Hill station
A hill station is a town located at a higher elevation than the nearby plain or valley. The term was used mostly in colonial Asia (particularly in India), but also in Africa (albeit rarely), for towns founded by European colonialists as refuges from the summer heat. In the Indian context, most hill stations are at an altitude of approximately 1,000 to 2,500 metres (3,300 to 8,200 ft); very few are outside this range.
History[]
British India[]
Hill stations in British India were established for a variety of reasons. One of the first reasons in the early 1800s, was for the place to act as a sanitorium for the ailing family members of British officials.[1] After the rebellion of 1857, the British "sought further distance from what they saw as a disease-ridden land by [escaping] to the Himalayas in the north". Other factors included anxieties about the dangers of life in India, among them "fear of degeneration brought on by too long residence in a debilitating land". The hill stations were meant to reproduce the home country, illustrated in Lord Lytton's statement about Ootacamund, in the 1870s as having "such beautiful English rain, such delicious English mud."[2] Shimla was officially made the "summer capital of India" in the 1860s and hill stations "served as vital centers of political and military power, especially after the 1857 revolt."[3][4] Racial segregation was a noted feature of Hill Stations.[5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]
Dane Kennedy, following Monika Bührlein, identifies three stages in the evolution of hill stations in India: high refuge, high refuge to hill station, and hill station to town. The first settlements started in the 1820s, primarily as sanitoria. In the 1840s and 1850s, there was a wave of new hill stations, with the main impetus being "places to rest and recuperate from the arduous life on the plains". In the second half of the 19th century, there was a period of consolidation with few new hill stations. In the final phase, "hill stations reached their zenith in the late nineteenth century. The political importance of the official stations was underscored by the inauguration of large and costly public-building projects."[3]:14
List of hill stations[]
This list is incomplete; you can help by . (February 2011) |
Most hill stations, listed by region:
Africa[]
Madagascar[]
- Antsirabe
Morocco[]
- Ifrane
Nigeria[]
- Jos
Uganda[]
Americas[]
Brazil[]
- Petropolis
- Campos do Jordão
Costa Rica[]
United States[]
- Beech Mountain
- Sky Valley, Georgia
- Big Bear Lake, California
- Cloudcroft, New Mexico
- Summerhaven, Arizona
Asia[]
Bangladesh[]
- Sajek Valley
- Bandarban
- Jaflong
- Khagrachari
- Moulvibazar
- Rangamati
- Sreemangal
Cambodia[]
China[]
- Guling
- Mount Mogan
- Jigongshan
- Kuliang
- Beidaihe
Cyprus[]
Hong Kong[]
India[]
Hundreds of hill stations are located in India. The most popular hill stations include:
- Achabal, Jammu and Kashmir
- Amarkantak, Madhya Pradesh
- Ambanad Hills, Kerala
- Amboli, Maharashtra
- Almora, Uttarakhand
- Araku Valley, Andhra Pradesh
- Aritar, Sikkim
- Aru, Jammu and Kashmir
- Askot, Uttarakhand
- Auli, Uttarakhand
- Baba Budan giri, Karnataka
- Badrinath, Uttarakhand
- Baltal, Jammu and Kashmir
- Barog, Himachal Pradesh
- Berinag, Uttarakhand
- Bhaderwah, Jammu and Kashmir
- Bhowali, Uttarakhand
- Chail, Himachal Pradesh
- Chakrata, Uttarakhand
- Chamba, Himachal Pradesh
- Champhai, Mizoram
- Chaukori, Uttarakhand
- Cherrapunjee, Meghalaya
- Chikhaldara, Maharashtra
- Chitkul, Himachal Pradesh
- Coonoor, Tamil Nadu
- Daksum, Jammu and Kashmir
- Dalhousie, Himachal Pradesh
- Daringbadi, Odisha
- Darjeeling, West Bengal
- Dawki, Meghalaya
- Diskit, Ladakh
- Doodhpathri, Jammu and Kashmir
- Dhanaulti, Uttarakhand
- Dharamkot, Himachal Pradesh
- Dharchula, Uttarakhand
- Dras, Ladakh
- Dzuluk, Sikkim
- Dzüko Valley, Nagaland and Manipur
- Gairsain, Uttarakhand
- Gangtok, Sikkim
- Ghum, West Bengal
- Gulmarg, Jammu and Kashmir
- Geyzing, Sikkim
- Haflong, Assam
- Hemkund Sahib, Uttarakhand
- Hmuifang, Mizoram
- Kalpa, Himachal Pradesh
- Jogindernagar, Himachal Pradesh
- Jogimatti, Karnataka
- Joshimath, Uttarakhand
- Kalimpong, West Bengal
- Katra, Jammu and Kashmir
- Kangra, Himachal Pradesh
- Kargil, Ladakh
- Karzok, Ladakh
- Kedarnath, Uttarakhand
- Keylong, Himachal Pradesh
- Khajjiar, Himachal Pradesh
- Kodaikanal, Tamil Nadu
- Kohima, Nagaland
- Kokernag, Jammu and Kashmir
- Khandala, Maharashtra
- Kufri, Himachal Pradesh
- Kullu, Himachal Pradesh
- Kurseong, West Bengal
- Lachen, Sikkim
- Lachung, Sikkim
- Lansdowne, Uttarakhand
- Lava, West Bengal
- Leh, Ladakh
- Lonavala, Maharashtra
- Lolegaon, West Bengal
- Lunglei, Mizoram
- Mahabaleshwar, Maharashtra
- Mainpat, Chhattisgarh
- Matheran, Maharashtra
- Manali, Himachal Pradesh
- Mawsynram, Meghalaya
- McLeod Ganj, Himachal Pradesh
- Meghamalai, Tamil Nadu
- Mirik, West Bengal
- Mount Abu, Rajasthan
- Murgo, Ladakh
- Munnar, Kerala
- Munsiyari, Uttarakhand
- Mussoorie, Uttarakhand
- Nainital, Uttarakhand
- Narkanda, Himachal Pradesh
- New Tehri, Uttarakhand
- Ooty(Udhagamandalam), Tamil Nadu
- Pachmarhi, Madhya Pradesh
- Palampur, Himachal Pradesh
- Pahalgam, Jammu and Kashmir
- Patnitop, Jammu and Kashmir
- Pauri, Uttarakhand
- Pelling, Sikkim
- Pfutsero, Nagaland
- Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand
- Ramgarh, Uttarakhand
- Ranikhet, Uttarakhand
- Reckong Peo, Himachal Pradesh
- Reiek, Mizoram
- Rishyap, West Bengal
- Samsing, West Bengal
- Saputara, Gujarat
- Shillong, Meghalaya
- Shimla, Himachal Pradesh
- Sonamarg, Jammu and Kashmir
- Soordelu Hill Station, Kerala
- Tawang, Arunachal Pradesh
- Thekkady, Kerala
- Triund, Himachal Pradesh
- Tosa Maidan, Jammu and Kashmir
- Turtuk, Ladakh
- Uttarkashi, Uttarakhand
- Vagamon, Kerala
- Verinag, Jammu and Kashmir
- Wilson Hills, Gujarat
- Yusmarg, Jammu and Kashmir
- Yuksom, Sikkim
- Yumthang, Sikkim
Indonesia[]
- Garut in, West Java
- Sukabumi in West Java
- Puncak in West Java
- Batu in East Java
- Tretes in East Java
- Kaliurang in Central Java
- Munduk in Bali
- Bedugul in Bali
- Berastagi in North Sumatra
- Lembang in West Java
- Baturaden in Central Java
- Wonosobo in Central Java
- Tawangmangu in Central Java
- Bandungan, Semarang in Central Java
- Bukittinggi in West Sumatra
- Padang Panjang in West Sumatra
- Sawahlunto in West Sumatra
- Solok in West Sumatra
- Payakumbuh in West Sumatra
- Takengon in Aceh
- Tomohon in North Sulawesi
- Tana Toraja in South Sulawesi
- Malino in South Sulawesi
- Salatiga in Central Java
Iraq[]
Israel[]
- Metula
- Safed
Japan[]
Jordan[]
- A few suburbs in Amman
Malaysia[]
Myanmar[]
Nepal[]
Pakistan[]
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
- Abbottabad
- Behrain
- Kalam Valley
- Malam Jabba
- Nathia Gali
- Shogran
- Chitral
- Jahaz Banda
- Naran
- Kaghan
Punjab
- Bhurban
- Charra Pani
- Murree
- Patriata
Philippines[]
- Baguio
- Salvador Benedicto
- Mambukal
- Tagaytay
- Sagada
Sri Lanka[]
Syria[]
Vietnam[]
- Da Lat
- Sa Pa
- Tam Đảo
- Bà Nà Hills
- Bạch Mã National Park
Europe[]
Czech Republic[]
- Brno
Oceania[]
Australia[]
Victoria[]
South Australia[]
Queensland[]
Western Australia[]
- Lesmurdie
- Kalamunda
- Jarrahdale
- Bedfordale
New South Wales[]
- Blue Mountains
- Mount Pleasant
- Thirroul
- Woonoona
- Stanwell Tops
- Otford
- Copacabana
- Kariong
See also[]
- Tierra templada
- Tierra fría
- Plateau
- Tableland
- Mesa
References[]
- ^ Dane Keith Kennedy (1996). The Magic Mountains: Hill Stations and the britishBritishRaj. University of California Press. p. 24. ISBN 978-0-520-20188-0.
- ^ Barbara D. Metcalf; Thomas R. Metcalf (2002). A Concise History of India. Cambridge University Press. p. 111. ISBN 978-0-521-63974-3.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Kennedy, Dane (1996). The Magic Mountains: Hill Stations and the British Raj. Berkeley: University of California Press. Retrieved 19 Aug 2014.
- ^ Vipin Pubby (1996). Shimla Then and Now. Indus Publishing. pp. 17–34. ISBN 978-81-7387-046-0. Retrieved 16 August 2013.
- ^ "'But what about the railways ...?' The myth of Britain's gifts to India". the Guardian. March 8, 2017.
- ^ "Racism and stereotypes in colonial India's 'Instagram'". BBC News. 30 September 2018.
- ^ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271900472_Segregation_and_the_Social_Relations_of_Place_Bombay_1890-1910
- ^ "Login".
- ^ Das, Shinjini. "India's initial coronavirus response carried echoes of the colonial era". The Conversation.
- ^ Group, British Medical Journal Publishing (January 26, 1901). "The Prophylaxis of Malaria". Br Med J. 1 (2091): 240–242. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.2091.240. PMC 2400219. PMID 20759409 – via www.bmj.com.
- ^ Climates & Constitutions: Health, Race, Environment and British Imperialism in India, 1600-1850. Oxford University Press. 1999. ISBN 978-0-19-564657-3.
- ^ "Login".
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d Walters, Trudie; Duncan, Tara (2 Oct 2017). Second Homes and Leisure: New perspectives on a forgotten relationship. Abingdon-on-Thames: Routledge. ISBN 9781317400264.
Bibliography[]
External video | |
---|---|
Booknotes interview with Barbara Crossette on The Great Hill Stations of Asia, August 23, 1998, C-SPAN |
- Crossette, Barbara. The Great Hill Stations of Asia. ISBN 0-465-01488-7.
- Kennedy, Dane. The Magic Mountains: Hill Stations and the British Raj (Full text, searchable). Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996. ISBN 0-520-20188-4, ISBN 978-0520201880.
External links[]
- Media related to Hill stations at Wikimedia Commons
- The dictionary definition of hill station at Wiktionary
- Hill Stations in Nepal
- Hill stations
- Hill and mountain resorts
- Types of towns
- History of European colonialism