House of Sabah

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House of Sabah
آل صباح
Emblem of Kuwait.svg
Emblem and Flag of Kuwait
Flag of Kuwait.svg
Parent houseBani Utbah
CountryKuwait
Foundedc. 1752
FounderSabah I
Current headNawaf Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber
Titles
TraditionsSunni Islam
Politics of Kuwait
Emblem of Kuwait.svg

Arab League Member State of the Arab League

Constitution
Demographics
Ruling family
Government
Foreign relations
Related topics
Flag of Kuwait.svg Kuwait portal
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The House of Sabah (Arabic: آل صباح‎ Āl Ṣubāḥ) is the ruling family of Kuwait.

History[]

Prior to settling in Kuwait, the Al Sabah family were expelled from Umm Qasr in southern Iraq by the Ottomans due to their predatory habits of preying on caravans in Basra and trading ships in Shatt al-Arab.[1] The family originated from the Jamil branch of the Anza family[2] and part of the Utub federation.[2] The Al Sabah family settled across various regions in southern Iran and Iraq,[3] until they finally settled in what is now Kuwait around the early 1700s.[3]

The reign of Mubarak the Great (1896-1915) forged the critical alliance between Kuwait and Britain. In the late 19th century, resurgent Ottoman power coupled with rising Al-Saud power drew Kuwait closer to the Ottomans. This began to change as the century closed. When Sheikh Mohammed came to power in 1892, disagreements soon arose between him and his brother Mubarak. Muhammad dealt with this by busying Mubarak with affairs outside the capital. In 1896 he summoned his sons, Jabir and Salim, and some supporters and rode to Kuwait, secretly entering Muhammed's house. There he killed Muhammed and his brother Jarrah. In the morning, Mubarak announced that his brothers had died, and that he ruled in their stead.[4]

Sheikh Abdullah Al-Salim Al-Sabah ended the British protectorate status of Kuwait by signing a treaty with the British on 19 June 1961. He introduced the Constitution of Kuwait in 1962, followed by the Parliament in 1963.[5]

During the Gulf War, the Emir of Kuwait Sheikh Jaber Al- Ahmed Al-Sabah and his government ran the exiled government from a hotel in Ta'if, Saudi Arabia.[6]

From Ta'if, Sheikh Jaber set up his government so that its ministers were in communication with the people still in Kuwait. The government was able to direct an underground armed resistance made up of both military and civilian forces and was able to provide public services to the Kuwaiti people who remained, such as emergency care through the funds that it had saved from oil revenues.[7] In the meantime, Sheikh Jaber and his government lobbied to receive military support action against Iraq before and during the Gulf War. When the war ended on 28 February 1991, Sheikh Jaber remained in Saudi Arabia while declaring three months of martial law.[8]

Criticism and controversies[]

The Al Sabah ruling family are highly controversial in Kuwait for their wide range corruption and Kuwait's lack of economic development since 1991.[9][10][11][12][13] According to the World Economic Forum, Kuwait is the least developed country in the region.[14] Kuwait has the weakest infrastructure in the entire GCC region.[14][12] Kuwait is widely considered the region's most corrupt country with the least amount of economic diversification.[12][13] Kuwait is also globally known for its human rights abuses towards stateless Bedoon.[15][16][17] The Al Sabah family have exacerbated the stateless Bedoon crisis while turning a blind eye to hundreds of thousands of recently naturalized Saudi dual citizens in Kuwait.[18][19]

Many high profile members of the Al Sabah family have been convicted of corruption and fraud in international courts.[20][21] A prominent Al Sabah sheikh is said to have arrested a whistleblower; the latter discovered that the Al Sabah sheikh was heavily involved in Malaysia's 1MDB corruption scandal.[20] Extensive corruption among Kuwait's high-level government officials is a serious problem resulting in political tensions between the government and the public.[22] In the Corruption Perceptions Index 2007, Kuwait was ranked 60th out of 179 countries for corruption (least corrupt countries are at the top of the list). On a scale of 0 to 10 with 0 the most corrupt and 10 the most transparent, Transparency International rated Kuwait 4.3.[23]

Various Kuwaitis have been jailed after they criticized the Al Sabah ruling family.[24] In 2010, the U.S. State Department said it had concerns about the case of Kuwaiti blogger and journalist Mohammad Abdul-Kader al-Jassem who was on trial for allegedly criticizing the ruling al-Sabah family, and faced up to 18 years in prison if convicted.[25] He was detained after a complaint against him was issued by the office of Kuwait’s Emir Sheikh Sabah al-Ahmad al-Sabah.[25] In August 2011, supporters of Ahmad Al-Fahad "discovered" documents that incriminated up to one-third of Kuwaiti politicians in what quickly became the largest political corruption scandal in Kuwaiti history.[26] By October 2011, 16 Kuwaiti politicians were alleged to have received payments of $350m in return for their support of government policy.[27]

Ahmed Al-Fahad during a press conference in Tehran

In December 2013, allies of Ahmed Al-Fahad Al-Ahmed Al-Sabah claimed to possess tapes purportedly showing that Nasser Al-Mohammed Al-Sabah and Jassem Al-Kharafi were discussing plans to topple the Kuwaiti government.[28][27] Ahmad Al-Fahad appeared on local channel Al-Watan TV describing his claims.[29]

In April 2014 the Kuwaiti government imposed a total media blackout to ban any reporting or discussion on the issue.[30] In March 2015, Kuwait's public prosecutor dropped all investigations into the alleged coup plot and Ahmad Al-Fahad read a public apology on Kuwait state television renouncing the coup allegations.[31] Since then, "numerous associates of his have been targeted and detained by the Kuwaiti authorities on various charges,"[27] most notably members of the so-called "Fintas Group" that had allegedly been the original circulators of the 'fake' coup video.[27][32]

In December 2015, Ahmad Al-Fahad was convicted of "disrespect to the public prosecutor and attributing a remark to the country’s ruler without a special permission from the emir’s court," issuing a suspended six-month prison sentence and a fine of 1,000 Kuwaiti Dinar. In January 2016, the Kuwaiti appeals court overturned the prior ruling and cleared Ahmad Al-Fahad of all charges.[33]

In November 2018, Sheikh Ahmad Al-Fahad, along with four other defendants, were charged in Switzerland with forgery related to the fake coup video.[21] Shortly thereafter, Ahmad Al-Fahad temporarily stepped aside from his role at the International Olympic Committee, pending an ethics committee hearing into the allegations.[34][35] Ahmad Al-Fahad remains temporarily suspended from the International Olympic Committee to date.[36] The maximum jail sentence is five years.[37]

On April 13 2021, a Kuwaiti court ordered the detention of Jaber Al-Mubarak Al-Hamad Al-Sabah on corruption charges.[38] He is the first former Kuwaiti prime minister to face pre-trial detention over graft charges.[39] The crimes allegedly took place during Jaber Al-Sabah’s 2001-11 term as defense minister.[38]

In September 2021, the Associated Press reported that Sheikh Ahmed Al-Fahad Al-Sabah and Hussain Al-Musallam have been targeted by the U.S. Department of Justice for suspected racketeering and bribery related to FIFA and international soccer politics. According to the AP, in 2017, the US embassy in Kuwait formally requested evidence from the country, including bank account information for the two officials, who have been identified as potential co-conspirators.[40] American prosecutors "told their Kuwaiti counterparts they wanted to establish if the suspects made other payments to [Richard] Lai, or if their accounts were used to wire possible bribe payments to other soccer officials."[41]

For many years, Kuwait was suspended from participating in international sports due to undue government interference and corruption. Since 2007, Kuwait has been suspended by FIFA three times for "political interference" and were allowed to participate in the 2011 Asian Cup qualifying campaign and other international competitions on a provisional basis.[42] Contrary to the road map established by FIFA and the AFC, the Al Sabah ruling family continued to interfere in sport elections. Elections were held on 9 October 2007 in direct violation of the FIFA Executive Committee's May 2007 decision to the contrary. As a consequence, the committee recommended to the FIFA Executive Committee that the Kuwait Football Association be unsuspended.[43] Kuwait's football federation board resigned days after world governing body FIFA unsuspended Kuwait.[44] The suspension was lifted after the federation said it will ratify new statutes to prevent government interference in the sport as demanded by FIFA. "Otherwise FIFA will immediately suspend the (federation) again," FIFA said in a statement.[45] The suspension was conditionally lifted and extended by the FIFA Congress in June 2009.[46] FIFA was closely monitoring the situation within Kuwait.[47]

The International Olympic Committee imposed a suspension on the Kuwait committee with effect from 1 January 2010 due to Kuwaiti government legislation that permits the state to interfere in elections of sporting organizations. The government had failed to meet the IOC's 31 December 2009 deadline for amending the legislation. As a result, Kuwait was barred from receiving IOC funding and Kuwaiti athletes and officials were banned from Olympic Games and Olympic meetings.[48]

At the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics, the 2010 Asian Games, and the 2011 Asian Winter Games, Kuwaiti athletes competed as independent athletes in a team named "Athletes from Kuwait" (code: IOC) under the Olympic Flag.[49] On 14 July 2012 the suspension was lifted and Kuwaiti athletes were allowed to participate in the 2012 Summer Olympics under their own flag.[50]

On 16 October 2015, FIFA suspended Kuwait and all remaining results from AFC Asian Cup and FIFA World Cup qualification were added as forfeits while all Kuwaiti teams that were participating in international competitions were withdrawn.[51] Kuwait tried to get the suspension lifted at the 66th FIFA Congress but this was rejected and therefore from the earlier announcement on 27 April 2016, the hosting of the Gulf Cup of Nations tournament was moved to Qatar.[52] The suspension was eventually lifted on 6 December 2017 after Kuwait's adoption of a new sports law.[53]

The Kuwait Olympic Committee was again suspended on 27 October 2015 by the IOC to protect the Olympic movement in Kuwait from undue Kuwaiti government interference and corruption.[54] As a result of this suspension, participation by athletes from Kuwait at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro was allowed by the IOC in a special team named "Independent Olympic Athletes" (code: IOA) under the Olympic flag.[55] In response to the Olympics suspension, Kuwait filed a $1 billion lawsuit against the IOC.[56] The Kuwaiti government responded to the Olympics suspension in an official press release:

It's totally unacceptable that Kuwait is treated in this unfair way and barred from international sports activities without any appropriate probe being conducted. From the very beginning Kuwait did it its utmost to prevent the IOC suspension and showed a sincere desire to co-operate, but all to no avail. We sent a UN-sponsored delegation to Geneva to explain to the sports body that the Kuwaiti government by no means intervenes in sports activities. Kuwait has been left in an embarrassing position in sports circles where it is viewed as an outlaw.[56]

Rulers[]

  • 1st Ruler: Sheikh Sabah I bin Jaber: 1752–1776
  • 2nd Ruler: Sheikh Abdullah I: 1776–1814
  • 3rd Ruler: Sheikh Jaber I: 1814–1859
  • 4th Ruler: Sheikh Sabah II: 1859–1866
  • 5th Ruler: Sheikh Abdallah II: 1866–1892
  • 6th Ruler: Sheikh Muhammad Al-Sabah: 1892–1896
  • 7th Ruler: Sheikh Mubarak Al-Sabah: 1896–1915
  • 8th Ruler: Sheikh Jaber II: 1915–1917
  • 9th Ruler: Sheikh Salim Al-Mubarak Al-Sabah: 1917–1921
  • 10th Ruler: Sheikh Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah: 1921–1950
  • 11th Ruler 1st Emir Sheikh Abdullah Al-Salim Al-Sabah: 1950–1965
  • 12th Ruler 2nd Emir Sheikh Sabah Al-Salim Al-Sabah: 1965–1977
  • 13th Ruler 3rd Emir Sheikh Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Sabah: 1977–2006
  • 14th Ruler 4th Emir Sheikh Saad Al-Abdullah Al-Salim Al-Sabah: (15–29 January 2006)
  • 15th Ruler 5th Emir Sheikh Sabah Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah: (2006–2020)
  • 16th Ruler 6th Emir Sheikh Nawaf Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah: (2020–present)

Dean of the House[]

Governing branches[]

Chieftain Sheikhs of the House of Sabah have been leading the Military of Kuwait since the early establishment of defense infantry and cavalry forces.[59][60][61] Since the forming of the first cabinet on 17 January 1962, all three of the defense ministry, interior ministry and ministry of foreign affairs of Kuwait have been led by members of the House of Sabah.[62]

Lineage[]

Sabah I,
1st Ruler Sheikh (1716–1762)
Abdullah I,
2nd Ruler Sheikh (1762–1814)
Jaber I,
3rd Ruler Sheikh (1814–1859)
Sabah II,
4th Ruler Sheikh (1859–1866)
Abdullah II,
5th Ruler Sheikh (1866–1892)		Mohammed,
6th Ruler Sheikh (1892–1896)		Mubarak,
Mubarak The Great
7th Ruler Sheikh (1896–1915)
Jaber II,
8th Ruler Sheikh (1915–1917)		Salem,
9th Ruler Sheikh (1917–1921)
Ahmad,
10th Ruler Sheikh (1921–1950)		Abdullah III,
11th Ruler, 1st Emir (1950–1965)
1st Prime Minister		Sabah III,
12th Ruler, 2nd Emir (1965–1977)
1st Foreign Minister
2nd Prime Minister
Mohammed Ahmad Jaber II,
1st Defense Minister		Jaber III,
13th Ruler, 3rd Emir, (1977–2006)
3rd Prime Minister		Sabah IV,
15th Ruler, 5th Emir, (2006–2020)
2nd Foreign Minister
2nd Interior Minister
5th Prime Minister		Nawaf I,
16th Ruler, 6th Emir, (2020–present)
3rd and 8th Interior Minister
4th Defense Minister
1st National Guard Deputy		Mishal,
Crown Prince, (2020–present)
2nd National Guard Deputy		Saad,
14th Ruler, 4th Emir, 2006
1st Interior Minister
2nd Defense Minister
4th Prime Minister		Salem
4th Interior Minister
3rd and 7th Defense Minister		Mohammad Al-Sabah,
3rd Foreign Minister
Nasser,
6th Prime Minister		Nasser,
13th Defense Minister

See also[]

References[]

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