | Second Chengkun Railway | 26°36′13″N 101°48′50″E / 26.6037°N 101.8139°E | ||
Jin'an Bridge | Lijiang, Yunnan | 2021 | 1,681 m (5,515 ft) | 1,386 m (4,547 ft) | suspension | 26°49′N 100°26′E / 26.82°N 100.44°E | |
214国道新通天河大桥 |
Yushu, Qinghai | ? | ~800 m (2,600 ft) | rigid frame | road | 33°00′20″N 97°14′56″E / 33.0055°N 97.249°E |
Planned bridges[]
Name | Location | Expected opening | Total length | Main span | Type | Carries | Coord. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wuxue, Hubei & Yangxin, Hubei | 2018 | 4,331 m (14,209 ft) | 1,328 m (4,357 ft)[33] | cable-stayed | Macheng-Yangxin Hwy | 29°50′25″N 115°30′22″E / 29.840278°N 115.506111°E | |
Honghu & Chibi, Hubei | 2018 | 4,557 m (14,951 ft) | 720 m (2,360 ft) | cable-stayed | S214 | 29°51′09″N 113°34′42″E / 29.8525°N 113.578333°E |
Abandoned[]
Name | Location | opened | closed | Total length | Main span | Type | Carries | Coord. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dadukou District and Jiangjin District, Chongqing | 1959 | 2019 | 820 m (2,690 ft) | 4*80 m (260 ft) | cable-stayed | Chuanqian Railway [note 12] |
29°21′13″N 106°25′31″E / 29.353714°N 106.425267°E |
See also[]
- Yangtze River power line crossings
- List of bridges in China
- List of longest suspension bridge spans
- List of longest cable-stayed bridge spans
- List of longest arch bridge spans
- List of longest continuous truss bridge spans
- List of highest bridges in the world
- List of tallest bridges in the world
Notes[]
- ^ Jump up to: a b c Shanghai Yangtze River Tunnel, connecting Pudong on the south bank of the river and Changxing Island, the Shanghai Yangtze River Bridge between Changxing and Chongming Island, and the Chongming–Qidong Yangtze River Bridge linking Chongming with Qidong on the north bank of the river, collectively form one crossing near the river's mouth.
- ^ The Taizhou Bridge complex crosses two branch streams of the Yangtze and the Yangzhong island in the middle of the river. The bridge over the left stream is a suspension bridge with three towers and two spans. The bridge over the right stream is a pair of box-girder bridges configured as 85+125x3+85 = 545 m (1,788 ft) and 85+125x2+85=420 m (1,380 ft)
- ^ Runyang Bridge complex crosses the Yangtze via Shiye Island and consists of two main bridges. The Runyang North Bridge is a suspension bridge over the north branch stream between the island and Yangzhou. The Runyang South Bridge is a cable-stayed bridge over the south branch stream between the island and Zhenjiang.
- ^ The Ma'anshan Bridge complex crosses two branch streams of the Yangtze and the Xiaohuangzhou island in the middle of the river. The bridge over the left stream is a suspension bridge with three towers and two spans. The bridge over the right stream is a cable-stayed bridge with three towers and two spans.
- ^ The upstream span of the New Midi Bridge opened in 2011 and the downstream span opened in 2013
- ^ The Midi Bridge closed in 2014.
- ^ The Jinlong Bridge was first built in 1880. It was destroyed in a flood in 1935 and rebuilt in 1936.
- ^ The Old Zhubalong Bridge has been closed to vehicular traffic.
- ^ The Qumarlêb Tongtian River Bridge, a rigid frame bridge that built in 2012, replaced a beam bridge built in 1989.
- ^ The G109 Tuotuo River Bridge, first built in 1958, was rebuilt in 1987 and 2002.
- ^ The Qinghai-Tibet Railway Tuotuo River Bridge was completed in 2002 and opened to rail traffic in 2006.
- ^ The second track on the Baishatuo Yangtze River Railway Bridge was added in 1978.
References[]
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- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g (in Chinese) "浮桥" 《古代经济专题史话》
- ^ Jump up to: a b c (in Chinese) 古代的索桥浮桥 《重庆晚报评论》 2013-02-18
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- ^ YIBIN YANGTZE River Bridge
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- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-02-07. Retrieved 2016-01-30.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
- ^ http://www.highestbridges.com/wiki/index.php?title=Jinshajiang_Bridge_Jindong[bare URL]
- ^ (in Chinese) 湖北将建武穴长江公路大桥对接瑞昌 项目已通过专家评估 2014-10-11
External links[]
- (in Chinese) China Jiangsu Net Yangtze River Bridges
- Bridges over the Yangtze River
- Lists of bridges in China
- Crossings by river