List of Filipino generals in the Philippine Revolution and the Philippine–American War
This is a compendium of the Filipino generals, commanders and who fought during the Philippine Revolution, Filipino-American War and the Post-war insurgencies against US occupation of the Philippines. There are 165 generals listed in this article.
General officers[]
Name | Gradea | Affiliationb | Provincec |
---|---|---|---|
1. Gregorio Aglipay![]() |
General, Religious Auxiliary
|
|
Victoria, Tarlac
|
2. Baldomero Aguinaldo![]() |
Lieutenant General
|
|
Cavite |
3. Crispulo Aguinaldo | Major General | Magdalo | Cavite |
4. Emilio Aguinaldo![]() |
Commander-in-chief |
|
Cavite |
5. Jose Alejandrino | Brigadier General
|
|
Arayat, Pampanga |
6. | Commanding General-Katipunan General[2]
|
|
Talisay, Cebu |
7. | Commanding General-Katipunan General[2]
|
|
Talisay, Cebu |
8. | Brigadier General
|
|
Ambos Camarines |
9. Mariano Álvarez | Lieutenant General
|
|
Cavite |
10. Santiago Álvarez ![]() |
Brigadier General
|
|
Cavite |
11. Pascual Álvarez ![]() |
*Brigadier General[5] |
|
Cavite |
12. Vicente Álvarez | Lieutenant General
|
|
Zamboanga
|
13. Servillano Aquino | Commanding General-First Philippine Republic |
|
Pampanga |
14. | Brigadier General[6]
|
|
Mambajao, Camiguin |
15. Juan Araneta | Commanding General-Philippine Republic[8]
|
|
Negros |
16. | Brigadier General
|
|
Panay
|
17. | Commanding General-Philippine Republic[9]
|
|
Vigan, Ilocos Sur
|
18. | Brigadier General[11]
|
|
Noveleta, Cavite |
19. Ramón Avanceña![]() |
Brigadier General[12]
|
|
Iloilo
|
20. | Brigadier General[13] |
|
Bayanbayanan, Marikina |
21. | Major General[14] | Magdalo | Silang, Cavite |
22. | Commanding General-Katipunan General[15]
|
|
Pandacan, Manila |
23. Andrés Bonifacio ![]() |
Commander-in-chief
|
|
Tondo, Manila |
24. Ciriaco Bonifacio | Commanding General-Katipunan General
|
|
Tondo, Manila |
25. Procopio Bonifacio | Commanding General-Katipunan General
|
|
Tondo, Manila |
26. | Brigadier General[20]
|
|
Nueva Ecija |
27. Juan Cailles | Major General[21]
|
|
Nasugbu, Batangas
|
28. | Commanding General-Philippine Republic
|
|
Cavite
|
29. Fernando Canon | Brigadier General[23]
|
|
Biñan, Laguna
|
30. | Insurgent General[24]
|
|
Ormoc, Leyte |
31. | Commanding General-Philippine Republic[25]
|
|
Angat, Bulacan (Barangay Marungko) |
32. Juan Castañeda | Commanding General-Philippine Republic[26]
|
|
Imus, Cavite |
33. Arsenio Climaco | Brigadier General |
|
Cebu City |
34. Juan Climaco | Brigadier General |
|
Cebu City |
35. Venancio Concepcion | Major General |
|
Iloilo |
36. | Insurgent general[27]
|
|
Batangas
|
37. | Field guerrilla Commander (post-capture of President Emilio Aguinaldo)[28] |
|
Meycauayan, Bulacan
|
38. | Guerrilla General, post-capture of President Emilio Aguinaldo[28] |
|
Meycauayan, Bulacan
|
39. Esteban Contreras | Brigadier General[30]
|
|
Capiz
|
40. | Brigadier General[17]
|
|
Caloocan |
41. | Commanding General-Philippine Republic
|
|
Santa Barbara, Iloilo
|
42. | Commanding General-Katipunan General
|
|
Manila
|
43. | Field Guerrilla Commander (Katipunan)[31] under General Luciano San Miguel (1898-1899)
|
|
Meycauayan, Bulacan |
44. Martin Delgado | Lieutenant General[33]
|
|
Santa Barbara, Iloilo |
45. | Commanding General-Katipunan General[35]
|
|
Manila |
46. Pedro De La Cruz | Colorum General-Religious and Agrarian insurrection
|
|
Leyte |
47. | Division General[36]
|
|
Bulacan |
48. | Major General |
|
Bulacan |
49. | Commanding General-Katipunan General
|
|
Aklan |
50. Gregorio Del Pilar | Brigadier General[37]
|
|
Bulakan, Bulacan (Barangay San Jose) |
51. | Brigadier General[38]
|
|
Makati |
52. | Commanding General-Katipunan General |
|
Boac, Marinduque |
53. Valentín Díaz | Major General |
|
Paoay, Ilocos Norte |
54. Ananias Diokno | Brigadier General
|
|
Taal, Batangas
|
55. | Commanding General-Katipunan General
|
|
Malolos, Bulacan
|
56. Salvador Estrella | Brigadier General |
|
Malolos, Bulacan |
57. Edilberto Evangelista | Lieutenant General |
|
Cavite |
58. | Insurgent General[42]
|
|
Cavite |
59. Vicente Fernández | Commanding General-Katipunan General[16] |
|
Laguna |
60. Ambrosio Flores | Major General
|
|
Manila |
61. | Division General[22]
|
|
Inabanga, Bohol |
62. | Commanding General-Katipunan General[45] |
|
Cebu |
63. | General, Chief of Medicine and Health
|
|
Santa Cruz, Manila |
64. Leandro Fullon | Brigadier General |
|
Hamtic, Antique |
65. Troadio Galicano | Brigadier General[49]
|
|
Carcar, Cebu |
66. | Division General[50]
|
|
Imus, Cavite
|
67. Licerio Gerónimo | Major General
|
|
Sampaloc, Manila |
68. | Commanding General-Katipunan General | *Federated States of Visayas
|
Cebu City, Cebu |
69. | Commanding General-Katipunan General[46]
|
|
Cebu City, Cebu |
70. | Brigadier General |
|
Tanauan, Batangas |
71. | Commanding General-Philippine Republic[52]
|
|
Surigao (province)
|
72. | Commanding General-Philippine Republic[52]
|
|
Surigao (province)
|
73. | Brigadier General[53]
|
|
Samar |
74. Adriano Hernandez
|
Commanding General-Philippine Republic
|
|
Iloilo |
75. | Commanding General-Katipunan General[54]
|
|
Malinao, Aklan (Barangay Lilo-an) |
76. Emilio Jacinto | Commanding General-Katipunan General
|
Pro-Andrés Bonifacio | Tondo, Manila |
77. | Commander-in-chief
|
|
Rizal Province (Morong)
|
78. | Commanding General-Katipunan General |
|
Mexico, Pampanga |
79. | Commanding General-Philippine Republic [55]
|
|
Lipa, Batangas |
80. Agueda Kahabagan | Brigadier General[19]
|
|
Laguna (province) |
81. Aniceto Lacson | Commanding General-Philippine Republic
|
|
Negros Island |
82. | Brigadier General[56] |
|
Peñaranda, Nueva Ecija |
83. | Commanding General-Philippine Republic [57] |
|
Himamaylan, Negros Occidental |
84. | Commanding General-Katipunan General[58] |
|
Mandaluyong, Manila |
85. Mariano Llanera![]() |
Lieutenant General
|
|
Cabiao, Nueva Ecija |
86. | Commanding General-Philippine Republic[59]
|
|
Negros Island |
87. Roque Lopez | Commander-in-chief
|
|
Jaro, Iloilo City |
88. | Commanding General-Katipunan General[61] |
|
? |
89. Mateo Luga | Brigadier General
|
|
Paoay, Ilocos Norte
|
90. Vicente Lukbán | Lieutenant General[62][63]
|
|
Labo, Camarines Norte |
91. Antonio Luna | Commander-in-chief-Captain General (Director of War, Malolos Republic)[64]
(March 1, 1899)-appointment by General Emilio Aguinaldo[65][66]
|
|
Binondo, Manila |
92. | Commanding General-Philippine Republic |
|
Pototan, Iloilo |
93. | Commanding General-Philippine Republic |
|
Pototan, Iloilo |
94. Teresa Magbanua | Commanding General-Philippine Republic[68]
|
|
Pototan, Iloilo |
95. Francisco Makabulos | Commanding General-Philippine Republic[69]
|
|
La Paz, Tarlac |
96. | Commanding General-Katipunan General[70] |
|
Polo, Valenzuela, Metro Manila |
97. Miguel Malvar | Commander-in-chief[71]-after capture of General Emilio Aguinaldo and surrender of General Mariano Trias
|
|
Santo Tomas, Batangas |
98. [73] | Commander-in-chief
|
|
Castillejos, Zambales
|
99. | Commanding General-Philippine Republic[75]
|
Magdiwang | Batangas |
100. Marcela Marcelo | Commanding General-Katipunan General[76]
|
|
Pasay (Barangay Malibay) |
101. | Commanding General-Philippine Republic
|
Pro-Andrés Bonifacio | Tondo, Manila (Meisic) |
102. Tomás Mascardo | Brigadier General
|
|
Cavite del Viejo (Kawit, Cavite)
|
103. Arcadio Maxilom | Commander-in-chief
|
|
Tuburan, Cebu |
104. | Field guerrilla Commander (post-capture of President Emilio Aguinaldo)
|
|
Tiaong, Quezon (formerly Tayabas Province)
|
105. | Commanding General-Philippine Republic
|
|
Molo, Iloilo |
106. | Commanding General-Katipunan General
|
|
Cebu City, |
107. | Brigadier General[80] |
|
Indang, Cavite - in Barrio Buna
|
108. | Commanding General-Katipunan General
|
|
San Francisco de Malabon (General Trias) |
109. | Lieutenant-General[83] |
|
Cavite |
110. | Commanding General-Philippine Republic
|
|
Cavite |
111. Gregoria Montoya | Brigadier General (posthumous)[84]
|
|
Cavite |
112. Domingo Moriones | Guerrilla General, post-capture of President Emilio Aguinaldo
|
|
Cavite
|
113. Julio Nakpil | Commanding General-Katipunan General
|
|
Manila |
114. Benito Natividad | Brigadier General | *First Philippine Republic | Nueva Ecija |
115. Mamerto Natividad | Brigadier General | Pro-Emilio Aguinaldo | Nueva Ecija |
116. | Brigadier General | *First Philippine Republic | Nueva Ecija |
117. | Brigadier General |
|
Manila |
118. | Brigadier General[19]
|
|
Cavite |
119. Mariano Noriel | Brigadier General[86] |
|
Bacoor, Cavite |
120. Simeón Ola | Brigadier General |
|
Guinobatan, Albay |
121. Mauro Ortiz | Commanding General-Katipunan General[87]
|
|
Alaminos, Pangasinan
|
122. | Insurgent General[42]
|
|
Lipa, Batangas |
123. Andres Pacheco | Division General
|
|
Bulacan |
124. | Commanding General-Katipunan General
|
|
Tondo, Manila |
125. | Commanding General-Katipunan General
|
|
Tondo, Manila
|
126. | Field guerrilla Commander (Katipunan)
|
|
Rizal Province (Morong) |
127. Jose Ignacio Paua | Brigadier General
|
|
Fujian, China |
128. | Commanding General-Philippine Republic |
|
Iloilo |
129. | Colorum General-Religious and Agrarian insurrection
|
|
Leyte |
130. | Brigadier General
|
|
Cavite |
131. | Commanding General-Philippine Republic
|
|
Cavite
|
132. Artemio Ricarte | Lieutenant General[93] (Captain General from 1897 to 1898)[94]
|
|
Batac, Ilocos Norte |
133. | Commanding General-Katipunan General
|
|
Maragondon, Cavite |
134. | Brigadier General[96] |
|
Maragondon, Cavite |
135. | General, Religious Auxiliary |
|
Tayabas, Quezon |
136. | Commanding General-Philippine Republic
|
|
Iloilo |
137. Paciano Rizal | Major General[101] |
|
Calamba, Laguna |
138. | Commanding General-Katipunan General[102]
|
|
Bulacan |
139. Macario Sakay![]() |
Commander-in-chief
|
|
Tondo, Manila |
140. | Commanding General-Katipunan General[104]
|
|
Caloocan , Manila |
141. Teodoro Sandiko | Brigadier General
|
|
Pandacan, Manila |
142. | Commander-in-Chief-Captain General[31] |
|
Noveleta, Cavite
|
143. | Guerrilla General, post-capture of President Emilio Aguinaldo
|
|
Central Luzon campaigns
|
144. | Commanding General-Katipunan General[31]
|
|
Marikina |
145. | Brigadier General | Pro-Andrés Bonifacio | Manila |
146. | Commanding General-Katipunan General
|
|
Bulacan |
147. | Commanding General-Philippine Republic[109]
|
|
Cebu |
148. | Commanding General-Katipunan General[110]
|
|
San Francisco de Malabon (General Trias) |
149. Pablo Tecson | Brigadier General |
|
Bulacan |
150. Trinidad Tecson | Commanding General-Philippine Republic |
|
Bulacan |
151. | Commanding General-Katipunan General |
|
Dumaguete, Negros Oriental
|
152. Manuel Tinio | Brigadier General[111]
|
|
Nueva Ecija
|
153. Candido Tirona | Major General |
|
Kawit, Cavite |
154. Daniel Tirona | Brigadier General |
|
Kawit, Cavite |
155. | Insurgent General
|
|
Bicol Region |
156. Licerio Topacio | Commanding General-Katipunan General[112]
|
|
Imus, Cavite |
157. | Brigadier General
|
|
Bulacan |
158. Mariano Trías | Lieutenant General[113] |
|
San Francisco de Malabon, Cavite - present day (General Trias) |
159. Pío Valenzuela | General, Chief of Medicine and Health
|
|
Polo, Bulacan - present day(Valenzuela, Metro Manila) |
160. Pantaleón Valmonte | Brigadier General
|
Neutral | Nueva Ecija |
161. | Brigadier General | *First Philippine Republic
|
Bohol |
162. | Brigadier General[114]
|
|
Cebu |
163. Pantaleon Villegas | Commanding General-Katipunan General
|
|
Bacong, Negros Oriental |
164. | Brigadier General[115]
|
|
San Francisco de Malabon[115](General Trias) |
165. Flaviano Yengko | Brigadier General |
|
Manila |
Table Legend[]
- ^ Grade here refers to military, organizational, or leadership rank with regards to the Katipunan movement, governments of First Philippine Republic, and regional Federated states and provincial republics. Second, it also includes guerrilla-structured Post-Republic campaign during the Philippine–American War that includes "de facto" leadership, guerrilla leadership, "cacique"[116] or chieftain leadership. Third, leaders who are categorized as part of "bandolerisimo" leadership after Brigandage Act of November 12, 1902 (American-influenced Philippine legislature changed status of all Philippine Revolutionary Republican soldiers from enemy insurgent to "ladrones", "bandoleros" or "tulisanes" (bandits and outlaws), effectively criminalizing all resistance activities or revolts) are also described in this section. Fourth, Kolorum (Colorum)[117] leaders and "generals" who heads religious and fanatic based rebel groups are also noted in this section.
- ^ Affiliation here refers to support of political fractions or individuals in the Katipunan movement, government of First Philippine Republic, or guerrilla-structured Post-Republic campaign during the Philippine–American War.
- ^ Province here refers to provinces or regions within the individual's areas of operational responsibilities.
Addendum[]
The Philippine American War or "Philippine Insurrection" has two phases. First phase was the conventional military warfare between two organized armies: The US Forces and the First Philippine Republican Army. This was period was from February to November 1899. The second phase started from November 1899 when the Revolutionary army was dissipated into "guerrilla" -style warfare. This was based on smaller organized units of soldiers and local civilian supporters. Leadership became arbitrary with succession of "generals" and "commanders" based on who was second in command from the hierarchy of the old republic or who has more supporters or people under one's command. The remnants of the First Philippine Republic continued the struggle for independence into local regional and provincial levels as late as 1915.[118]
References[]
- ^ a b Zaide & Zaide 1999, pp. 239, 247.
- ^ a b "Talisay's Aliño brothers honored". SunStar Cebu. SunStar Publishing Inc. August 26, 2019.
the Aliño brothers started the uprising against Spain in Talisay, then a municipality, a day before the Battle of Tres Abril
- ^ Worcester, Dean Conant (January 1, 1930). The Philippines Past and Present, Volume 1. The Macmillan Co. p. 215.
- ^ Alvarez 1992, pp. 7, 127 (confirms General Officer status, but not specific grade).
- ^ Alvarez 1992, p. 116 (confirms General Officer status, but not specific grade).
- ^ a b "Cebu streets keep revolution alive". Philippine Daily Inquirer. December 2, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2020.
- ^ Oaminal, Clarence Paul (September 14, 2017). "The Battle of Tuburan (1898)". The Philippine Star. Retrieved April 23, 2020.
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- ^ Cruz, Isagani A. (2000). Res Gestae: A Brief History of the Supreme Court. Philippines: Rex Book Store, Manila.
- ^ Alvarez 1992, p. 149 (confirms General Officer status, but not specific grade).
- ^ Linn 2000, p. 97
- ^ Alvarez 1992, p. 20
- ^ a b c d Danilo Dolor. "The Events of August 1896 : A Chronology". Manitoba Filipino Journal. Retrieved December 19, 2019.
the following were appointed brigadier generals Aguedo del Rosario, Ramon Bernardo, Vicente Fernandez and Gregorio Coronel
- ^ a b c Guerrero, Milagros; Encarnacion, Emmanuel; Villegas, Ramon (2003). "Andrés Bonifacio and the 1896 Revolution". Sulyap Kultura. Philippines: National Commission for Culture and the Arts. 1 (2): 3–12.
- ^ Guerrero, Milagros; Schumacher, S.J., John (1998), Reform and Revolution, Kasaysayan: The History of the Filipino People, vol. 5, Asia Publishing Company Limited, ISBN 962-258-228-1
{{citation}}
: External link in
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- ^ a b c d e f "Artemio Ricarte on the Arrest and Execution of Bonifacio/". Presidential Museum and Library. GOVPH. Retrieved April 17, 2020.
- ^ The Philippine Review (Revista Filipina). 3 (1). 1880.
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(help) - ^ Linn 2000, pp. 145, 220 (confirms General Officer status, but not specific grade).
- ^ a b c "Bohol participation in the Philippine Revolution". Webline Bohol, Philippines. Provincial Government of Bohol. 1999. Retrieved April 16, 2020.
- ^ Edgar Allan M., Sembrano (July 4, 2016). "Fernando Canon: Revolutionary, classical guitarist, inventor, chess champion, rival of Rizal". Philippine Daily Inquirer.
- ^ Report of the Lieutenant-General Commanding the Army, Part 9 – U.S. Government Printing Office, 1902, p. 421-422, at Google Books
- ^ Capistrano, Jose Vicente. Biography of General Nicolas Capistrano. SunStar.
- ^ "HEROES OF IMUS". The Official Website of the City of Imus. Retrieved December 31, 2019.
The Ilustrado and landowner who turned general during the Spanish Revolution who took charge of logistics of the Katipuneros and later joined the American Revolution in Cavite.
- ^ United States Congressional Serial Set. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1902. p. 292.
- ^ a b c Morey 2019, p. 273
- ^ a b c Himerio Jose Dela Llana Garcia IV (June 14, 2011). Brigands in the Eyes of the Law. Flipside Digital Content Company Inc. p. 5. ISBN 978-971-9922-24-7.
- ^ a b c Jose Maria Eduardo P. Dacudao (November 20, 2011). "Forget Not How Visayan Patriots Won Our Freedom". Ilonggo Sa America (I.S.A): 1.
- ^ a b c d e Himerio Jose Dela Llana Garcia IV (June 14, 2011). Brigands in the Eyes of the Law. Flipside Digital Content Company Inc. ISBN 978-971-9922-24-7.
- ^ "City Ordinance No 215 (2019)" (PDF). City of Meycauyan, Bulacan. Retrieved April 17, 2020.
- ^ "Today in Philippine History, November 11, 1858, Martin Teofilo Delgado was born in Santa Barbara, Iloilo". Kahimyang Project. November 9, 2012.
- ^ "Gen. Martin Delgado: Proud Ilonggo nationalist leader". The News Today, Iloilo, Philippines. Retrieved June 11, 2011.
- ^ Ochosa, Orlino (January 1, 1995). Bandoleros, Outlawed Guerrillas of the Philippine–American War, 1903-1907. United States of America: New Day Publishers. ISBN 9711005557.
- ^ Gregorio Nieva. The Philippine review (Revista filipina) [Vol. 3, no. 1]. p 54, The United States and its Territories, 1870-1925: The Age of Imperialism Digital Collection. University of Michigan Library. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
- ^ Halili 2004, p. 178
- ^ Halili 2004, p. 149 (confirms General Officer status, but not specific grade).
- ^ "The Founding of the Katipunan". Presidential Museum (Philippines).
- ^ Ocampo, Ambeth R. (November 28, 2014). "What's in a Katipunan name?". Philippine Daily Inquirer. INQUIRER Group of Companies. Retrieved April 29, 2020.
- ^ Alvarez 1992, pp. 182–189
- ^ a b c Ricklefs, M.C.; Lockhart, Bruce; Lau, Albert; Reyes, Portia; Aung-Thwin, Maitrii (2010). A New History of Southeast Asia 2010th Edition. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 284. ISBN 978-0230212145.
- ^ Congressional Serial Set. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1907. p. 240.
- ^ "Today in Philippine History, March 20, 1843, Ambrocio Flores was born in Manila". Philippine News Agency. Manila. March 19, 2012. Retrieved April 16, 2020.
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- ^ a b Mojares 1999, p. 13
- ^ Mojares 1999, pp. 9.
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The elder of the Galicano siblings was Troadio who was born on December 28, 1870. He became a general in the revolution against Spain and the Americans from 1898 to 1901.
- ^ "Today in Philippine History, July 27, 1856, Pantaleon Garcia was born in Imus, Cavite". Kahimyang.com. The Kahimyang Project. March 20, 2013. Retrieved April 29, 2020.
- ^ Root 1902, p. 441.
- ^ a b Greg Bankoff; Kathleen Weekley (November 22, 2017). Post-Colonial National Identity in the Philippines: Celebrating the Centennial of Independence. Taylor & Francis. pp. 101–. ISBN 978-1-351-74209-2.
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- ^ "Filipino Martyr: CANDIDO I. IBAN". Pinoy Folk Tales. January 18, 2013.
- ^ Canning Eyot (1904). The Story of the Lopez Family: A Page from the History of the War in the Philippines. J.H. West Company. p. 20.
- ^ Linn 2000, pp. 64, 196 (notes 16, 17, 20, 21 & 24)
- ^ "Filipino Martyr: PASCUAL V. LEDESMA". Philippine News Agency. Retrieved January 18, 2013.
When the First Philippine Republic was established, President Aguinaldo appointed him as director of Bureau of the Marine and Commerce, with the rank of commanding general from September 1898 to 1901.
- ^ Jimenez, FR (June 6, 2013). "Sino Si Heneral Kalentong Na Kilalang Kalye Sa Mandaluyong? (Who Is General Kalentong Whose Name Commemorates A Famous Street in Mandaluyong?". GMA News. Retrieved April 13, 2019.
- ^ United States. Adjutant-General's Office (1993). Correspondence Relating to the War with Spain: Including the Insurrection in the Philippine Islands and the China Relief Expedition, April 15, 1898, to July 30, 1902. Center of Military History, U.S. Army. pp. 1073–.
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- ^ a b c Abaya, Doroteo (1998), Miguel Malvar and the Philippine Revolution, Manila: Miguel Malvar (MM) Productions
- ^ Halili 2004, p. 151
- ^ Morey 2019, p. 285
- ^ Quintos, Felipe (1926). Sipi awaray gelew diad Pilipinas: (Revolucion Filipina) ginawa nen Felipe Quintos. Lingayen, Pangasinan: Gumawid Press.
- ^ Alvarez 1992, p. 54
- ^ "Marcela Marcelo dies in the battle of Pasong Santol". City of San Fernando, Pampanga. March 21, 2019.
- ^ a b Quennie Ann J. Palafox (September 4, 2012). "OUR FOUNDING MOTHERS: LEST WE FORGET". National Historic Commission of the Philippines. Retrieved October 18, 2006.
- ^ a b c Quirino, Carlos (1995). Who's Who in Philippine History. Manila, Philippines: Tahanan Books. ISBN 9716300352.
- ^ New York University. Asian/Pacific/American Studies Program and Institute; New York University Asian; Pacific (December 2002). Vestiges of War: The Philippine–American War and the Aftermath of an Imperial Dream 1899–1999. NYU Press. pp. 6–10. ISBN 978-0-8147-9791-4.
- ^ Makabenta, Yen (June 20, 2019). "How the Philippine–American War ended". The Manila Times. Retrieved January 2, 2020.
- ^ Amascual III, Pablo U. (2003). "The Filipino-American War in Leyte and Samar: The Local Fronts Mirror-Image the National Experience". The Journal of History. 49: 1–4. Retrieved January 2, 2020.
- ^ a b Ambrosio Mojica (1853-1908). Cavite, Philippines: Provincial Government of Cavite. October 28, 2001. p. 1.
Like General Wenceslao Viniegra, military governor of Zambales Province and later of Camarines, Mojica was given the rank of brigadier-general upon his appointment as military governor of Leyte.
- ^ United States Congressional serial set. 1907. pp. 240–.
- ^ Soriano 1995, pp. 88–89.
- ^ Flores, Paul (August 12, 1995). "Macario Sakay: Tulisán or Patriot?". Philippine History Group of Los Angeles. Archived from the original on June 9, 2007. Retrieved April 8, 2007.
- ^ Halili 2004, p. 150 (confirms General Officer status, but not specific grade).
- ^ Retana, Wenceslao Emilio; Feced, José (April 15, 1898). "La Insurreccion Filipinas" [The Philippine Insurrection]. La Política de España en Filipinas (in Spanish). 8 (83): 157.
- ^ "Municipality of Alaminos". Alaminos City Official Website. Retrieved January 7, 2020.
Roman Manalang, a native of Castillejos, Zambales and married to an Alaminos lass, led the revolutionaries of Alaminos, with the assistance of Gen. Mauro Ortiz, Col. Jose Montemayor Jimenez and a selected group of young officers.
- ^ "Supreme Court of the Philippines Decision : G.R. No. 2865". September 21, 1906.
- ^ "Philippine History Group of Los Angeles: Miguel Malvar, the Last Holdout – Paul Dimayuga". October 14, 1995.
- ^ Duka, Cecilio D. (2008). Struggle for Freedom – A Textbook in Philippine History. Rex Book Store Inc. p. 152. ISBN 978-971-23-5045-0.
- ^ Ricarte, Artemio (August 24, 1899). "Alaala sa 31 ng Agosto ng 1896" [In Memory of the 31st of August, 1896] (JPG). Ang Bayang Kahapis-hapis (in Spanish and Filipino). San Francisco de Malabon, Cavite. Retrieved March 6, 2019.
- ^ Alvarez 1992, p. 42
- ^ Zaide & Zaide 1999, p. 247.
- ^ Alvarez 1992, p. 42.
- ^ Alvarez 1992, p. 55.
- ^ "King of the Philippines". Philippine Daily Inquirer. October 21, 2016. Archived from the original on October 21, 2016.
- ^ 1904 Annual Report of the Secretary of War: Volume 7 United States War Dept, p. 38, at Google Books
- ^ Hurley, Vic (2011). Jungle Patrol, the Story of the Philippine Constabulary (1901–1936). Cerberus Books. pp. 125–127, 156. ISBN 978-0-9834756-2-0.
- ^ 1975, Renato Constantino, The Philippines: A Past Revisited, page 350: "The colorums believed that one day he would rule the Philippines. When this came to pass, the property of all those who were not colorums would be confiscated and apportioned among the members. Like other colorums elsewhere, the Surigao group believed themselves invulnerable to the enemy's bullets."
- ^ Alvarez 1992, p. 204 (confirms General Officer status, but not specific grade).
- ^ M.c. Halili (2004). Philippine History. Rex Bookstore, Inc. pp. 145–. ISBN 978-971-23-3934-9.
- ^ Halili 2004, p. 184
- ^ Talambuhay ni Apolonio Samson published by Tagaloglang.com. Retrieved November 3, 2013.
- ^ Zaide, Gregorio (1990). "Cry of balintawak". Documentary Sources of Philippine History. 8: 307–309.
- ^ Dept, United States. War (1904). Annual Reports of the Secretary of War. p. 41.
- ^ Ricarte 1963, pp. 62.
- ^ "Members of the Revolutionary Katipunan". Retrieved December 26, 2019.
- ^ Elinando B. Cinco (June 2, 2017). "Visayan revolutionary forces during our wars of independence". Manila Bulletin. Retrieved December 19, 2019.
- ^ Alvarez 1992, p. 21
- ^ Linn 2000, p. 182
- ^ "Gen. Licerio Cuenca Topacio (1839-1925)". City of Imus, Cavite. Retrieved February 2, 2020.
- ^ Halili 2004, p. 162 (confirms General Officer status, but not specific grade).
- ^ United States. War Dept (1900). Annual Reports of the War Department. U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. 23–.
- ^ a b Wenceslao F. Viniegra (1874-1948). Cavite, Philippines: Provincial Government of Cavite. October 28, 2001. p. 1.
- ^ Shaw, Angel Velasco; Francia, Luis (2002). Vestiges of War: the Philippine–American War and the Aftermath of an Imperial Dream 1899–1999. New York University Press. p. 8. ISBN 0814797911.
- ^ Alvarez 1992, p. 207
- ^ "The Philippine–American War, 1899–1902". United States Department of State. Office of the Historian, Foreign Service Institute. Retrieved January 23, 2020.
Works cited in footnotes[]
- Almario, Virgilio (1998) *Rebolusyong Filipino, Intimas Memorias, memoirs of Colonel Sityar, in Spanish, page 197, translated to Tagalog by Almario
- Alvarez, Santiago V. (1992). The katipunan and the revolution: memoirs of a general : with the original Tagalog text. Ateneo de Manila University Press. ISBN 978-971-550-077-7.
- Dela Llana Garcia IV, Himerio Jose Dela Llana Garcia IV (June 14, 2011). Brigands in the Eyes of the Law. Flipside Digital Content Company Inc. ISBN 978-971-9922-24-7.
- Halili, M.c. (2004). Philippine history. Rex Bookstore, Inc. ISBN 978-971-23-3934-9.
- Jimenez, FR (June 6, 2013). "Sino Si Heneral Kalentong Na Kilalang Kalye Sa Mandaluyong? (Who Is General Kalentong Whose Name Commemorates A Famous Street in Mandaluyong?)". GMA News. Retrieved April 13, 2019.
- Linn, Brian McAllister (2000). The U.S. Army and Counterinsurgency in the Philippine War, 1899-1902. UNC Press Books. ISBN 978-0-8078-4948-4.
- Mojares, Resil B. (May 1, 1999). War Against the Americans: Resistance and Collaboration in Cebu: 1899-1906. U.S.A: Ateneo De Manila University Press. ISBN 9715502989.
- Morey, Michael (February 5, 2019). Fagen: An African American Renegade in the Philippine–American War. University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-31940-3.
- Nakpil, Carmen Guerrero (2002). Whatever: a new collection of later essays, 1987-2001. Ateneo de Manila University Press. ISBN 978-971-550-417-1.
- Ocampo, Ambeth (October 21, 2016). "King of the Philippines". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved December 27, 2017.
- Ochosa, Orlino (January 1, 1995). Bandoleros, Outlawed Guerrillas of the Philippine–American War, 1903–1907. United States of America: New Day Publishers. ISBN 9711005557.
- Quirino, Carlos (1995). Who's Who in Philippine History. Manila, Philippines: Tahanan Books. ISBN 9716300352.
- Ricarte, General Artemio (1963). Memoirs of General Artemio Ricarte. Manila, Philippines: Manila : National Heroes Commission. ISBN 9715380484.
- Root, Elihu & United States (1902). Elihu Root collection of United States documents relating to the Philippine Islands. Govt. Prtg. Off.
- Soriano, Rafaelita (1995). Women in the Philippine Revolution. Quezon City, Philippines: NHI Publication.
- Zaide, Sonia M.; Zaide, Gregorio F. (1999). The Philippines: a unique nation. All-Nations Publishing Co. ISBN 978-971-642-064-7.
- United States Congressional Serial Set. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1902.
- Report of the Lieutenant-General Commanding the Army, Part 9 – U.S. Government Printing Office, 1902 at Google Books
- 1904 Annual Report of the Secretary of War: Volume 7 United States War Dept, p. 38, at Google Books
- 1907 Congressional Serial Set – U.S. Government Printing Office, p. 240, at Google Books
General references[]
- Agoncillo, Teodoro C. (1990) [1960]. History of the Filipino People (8th ed.). Quezon City: Garotech Publishing. ISBN 971-8711-06-6.
- Cruz, Isagani A. (2000). Res Gestae: A Brief History of the Supreme Court. Manila: Rex Book Store.
- Ochosa, Orlino (January 1, 1995). Bandoleros, Outlawed Guerrillas of the Philippine–American War, 1903–1907. United States of America: New Day Publishers. ISBN 9711005557.
- Quintos, Felipe (1926). Sipi awaray gelew diad Pilipinas: (Revolucion Filipina) ginawa nen Felipe Quintos. Lingayen, Pangasinan: Gumawid Press.
- Ricklefs, M.C.; Lockhart, Bruce; Lau, Albert; Reyes, Portia; Aung-Thwin, Maitrii (2010). A New History of Southeast Asia 2010th Edition. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 284. ISBN 978-0230212145.
- Shaw, Angel Velasco; Francia, Luis (2002). Vestiges of War: the Philippine–American War and the Aftermath of an Imperial Dream, 1899-1999. New York University Press.
- KASAYANYAN NG LAHI- A HISTORY OF THE FILIPINO PEOPLE. 1974.
- The Philippine revolution and beyond: Papers from the International Conference on the Centennial of the 1896 Philippine Revolution. Philippine Centennial Commission and National Commission for Culture and the Arts. 1998. ISBN 9719201819.
- Filipino generals
- History of the Philippines (1565–1898)
- Military personnel of the Philippine–American War
- People of the Philippine–American War
- People of the Philippine Revolution
- Paramilitary Filipinos