List of Filipino generals in the Philippine Revolution and the Philippine–American War

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This is a compendium of the Filipino generals, commanders and who fought during the Philippine Revolution, Filipino-American War and the Post-war insurgencies against US occupation of the Philippines. There are 165 generals listed in this article.

General officers[]

Filipino generals in the Philippine Revolution of 1896 and the Filipino-American War of 1899
Name Gradea Affiliationb Provincec
1. Gregorio AglipayGregorio Aglipay.jpg General, Religious Auxiliary
  • Vicario General Castrence (Military Vicar General)
  • Founder of the group called as Liwanag (Light), an auxiliary of the Katipunan
  • Founder and Supreme Bishop of the "Philippine Independent Church"
  • Katipunan-Liwanag
  • First Philippine Republic
 Victoria, Tarlac
2. Baldomero AguinaldoBaldomero Aguinaldo.jpg Lieutenant General
  • Commander of general of the revolutionary forces in the southern Luzon provinces (1901)
  • First Philippine Republic (1898–1901)- Secretary of War and Marine
  • Revolutionary Government of the Philippines (1898–1899)- Secretary of War and Public Works
  • Republic of Biak-na-Bato (1897) – Secretary of Treasury
  • Tejeros Convention-Tejeros Revolutionary Government(1897) – Director of Finance
  • President of
  • First Philippine Republic
  • Revolutionary Government of the Philippines
  • Republic of Biak-na-Bato
  • Tejeros Revolutionary Government
  • Magdalo (Katipunan faction)
  • Katipunan
 Cavite
3. Crispulo Aguinaldo Major General Magdalo Cavite
4. Emilio AguinaldoEmilio Aguinaldo ca. 1919 (Restored).jpg Commander-in-chief
  • President of the "Malolos Republic"[1]
  • General and Commander-in-chief of the "Philippine Republican Army" [1]
  • Field Marshal
  • First Philippine Republic
  • Revolutionary Government of the Philippines
  • Republic of Biak-na-Bato
  • Tejeros Revolutionary Government
  • Magdalo (Katipunan faction)
  • Katipunan
 Cavite
5. Jose Alejandrino Brigadier General
  • He was a contributor to La Solidaridad and one of the members of the Propaganda Movement in Spain along with Jose Rizal, Marcelo H. del Pilar, Mariano Ponce and Graciano Lopez Jaena
  • He was part of Aguinaldo's Hong Kong Junta, the exiled Revolutionary Government of the Philippines
  • Along with Felipe Agoncillo, José Maria Basa and Mariano Ponce, he helped organised the Consejo Revolucion
  • First Philippine Republic
  • Republic of Biak-Na-Bato
  • Revolutionary Government of the Philippines
  • Katipunan
 Arayat, Pampanga
6. Commanding General-Katipunan General[2]
  • Brother Hilaro Aliño was another Katipunan General
  • Brothers Potenciano and Sulpicio Aliño were also active members of the Philippine revolution in the Visayas
  • Katipunan in Cebu
  • Cebu Revolutionary Government
  • First Philippine Republic
 Talisay, Cebu
7. Commanding General-Katipunan General[2]
  • Brother Felix Aliño was another Katipunan General
  • Brothers Potenciano and Sulpicio Aliño were also active members of the Philippine revolution in the Visayas
  • Katipunan in Cebu
  • Cebu Revolutionary Government
  • First Philippine Republic
 Talisay, Cebu
8. Brigadier General
  • Commander of Guerilla Forces in Bicol Region[3]
  • First Philippine Republic
 Ambos Camarines
9. Mariano Álvarez Lieutenant General
  • President of Magdiwang Council[4]
  • First Philippine Republic
  • Magdiwang
  • Katipunan
 Cavite
10. Santiago Álvarez Santiago Alvarez.jpg Brigadier General
  • Commander-in-chief-Magdiwang Army
  • Captain General of Magdiwang Army
  • Magdiwang faction
  • Katipunan
 Cavite
11. Pascual Álvarez Pascual Álvarez.jpg *Brigadier General[5]
  • Magdiwang faction
  • Katipunan
 Cavite
12. Vicente Álvarez Lieutenant General
  • Datu Tumanggung (Royal Marshall of Camp) – title bestowed by the Sultan of Sulu
  • Governor-General Diego de los Ríos was defeated by the forces of General Vicente Alvarez in Fort Pilar (April 1899)
 Zamboanga
  • Guerrilla campaign against U.S in Basilan and Misamis provinces
13. Servillano Aquino Commanding General-First Philippine Republic
  • First Philippine Republic
 Pampanga
14. Brigadier General[6]
  • One of the commanders of the Battle of Tres de Abril under General Leon Kilat
  • Executed by the Spanish Government in Barangay Carreta on April 18, 1898. He was the only Filipino rebel officer allowed by Spanish military authorities in Cebu to wear his full uniform as General[7]
  • First Philippine Republic
  • Katipunan in Cebu
 Mambajao, Camiguin
15. Juan Araneta Commanding General-Philippine Republic[8]
  • "Tan Juan" (Don Juan) nom de guerre
  • Secretary of War of Republic of Negros
  • "Acta de Capitulacion-1898” - documented the surrender of the last Spanish Governor General, Don Diego de Los Rios to Gen. Aniceto Ledesma Lacson (Presidente) and Gen. Juan “Tan Juan” Araneta (Secretary of War)in Bacolod City
 Negros
16. Brigadier General
  • Chief of the Expeditionary Forces of the Federal Republic of the Visayas under General Martin Delgado
  • Commanding General of the Panay Revolutionary Forces
  • First Philippine Republic
 Panay
  • Iloilo
17. Commanding General-Philippine Republic[9]
  • Brother of Isabelo Artacho, along with Felix Ferrer, was one of the writers of the Constitution of Biak-na-Bato Republic[10]
  • First Philippine Republic
  • Hong Kong Junta (Filipino revolutionaries exiled to Hong Kong)
  • Republic of Biak-na-Bato
  • Katipunan
 Vigan, Ilocos Sur
18. Brigadier General[11]
  • "Alapaap" (Cloud) nom-de-guerre
  • General of Southern Luzon command of General Mariano Trias
  • First Philippine Republic
  • Katipunan
  • Magdiwang
 Noveleta, Cavite
19. Ramón AvanceñaRamon Avancena.jpg Brigadier General[12]
  • Legal adviser to the Federal Republic of the Visayas, the revolutionary governments of the provinces of Iloilo, Capiz and Antique
  • Peace negotiator between Philippine Revolutionary government and U.S. Government in the Philippines
  • Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines (1925-1941)
  • First Philippine Republic
  • Federated States of the Visayas
  • Revolutionary Governments of Iloilo, Capiz, and Antique
 Iloilo
20. Brigadier General[13]
  • Pro-Andrés Bonifacio
  • Magdiwang (Katipunan faction)
 Bayanbayanan, Marikina
21. Major General[14] Magdalo Silang, Cavite
22. Commanding General-Katipunan General[15]
  • One of the first brigadier generals appointed by Andres Bonifacio during the initial uprising in Manila[16]
  • One of the Commanding generals in the Battle of San Juan del Monte (August 30, 1896)
  • Katipunan
 Pandacan, Manila
23. Andrés Bonifacio Gat Andrés Bonifacio.jpg Commander-in-chief
  • President of Republika ng Katagalugan (Tagalog Republic)- also known as Haring Bayang Katagalugan ("Sovereign Nation of the Tagalog People", or "Sovereign Tagalog Nation")
  • Supremo (Head) of the Katipunan[17][18] (January 1895 – 1896)- Third President
  • Leader of the Tondo, Manila "Katagalugan" chapter of the Katipunan
  • One of the founding fathers of the Katipunan
  • Field Marshal and Commander-in-Chief of the Katipunan (Katagalugan) Army,
  • President of the Tagalog Republic)
  • Katipunan
  • Tagalog Republic
 Tondo, Manila
24. Ciriaco Bonifacio Commanding General-Katipunan General
  • Older brother of Andrés Bonifacio
  • Killed during the arrest of Andres Bonifacio[19]
  • Katipunan
  • Tagalog Republic
 Tondo, Manila
25. Procopio Bonifacio Commanding General-Katipunan General
  • Younger brother of Andrés Bonifacio
  • Katipunan
  • Tagalog Republic
 Tondo, Manila
26. Brigadier General[20]
  • Also noted as Tomas Kabling
  • First Philippine Republic
  • Revolutionary Government of the Philippines
  • Katipunan
 Nueva Ecija
27. Juan Cailles Major General[21]
  • He took over General Paciano Rizal as Commanding General of Laguna Forces ( July 1900)
  • General Emilio Aguinaldo appointed him as Brigadier General as military governor of Laguna and Tayabas (Quezon province) in 1898-1899
  • One of the foreign (French-Indian descent) generals of the Philippine Revolution
  • Commanding officer of "Batallon Trias" under General Mariano Noriel's regiment
  • Tagalog Republic
  • First Philippine Republic
  • Katipunan
 Nasugbu, Batangas
  • Santa Cruz, Laguna - Military headquarters, campaigns in Laguna
  • Mabitac, Laguna - victorious battle against American force commanded by Colonel Benjamin F. Cheatham, Jr
28. Commanding General-Philippine Republic
  • Jefe General" (Chief of the Army)[22] in Bohol (appointed by General Emilio Aguinaldo on January 16, 1899)
  • Republic of Bohol - Adviser for Justice
  • First Philippine Republic
  • Federated States Of Visayas
  • Republic of Negros
  • Republic of Bohol
 Cavite
29. Fernando Canon Brigadier General[23]
  • Revolutionary Government of the Philippines(1898–1899)- Secretary of Welfare and Director-General of Public Works
  • First Philippine Republic
  • Revolutionary Government of the Philippines
  • Katipunan
 Biñan, Laguna
30. Insurgent General[24]
  • Insurgent General, post-Brigandage Act of 1902
  • Guerrilla General, post-capture of President Emilio Aguinaldo
  • Federated Republic of Visayas
  • First Philippine Republic
 Ormoc, Leyte
31. Commanding General-Philippine Republic[25]
  • Military Chief of Troops in Cagayan de Oro and Misamis
  • First Philippine Republic in Cagayan de Misamis
 Angat, Bulacan (Barangay Marungko)
32. Juan Castañeda Commanding General-Philippine Republic[26]
  • He used the pen name “Langgam” (Ant) and was the founder of Pilar Lodge No. 15 of the Free Masonry of the Philippines
  • Tagalog Republic as headed by General Miguel Malvar
  • First Philippine Republic
  • Katipunan
 Imus, Cavite
33. Arsenio Climaco Brigadier General
  • Federated States of Visayas
  • First Philippine Republic
  • Katipunan in Cebu
 Cebu City
34. Juan Climaco Brigadier General
  • Federated States of Visayas
  • First Philippine Republic
  • Katipunan in Cebu
 Cebu City
35. Venancio Concepcion Major General
  • Katipunan
  • First Philippine Republic
 Iloilo
36. Insurgent general[27]
  • Insurgent General - Post- Brigandage Act of November 12, 1902
  • Guerrilla General, post-capture of President Emilio Aguinaldo
  • Tagalog Republic of General Miguel Malvar
  • First Philippine Republic
  • Revolutionary Government of the Philippines
  • Katipunan
 Batangas
  • Military campaigns during Filipino-American War in Batalan Bato and Lobo, Batangas
37. Field guerrilla Commander (post-capture of President Emilio Aguinaldo)[28]
  • General Luciano San Miguel - guerrilla forces July 1, 1902- July 1, 1903[29]
  • First Philippine Republic
  • Katipunan
 Meycauayan, Bulacan
  • Guerrilla campaign in Rizal and Manila
38. Guerrilla General, post-capture of President Emilio Aguinaldo[28]
  • General Luciano San Miguel - guerrilla forces July 1, 1902- July 1, 1903[29]
  • First Philippine Republic
  • Katipunan
 Meycauayan, Bulacan
  • Guerrilla campaign in Rizal and Manila
39. Esteban Contreras Brigadier General[30]
  • May 4, 1898– lead an attack to Spanish military in Capiz
  • December 1898 defeated Spanish troops in the town of Pila
  • Federated States of Visayas
  • First Philippine Republic
  • Katipunan in the Visayas
  • Revolutionary leader in Panay
 Capiz
40. Brigadier General[17]
  • One of the first brigadier generals appointed by Andres Bonifacio during the initial uprising in Manila[16]
  • member of the 1896 Katipunan War Cabinet
  • Katipunan
  • Pro-Andrés Bonifacio
 Caloocan
41. Commanding General-Philippine Republic
  • Commanding General of the Southern Zone[30]- appointed during revolutionary assembly to create a provisional Visayan Revolutionary Government (Santa Barbara, Iloilo, 1898)
  • Federated States of Visayas
  • First Philippine Republic
  • Katipunan in the Visayas
  • Ilonggo Revolutionary leader
 Santa Barbara, Iloilo
  • Military campaigns in the Visayan region
42. Commanding General-Katipunan General
  • Known as "Heneral Kiko" and "Labe" (Lock) – Katipunan nom de guerre,
  • Katipunan
 Manila
  • Military activities in Balara, Pantayanin, Masuyod, areas of present Rizal Province
43. Field Guerrilla Commander (Katipunan)[31] under General Luciano San Miguel (1898-1899)
  • Katipunan Commander under Andress Bonifacio (1896)
  • First Philippine Republic
  • Tagalog Republic
  • Katipunan, Trustee of Andres Bonifacio[32]
 Meycauayan, Bulacan
44. Martin Delgado Lieutenant General[33]
  • General-in-Chief of the Revolutionary Army in Panay[34]
  • Chief of the Liberation Army (Jefe del Ejercito Libertador) on February 2, 1901
  • First Governor of Iloilo under American administration
 Santa Barbara, Iloilo
45. Commanding General-Katipunan General[35]
  • General of Magdiwang Faction Army
  • First Philippine Republic
  • Katipunan-Magdiwang
 Manila
46. Pedro De La Cruz Colorum General-Religious and Agrarian insurrection
  • Commander of guerrilla forces in Samar and Leyte islands
  • One of the leaders of "Pulahan" religious-auxiliary brigade and "Babaylan" revolutionaries
  • Considered as a Colorum leader
  • Post -Brigandage Act of 1902 Commander
  • Pulahan
  • First Philippine Republic
  • Katipunan
 Leyte
47. Division General[36]
  • Major General
  • First Philippine Republic
  • Katipunan
 Bulacan
48. Major General
  • First Philippine Republic
  • Katipunan-Magdiwang
  • Katipunan
 Bulacan
49. Commanding General-Katipunan General
  • Appointed as Katipunan General in Aklan and Panay by Andres Bonifacio (1897)
  • Pro-Andrés Bonifacio
  • Katipunan in Panay
 Aklan
50. Gregorio Del Pilar Brigadier General[37]
  • Martyred "Hero of Tirad Pass"
  • Pro-Emilio Aguinaldo
  • First Philippine Republic
  • Revolutionary Philippine Government
  • Member of the Hong Kong Junta
  • Katipunan of Bulacan
 Bulakan, Bulacan (Barangay San Jose)
51. Brigadier General[38]
  • Katipunnan nom de guerre – "Pang-una" (Number One)
  • First Philippine Republic
  • Katipunan-Matagumpay Council
  • Magdiwang Faction
  • Magdalo Faction
  • Pro-Aguinaldo
 Makati
52. Commanding General-Katipunan General
  • One of the first Brigadier Generals appointed by Andres Bonifacio in the initial uprising in Manila
  • The Katipunan Supreme Council (August 1896) – Secretary of Interior[39]
  • "Isok" - Katipunan nom de guerre[40]
  • Katipunan
  • Pro-Andrés Bonifacio
 Boac, Marinduque
53. Valentín Díaz Major General
  • First Philippine Republic
  • Hong Kong Junta
  • Pro-Emilio Aguinaldo
  • Katipunan Co-Founder and Treasurer (1849-1916)
 Paoay, Ilocos Norte
54. Ananias Diokno Brigadier General
  • Also noted as Ananias Diocno
  • General in command of Naval forces that landed in Samar and Leyte
  • First Philippine Republic
  • Pro-Emilio Aguinaldo
 Taal, Batangas
  • Naval missions in the Visayas
55. Commanding General-Katipunan General
  • One of the leaders of Republic of Kakarong Sili along with General Eusebio "Maestrong Sebio" Roque[41]
  • Killed in battle against Captain Jose Santa Maria's Pro-Spanish Volunteers in San Rafael, Bulacan
  • General Felipe Estrella Bridge (Malolos) was dedicated to commemorate his heroism.
  • Supported by General Mariano Alvarez and the Magdiwang Council
  • Katipunan (Balangay Dimas-Alang)
 Malolos, Bulacan
56. Salvador Estrella Brigadier General
  • First Philippine Republic
  • Pro-Emilio Aguinaldo
 Malolos, Bulacan
57. Edilberto Evangelista Lieutenant General
  • Revolutionary Government of the Philippines
  • Magdalo
  • Katipunan
 Cavite
58. Insurgent General[42]
  • Insurgent General - Post- Brigandage Act of November 12, 1902
  • Brigadier General[43]
  • Guerrilla commander Batangas-Laguna zones
  • Repúbliká ng̃ Katagalugan - Tagalog Republic (Macario Sakay)
  • Republic of Katagalugan and Army of Liberation"- under General Miguel Malvar
  • First Philippine Republic
  • Katipunan
 Cavite
59. Vicente Fernández Commanding General-Katipunan General[16]
  • Magdiwang-Katipunan
  • Katipunan
 Laguna
60. Ambrosio Flores Major General
  • Secretary of War after General Antonio Luna[44]
  • Assistant Director of War, Malolos Republic
  • One of the Aides of General Emilio Aguinaldo
  • Former Spanish Military Officer (1860-1899)
  • First Philippine Republic
 Manila
61. Division General[22]
  • Mayor of Inabanga
  • Federated States Of Visayas
  • First Philippine Republic
  • Republic of Negros
  • Republic of Bohol
 Inabanga, Bohol
62. Commanding General-Katipunan General[45]
  • Provisional Revolutionary Governor of Cebu
  • One of the revolutionary leaders in Cebu and supporter of General Pantaleon "Leon Kilat" Villegas[46]
  • Katipunan nom de guerre - "Unos" (Storm)[47]
  • General for War Plans- appointed by General Gil Domingo and General Teodoro Plata
  • Federal States Of Visayas (December 17, 1898)
  • Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Visayas (November 17, 1898)[48]
  • First Philippine Republic
  • Pro-Andres Bonifacio
  • Katipunan in Cebu
 Cebu
63. General, Chief of Medicine and Health
  • Brigadier General[citation needed]
  • Vice President[19] of Central Government of Luzon
  • Military Chief of Sanitation (Jefe Sanidad Militar), Medical doctor graduate of University of Santo Tomas
  • Opened the first Military hospital in Cavite along with Colonel Agaton Papa Cecilio, MD. and Colonel Sebastian De Castro, MD.
  • First Philippine Republic
  • Katipunan
 Santa Cruz, Manila
64. Leandro Fullon Brigadier General
  • Federal State of the Visayas
  • First Philippine Republic
  • Katipunan
 Hamtic, Antique
65. Troadio Galicano Brigadier General[49]
  • Commander of Philippine Revolutionary forces of the Southern Cebu Sector
  • Cebu Revolutionary Army
  • First Philippine Republic
  • Federal State of Visayas
  • Katipunan
 Carcar, Cebu
66. Division General[50]
  • Commanding General of Central Luzon- appointed by General Emilio Aguinaldo
  • First Philippine Republic
  • Magdalo Faction
  • Katipunan
 Imus, Cavite
67. Licerio Gerónimo Major General
  • Superior chief of the second and third zones of Manila(1900)
  • commanding general of the third military zone of Manila (1898) - appointed by General Antonio Luna
  • Katipunan Division General in charge of Morong
  • One of the commanders in Battle of Mount Puray (1897)
  • One of the rebel assault soldiers in the siege of San Juan del Monte gunpowder magazine on August 30, 1896
  • Philippine Constabulary (June 1, 1902)
  • First Philippine Republic
  • Katipunan
 Sampaloc, Manila
68. Commanding General-Katipunan General
  • One of the Commanding generals in the 4 Military Zones of Cebu (1899)[47]
  • Guerrilla General operating in Southern district of Cebu (1902)[51]
  • Insurgent General, post-Brigandage Act
  • Guerrilla General, post-capture of President Emilio Aguinaldo
 *Federated States of Visayas
  • First Philippine Republic
  • Katipunan in Cebu
 Cebu City, Cebu
69. Commanding General-Katipunan General[46]
  • General-in-chief - appointed by General Gil Domingo and Teodoro Plata
  • Federated States of Visayas
  • First Philippine Republic
  • Katipunan in Cebu
 Cebu City, Cebu
70. Brigadier General
  • Republic of Katagalugan and Army of Liberation"- under General Miguel Malvar
  • First Philippine Republic
 Tanauan, Batangas
71. Commanding General-Philippine Republic[52]
  • Also noted as Simeon Gonzales
  • Military Chief of Mindanao- appointed by General Emilio Aguinaldo (February 12, 1899)
  • Katipunan in Cebu
  • First Philippine Republic
 Surigao (province)
  • Military campaign and expeditionary operations in Agusan, Davao Oriental, and Camiguin
72. Commanding General-Philippine Republic[52]
  • Military-Revolutionary Governor of Surigao, appointed by President Emilio Aguinaldo
  • Brother of General Simon (Simeon) Gonzales
  • Katipunan in Cebu
  • First Philippine Republic
 Surigao (province)
73. Brigadier General[53]
  • He succeeded General Vicente Lukban's post in Samar
  • Guerrilla General, post-capture of President Emilio Aguinaldo
  • First Philippine Republic
 Samar
74. Adriano Hernandez

Adriano Dayot Hernandez in 1916.jpg

Commanding General-Philippine Republic
  • Guerrilla General, post-capture of President Emilio Aguinaldo
  • Federal States of the Visayas
  • First Philippine Republic
  • Ejército Libertador
 Iloilo
75. Commanding General-Katipunan General[54]
  • Andres Bonifacio commissioned Candido Iban and Francisco del Castillo to lead the Katipunan movement in Aklan.
  • Candido Iban, along with brother Benito, was one of the "13 Martyrs of Aklan"
  • Katipunan in Manila
  • Katipunan in Aklan
 Malinao, Aklan (Barangay Lilo-an)
76. Emilio Jacinto Commanding General-Katipunan General
  • Chief of the Army North of Manila - Katipunan Army (after Nakpil)
  • Nom de guerre and Katipunan alias- "Pingkian", "Dimasilaw", "Ka Ilyong"
 Pro-Andrés Bonifacio Tondo, Manila
77. Commander-in-chief
  • Also noted as "Hoxson" and "Hokson"
  • Katipunan Supreme Commander of Katipunan-Jocson after breaking off from the Revolutionary Government after Biak-Na-Bato agreement
  • Commanding General-Katipunan General
  • Secretary of Interior[19]- Central Luzon Government (Gobierno Departamental de las Siete Provincias en el Centro de Luzon) as authorized by General Emilio Aguinaldo
  • Allegedly-assassinated by Philippine Revolutionary Forces of Aguinaldo after being arrested and transported by General Pio Del Pilar
  • Katipunan-Jocson
  • Philippine Revolutionary Republic
  • Katipunan-Magdiwang
  • Katipunan
 Rizal Province (Morong)
78. Commanding General-Katipunan General
  • First Philippine Republic
  • Katipunan
 Mexico, Pampanga
79. Commanding General-Philippine Republic [55]
  • Also noted as Gregorio Mayo Catigbac
  • Katipunan in Lipa
  • First Philippine Republic
  • General Malvar's Tagalog Republic
 Lipa, Batangas
80. Agueda Kahabagan Brigadier General[19]
  • "Henerala Agueda" was appointed and commissioned by General Miguel Malvar as the only woman in the roster of generals in the army of the First Philippine Republic
  • Republic of Katagalugan and Army of Liberation"- under General Miguel Malvar
  • First Philippine Republic
 Laguna (province)
81. Aniceto Lacson Commanding General-Philippine Republic
  • Military Governor of Negros
  • Republic of Negros
  • Federal States of Visayas
  • First Philippine Republic
 Negros Island
82. Brigadier General[56]
  • First Philippine Republic
 Peñaranda, Nueva Ecija
83. Commanding General-Philippine Republic [57]
  • First Philippine Republic
  • Katipunan,
 Himamaylan, Negros Occidental
84. Commanding General-Katipunan General[58]
  • Katipunan-Magdiwang
  • Katipunan
 Mandaluyong, Manila
85. Mariano LlaneraMariano Llanera.jpg Lieutenant General
  • Commanding General-Philippine Republic
  • Commanding General-Katipunan General
  • First Philippine Republic
  • Hong Kong Junta
  • Republic of Biak-Na-Bato
  • Katipunan
 Cabiao, Nueva Ecija
86. Commanding General-Philippine Republic[59]
  • Commander – Visayan Revolutionary Forces
  • Republic of Negros
  • Revolutionary Republic of Visayas
  • First Philippine Republic
 Negros Island
87. Roque Lopez Commander-in-chief
  • President of the Council of State(Federal States of Visayas)
  • President of "Estados Federal de Bisayas"[60]
  • President of the Provisional Revolutionary Government of the District of Visayas (November 17, 1898)- appointed by General Emilio Aguinaldo
  • "Estados Federal de Bisayas" (Federal States of Visayas)
  • Provisional Revolutionary Government of the District of Visayas
  • First Philippine Republic
  • Katipunan
 Jaro, Iloilo City
88. Commanding General-Katipunan General[61]
  • Magdiwang-Katipunan
  • Katipunan
 ?
89. Mateo Luga Brigadier General
  • The only ethnic (Ibanag) Filipino revolutionary general
  • A general from Luzon in the Cebu revolutionary force
  • Cebu Revolutionary Government
  • First Philippine Republic
  • Katipunan in Bulacan
 Paoay, Ilocos Norte
90. Vicente Lukbán Lieutenant General[62][63]
  • Comandante Militar -Visayas and Mindanao (1901)
  • Comandante Militar -Civil Governor – Bicol Region, Leyte (took over after General Ambrosio Mojica's surrender on May 18, 1901 and Samar (1898–1901)
  • Brigadier-General-Philippine Revolutionary Army (1898–1901)
  • Pro-Emilio Aguinaldo- Staff member of Aguinaldo's Government
  • First Philippine Republic
  • Member of the Hong Kong Junta (Emilio Aguinaldo's Exile Government in Hong Kong) along with brother, Justo Lukban (1897)
  • Katipunan
 Labo, Camarines Norte
  • Tayabas Province – Governor (1913–1916)
  • Military campaigns in Samar and Leyte
91. Antonio Luna Commander-in-chief-Captain General (Director of War, Malolos Republic)[64]
  • Lieutenant General-Commander-in-Chief of all the Filipino forces in Central Luzon (Bulacan, Tarlac, Pampanga, Nueva Ecija, Bataan, Zambales)

(March 1, 1899)-appointment by General Emilio Aguinaldo[65][66]

  • Founder of Academia Militar in Malolos, Bulacan (October 1898)
  • Chief of War Operations-Brigadier General[67] (September 26, 1898)
  • First Philippine Republic
 Binondo, Manila
92. Commanding General-Philippine Republic
  • Federated States of Visayas
  • First Philippine Republic
  • Katipunan in Visayas
 Pototan, Iloilo
93. Commanding General-Philippine Republic
  • Federated States of Visayas
  • First Philippine Republic
  • Katipunan in Visayas
 Pototan, Iloilo
94. Teresa Magbanua Commanding General-Philippine Republic[68]
  • Also known as "Nay Isa" and "The Joan of Arc of the Visayas"
  • Federated States of Visayas
  • First Philippine Republic
  • Katipunan in Visyas
 Pototan, Iloilo
95. Francisco Makabulos Commanding General-Philippine Republic[69]
  • Also noted as Francisco Macabulos
  • First Philippine Republic
  • Pro-Emilio Aguinaldo
  • First Philippine Republic
  • Provisional Government of Central Luzon
  • Katipunan in Tarlac- inducted by Ladislao Diwa
 La Paz, Tarlac
96. Commanding General-Katipunan General[70]
  • Katipunan-Magdiwang
  • Katipunan
 Polo, Valenzuela, Metro Manila
97. Miguel Malvar Commander-in-chief[71]-after capture of General Emilio Aguinaldo and surrender of General Mariano Trias
  • President of the Tagalog Republic after Emilio Aguinaldo's capture
  • Commanding General-"Army of Liberation" after capture of General Emilio Aguinaldo
  • Commanding General of Batangas Province
  • Commanding General-Philippine Republic - Southern Tagalog Army[72]
  • Commanding General-Katipunan- Malvar Brigade- fought alongside General Edilberto Evangelista and General Paciano Rizal[71]
  • First Philippine Republic
  • Philippine Revolutionary Government
  • Katipunan-Magdiwang
  • Katipunan in Batangas
 Santo Tomas, Batangas
98. [73] Commander-in-chief
  • Presidente Generalisimo[74] (President-General) and founder of Western Pangasinan Katipunan Council (November 18, 1897)
  • Also noted as Roman Manalan, Roman Manolan
  • Commanding General-Katipunan General- Officers under his command were General Mauro Ortiz and Colonel Felipe Quintos
  • Post -Brigandage Act of 1902 General
  • Killed in 1903
  • First Philippine Republic
  • Katipunan-Western Pangasinan Katipunan Council
 Castillejos, Zambales
99. Commanding General-Philippine Republic[75]
  • Nom de guerre -“Heneral Teryo"
  • Commander of "Battalon Maluya"
  • Commanding General-Batangas Revolutionary under General Miguel Malvar
  • Commanding General- Revolutionary Expeditionary Forces in Tayabas
 Magdiwang Batangas
100. Marcela Marcelo Commanding General-Katipunan General[76]
  • "Selang Bagsik (Fierce Sela)" – nom de guerre[77]
  • One of the leaders against the Spanish in "Battle of Pasong Santol"- killed in action
  • Katipunan in Malibay
 Pasay (Barangay Malibay)
101. Commanding General-Philippine Republic
  • Also noted as Guillermo Masangcay
  • Commanding General-Katipunan General[78]
  • One of the Katipunan advisers of Andres Bonifacio[78]
  • Present durinth the "Cry of Pugad Lawin"
 Pro-Andrés Bonifacio Tondo, Manila (Meisic)
102. Tomás Mascardo Brigadier General
  • Chief of Revolutionary Intelligence Service in Manila[78]
  • One of the commanders in the "Battle of Zapote Bridge" in 1897
  • First Philippine Republic
  • Republic of Biak-na-Bato
  • Katipunan-Magdalo
 Cavite del Viejo (Kawit, Cavite)
103. Arcadio Maxilom Commander-in-chief
  • Supreme commander Cebu Revolutionary forces after General Pantaleon Villegas[6]
  • Commanding General-Philippine Republic
  • Commanding General-Katipunan General
  • Federated States of Visayas
  • Provincial Government of Cebu
  • First Philippine Republic
  • Katipunan in Cebu
 Tuburan, Cebu
104. Field guerrilla Commander (post-capture of President Emilio Aguinaldo)
  • Commander[79] of Tiaong-Candelaria Guerrilla Column-Banahaw Battalion of General Miguel Malvar's Tagalog Republic
  • "de facto general" when General Miguel Malvar surrendered on April 13, 1902
  • Lt. Colonel - First Philippine Republic
  • "Army of Liberation" of General Miguel Malvar
  • Tagalog Republic of General Miguel Malvar
  • First Philippine Republic
  • Revolutionary Government of the Philippines
  • Katipunan in Batangas
 Tiaong, Quezon (formerly Tayabas Province)
105. Commanding General-Philippine Republic
  • Second President of Federal States of the Visayas (January 17, 1899) after General Roque Lopez
  • Federal State of the Visayas
  • Cebu Revolutionary Government
  • First Philippine Republic
 Molo, Iloilo
106. Commanding General-Katipunan General
  • Cebuano general and hero who helped General Leon Kilat in battle against Spanish rule in Cebu
  • First Philippine Republic
  • Federated States of Visayas
  • Revolutionary Provisional Government in Cebu
  • Katipunan in Cebu
 Cebu City,
107. Brigadier General[80]
  • Also noted as Ambrosio Moxica
  • Capitan Municipal of Indang, Cavite[81]
  • Military Governor of Leyte[82]
  • First Philippine Republic
  • Commander of the Leyte Forces of the First Philippine Republic prior to General Lucban taking over the post
  • Employed shock guerilla tactics against the American forces using auxiliary religious revolutionary troops-"Pulahanes" and "Dios-dios" fanatics
 Indang, Cavite - in Barrio Buna
  • Military campaigns in Leyte
108. Commanding General-Katipunan General
  • Magdiwang Council-Minister of Finance
  • First Philippine Republic
  • Katipunan-Magdiwang
 San Francisco de Malabon (General Trias)
109. Lieutenant-General[83]
  • Tagalog Republic under Macario Sakay
  • Tagalog Republic under Miguel Malvar
  • Tagalog Republic under Andres Bonifacio
  • First Philippine Republic
  • Katipunan
 Cavite
110. Commanding General-Philippine Republic
  • Governor of the Province of Manila - Central Government of Luzon[19]
  • First Philippine Republic
  • Hong Kong Junta
  • Katpunan-Magdalo
 Cavite
111. Gregoria Montoya Brigadier General (posthumous)[84]
  • Killed in action along with generals Crispulo Aguinaldo, Candido Tirona and Simeon Latorre in the Battle of Binakayan[77]
  • Katipunan
  • Magdalo
 Cavite
112. Domingo Moriones Guerrilla General, post-capture of President Emilio Aguinaldo
  • Secretary of War-Tagalog Republic[85]
  • Tagalog Republic under Macario Sakay
  • First Philippine Republic
  • Revolutionary Government of the Philippines
  • Katipunan
 Cavite
113. Julio Nakpil Commanding General-Katipunan General
  • Chief of the Army North of Manila - Katipunan Army (before General Emilio Jacinto)
  • First Philippine Republic
  • Tagalog Republic under Andres Bonifacio
  • Pro-Andrés Bonifacio
  • Katipunan
 Manila
114. Benito Natividad Brigadier General *First Philippine Republic Nueva Ecija
115. Mamerto Natividad Brigadier General Pro-Emilio Aguinaldo Nueva Ecija
116. Brigadier General *First Philippine Republic Nueva Ecija
117. Brigadier General
  • Katipunan-Jocson
  • Philippine Revolutionary Government
  • Katipunan
 Manila
  • Military campaigns in Morong (Rizal) Province and Bulacan Province
118. Brigadier General[19]
  • Also notes as "No-con"
  • First Philippine Republic
  • Revolutionary Government of the Philippines
  • Katipunan-Magdiwang
  • Katipunan
 Cavite
119. Mariano Noriel Brigadier General[86]
  • First Philippine Republic
  • Katipunan
 Bacoor, Cavite
120. Simeón Ola Brigadier General
  • First Philippine Republic
 Guinobatan, Albay
121. Mauro Ortiz Commanding General-Katipunan General[87]
  • Commanding Generals in Zambales and Pangasinan[88]
  • First Philippine Republic
  • Katipunan
 Alaminos, Pangasinan
122. Insurgent General[42]
  • Guerrilla commander Batangas-Laguna zones
  • Brigadier General[89][90] under the "Tagalog Republic" of Macario Sakay
  • Commander of guerrilla unit operating along Batangas Province's lake towns
  • Commander of "Army of Liberation" of General Miguel Malvar[71]
  • Southern Tagalog-Batangas Revolutionary Army
  • Insurgent General - Post- Brigandage Act of November 12, 1902
  • Repúbliká ng̃ Katagalugan - Tagalog Republic (Macario Sakay)
  • Republic of Katagalugan and Army of Liberation"- under General Miguel Malvar
  • First Philippine Republic
 Lipa, Batangas
123. Andres Pacheco Division General
  • Katipunan General
  • First Philippine Republic
  • Katipunan
 Bulacan
124. Commanding General-Katipunan General
  • "Hininga" (Breath) – Katipunan nom de guerre
  • Head of the section "Pagtibain" of the Katipunan branch "Katagalugan" (Tondo)
  • Secretary of War[91]-Mount Puray Agreement-Departmental Government of Central Luzon (1897)
  • First Philippine Republic
  • Magdiwang (Katipunan faction)
  • Katipunan-Katagalugan branch
 Tondo, Manila
125. Commanding General-Katipunan General
  • Secretary of Finance of Republic of Katalugan (July 1896)[17]
  • Sons Alfonso and Cipriano were also officers of the Revolutionary Government
  • First Philippine Republic
  • Magdiwang Council
  • Katipunan – "Katagalugan" Council
 Tondo, Manila
  • Present during the Cry of Pugadlawin in Caloocan
126. Field guerrilla Commander (Katipunan)
  • One of the Capitan Municipal (Mayor) of Morong (Rizal) province
  • First Philippine Republic
  • Katipunan
 Rizal Province (Morong)
  • Military skirmishes against US forces in municipalities of Cainta and Bacoor
127. Jose Ignacio Paua Brigadier General
  • Also noted as Jose Ignacio Pawa
  • Full-blooded Chinese general in revolutionary rank
  • First Philippine Republic
  • Katipunan-Magdalo
 Fujian, China
128. Commanding General-Philippine Republic
  • Federal States of Visayas
  • FIrst Philippine Republic
 Iloilo
129. Colorum General-Religious and Agrarian insurrection
  • Also known as Commander "Otoy" of the guerrilla forces in Samar and Leyte islands
  • One of the leaders of "Pulahan" religious-auxiliary brigade and "Babaylan" revolutionaries
  • Considered as a Colorum leader
  • Post -Brigandage Act of 1902 Commander
  • Killed in action in Cancoyao on October 1, 1911 by Lt Leon Puno of the Philippine Constabulary
  • Katipunan
  • Dios-Dios religious sect
 Leyte
130. Brigadier General
  • Along with generals Artemio Ricarte and Diego Mojica, he was one of the three Revolutionary leaders of Battle of San Francisco de Malabon[92]
  • Katipunan-Magdiwang
  • First Philippine Republic
 Cavite
131. Commanding General-Philippine Republic
  • General-Military Governor[22] of the Provisional Revolutionary Government in Bohol (appointed by General Emilio Aguinaldo on January 16, 1899)
  • First Philippine Republic
  • Federal States Of Visayas
  • Republic of Negros
  • Republic of Bohol
 Cavite
132. Artemio Ricarte Lieutenant General[93] (Captain General from 1897 to 1898)[94]
  • Nom de guerre- "Vibora" (Viper)
  • First Philippine Republic
  • Katipunan Magdiwang (Mapagtiis)
 Batac, Ilocos Norte
133. Commanding General-Katipunan General
  • Magdiwang Council-Secretary of Welfare[95]
  • First Philippine Republic
  • Magdiwang
  • Katipunan
 Maragondon, Cavite
134. Brigadier General[96]
  • First Philippine Republic
  • Magdiwang
  • Katipunan
 Maragondon, Cavite
135. General, Religious Auxiliary
  • Katipunan
  • First Philippine Republic
  • Auxiliary Brigade supporting General Miguel Malvar and Lt. Col. Emilio Zurbano (Military Governor of Tayabas) – "Army of Liberation" guerrilla campaign
  • Post -Brigandage Act of 1902 General[42] taking over Lt. Col. Emiliano Zurbano's guerilla command in Tayabas
 Tayabas, Quezon
136. Commanding General-Philippine Republic
  • Commanding General Visayan Central Zone[30] - appointed during revolutionary assembly to create a provisional Visayan Revolutionary Government (Santa Barbara, Iloilo, 1898)
  • Federal States of Visayas
  • First Philippine Republic
  • Katipunan in the Visayas
  • Ilonggo Revolutionary leader
 Iloilo
137. Paciano Rizal Major General[101]
  • First Philippine Republic
 Calamba, Laguna
138. Commanding General-Katipunan General[102]
  • General, Religious Auxiliary
  • "Dimabunggo" - Katipunan nom-de-guerre
  • Folk religious leader - reported to have 10,000 followers (men, women, and children) encamped in support of revolution in Kakarong
  • Former schoolmaster
  • Supported by General Mariano Alvarez and the Magdiwang Council
  • Katipunan (Balangay Dimas-Alang)
 Bulacan
139. Macario Sakay
Macario Sacay.jpg 		Commander-in-chief
  • President of Tagalog Republic[103]
  • Insurgent General, post-Brigandage Act
  • Commanding General-Katipunan General
  • First Philippine Republic
  • Pro-Andrés Bonifacio
  • Katipunan
 Tondo, Manila
140. Commanding General-Katipunan General[104]
  • Section Commander-Guerrilla Troops of General Luciano San Miguel[29]
  • First Philippine Republic
  • Katipunan in Caloocan
  • Magdiwang
 Caloocan , Manila
141. Teodoro Sandiko Brigadier General
  • Also noted as Teodoro Sandico
  • First Philippine Republic
  • Revolutionary Government of the Philippines
  • Katipunan
 Pandacan, Manila
142. Commander-in-Chief-Captain General[31]
  • Chief of all Troops[28]
  • Supreme commander of the remaining revolutionary forces (1902)[31]
  • Brigadier General[106]
  • Commander of the rebel lines in San Francisco de Malabon
  • First Philippine Republic
  • Tagalog Republic
  • Katipunan
 Noveleta, Cavite
  • March 27, 1903 – Killed in action during the "Battle of Corral-na-Bato" in Morong (now Rizal)
143. Guerrilla General, post-capture of President Emilio Aguinaldo
  • Field guerrilla Commander (Katipunan) under General Luciano San Miguel[31]
  • Post -Brigandage Act of 1902 General
  • Katipunan
  • First Philippine Republic
  • Tagalog Republic
 Central Luzon campaigns
  • Western Luzon campaigns
144. Commanding General-Katipunan General[31]
  • Assassinated by allegedly ordered by Feliciano Jocson (Katipunan-Jocson Faction)[107]
  • First Philippine Republic
  • Tagalog Republic
  • Katipunan
 Marikina
145. Brigadier General Pro-Andrés Bonifacio Manila
146. Commanding General-Katipunan General
  • General "Consejero" -War Counselor[108]
  • Katipunan
 Bulacan
147. Commanding General-Philippine Republic[109]
  • Also noted as Gabino Sepulveda
  • Federal State of the Visayas
  • First Philippine Republic
 Cebu
148. Commanding General-Katipunan General[110]
  • Also known as "Matandang Leon" (Old Lion) or "Laong"[16]
  • Former bandit turn revolutionary- appointed by Andres Bonifacio
  • Killed in action in "Pasong Tamo" skirmish (August 26, 1896)
  • Katipunan
  • Pro-Andres Bonifacio
 San Francisco de Malabon (General Trias)
149. Pablo Tecson Brigadier General
  • First Philippine Republic
  • Pro-Emilio Aguinaldo
  • Katipunan
 Bulacan
150. Trinidad Tecson Commanding General-Philippine Republic
  • First Philippine Republic
  • Pro-Emilio Aguinaldo
  • Katipunan
 Bulacan
151. Commanding General-Katipunan General
  • First Philippine Republic
  • Federal State of the Visayas
 Dumaguete, Negros Oriental
152. Manuel Tinio Brigadier General[111]
  • Commander of "The Tinio Brigade"
  • First Philippine Republic
  • Pro-Emilio Aguinaldo
  • Katipunan
 Nueva Ecija
153. Candido Tirona Major General
  • Magdalo-Katipunan
  • Katipunan
 Kawit, Cavite
154. Daniel Tirona Brigadier General
  • First Philippine Republic
  • Magdalo-Katipunan
  • Katipunan
 Kawit, Cavite
155. Insurgent General
  • Post-Brigandage Act of 1902 Brigadier General – took over after General Simeon Ola's surrender (September 25, 1903)
  • Colonel under General Simeon Ola's guerrilla brigade
  • Officer under General Vito Belarmino's Command in the Bicol Region
  • First Philippine Republic
  • Katipunan in Bicol
 Bicol Region
156. Licerio Topacio Commanding General-Katipunan General[112]
  • Eldest delegate at age 58 in the Tejeros Convention representing the Magdalo Faction
  • Municipal President of Imus during the American government in the Philippines
  • First Philippine Republic
  • Katipunan-Magdalo
  • Katipunan
 Imus, Cavite
157. Brigadier General
  • Also noted as "Isidro"
  • Katipunan code name and nom de guerre "Matang Lawin" (Hawkeye)
  • First Philippine Republic
  • Philippine Revolutionary Government
  • Katipunan in Bulacan
 Bulacan
158. Mariano Trías Lieutenant General[113]
  • First Philippine Republic
  • Magdiwang to Magdalo
 San Francisco de Malabon, Cavite - present day (General Trias)
159. Pío Valenzuela General, Chief of Medicine and Health
  • Commanding General-Katipunan General
  • Close friend and adviser of Andres Bonifacio
  • First Philippine Republic
  • Katipunan-Magdiwang
  • Pro-Andrés Bonifacio
  • Katipunan
 Polo, Bulacan - present day(Valenzuela, Metro Manila)
160. Pantaleón Valmonte Brigadier General
  • Also noted as Pantaleón Belmonte
 Neutral Nueva Ecija
161. Brigadier General *First Philippine Republic
  • Katipunan
 Bohol
162. Brigadier General[114]
  • Colonel under General Arcadio Maxilom
  • Katipunan Lieutenant
  • Katipunan in Cebu
  • Revolutionary Republic of Cebu
  • First Philippine Republic
 Cebu
163. Pantaleon Villegas Commanding General-Katipunan General
  • His nom de guerre was "Leon Kilat" (Lightning Lion)
  • Assassinated on Good Friday, April 8, 1898, in Carcar, Cebu by his own aide-de-camp, Apolinario Alcuitas
  • Katipunan
  • First Philippine Republic
 Bacong, Negros Oriental
164. Brigadier General[115]
  • Military Governor of Zambales and, later, of Camarines [82]
  • Colonel of First Philippine Republic
  • Captain of Revolutionary Army
  • First Philippine Republic
  • Revolutionary Government of the Philippines
  • Katipunan
 San Francisco de Malabon[115](General Trias)
165. Flaviano Yengko Brigadier General
  • Magdalo-Katipunan
  • Katipunan
 Manila

Table Legend[]

  1. ^ Grade here refers to military, organizational, or leadership rank with regards to the Katipunan movement, governments of First Philippine Republic, and regional Federated states and provincial republics. Second, it also includes guerrilla-structured Post-Republic campaign during the Philippine–American War that includes "de facto" leadership, guerrilla leadership, "cacique"[116] or chieftain leadership. Third, leaders who are categorized as part of "bandolerisimo" leadership after Brigandage Act of November 12, 1902 (American-influenced Philippine legislature changed status of all Philippine Revolutionary Republican soldiers from enemy insurgent to "ladrones", "bandoleros" or "tulisanes" (bandits and outlaws), effectively criminalizing all resistance activities or revolts) are also described in this section. Fourth, Kolorum (Colorum)[117] leaders and "generals" who heads religious and fanatic based rebel groups are also noted in this section.
  1. ^ Affiliation here refers to support of political fractions or individuals in the Katipunan movement, government of First Philippine Republic, or guerrilla-structured Post-Republic campaign during the Philippine–American War.
  1. ^ Province here refers to provinces or regions within the individual's areas of operational responsibilities.

Addendum[]

The Philippine American War or "Philippine Insurrection" has two phases. First phase was the conventional military warfare between two organized armies: The US Forces and the First Philippine Republican Army. This was period was from February to November 1899. The second phase started from November 1899 when the Revolutionary army was dissipated into "guerrilla" -style warfare. This was based on smaller organized units of soldiers and local civilian supporters. Leadership became arbitrary with succession of "generals" and "commanders" based on who was second in command from the hierarchy of the old republic or who has more supporters or people under one's command. The remnants of the First Philippine Republic continued the struggle for independence into local regional and provincial levels as late as 1915.[118]

References[]

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  2. ^ a b "Talisay's Aliño brothers honored". SunStar Cebu. SunStar Publishing Inc. August 26, 2019. the Aliño brothers started the uprising against Spain in Talisay, then a municipality, a day before the Battle of Tres Abril
  3. ^ Worcester, Dean Conant (January 1, 1930). The Philippines Past and Present, Volume 1. The Macmillan Co. p. 215.
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  5. ^ Alvarez 1992, p. 116 (confirms General Officer status, but not specific grade).
  6. ^ a b "Cebu streets keep revolution alive". Philippine Daily Inquirer. December 2, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2020.
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  13. ^ Alvarez 1992, p. 149 (confirms General Officer status, but not specific grade).
  14. ^ Linn 2000, p. 97
  15. ^ Alvarez 1992, p. 20
  16. ^ a b c d Danilo Dolor. "The Events of August 1896 : A Chronology". Manitoba Filipino Journal. Retrieved December 19, 2019. the following were appointed brigadier generals Aguedo del Rosario, Ramon Bernardo, Vicente Fernandez and Gregorio Coronel
  17. ^ a b c Guerrero, Milagros; Encarnacion, Emmanuel; Villegas, Ramon (2003). "Andrés Bonifacio and the 1896 Revolution". Sulyap Kultura. Philippines: National Commission for Culture and the Arts. 1 (2): 3–12.
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  22. ^ a b c "Bohol participation in the Philippine Revolution". Webline Bohol, Philippines. Provincial Government of Bohol. 1999. Retrieved April 16, 2020.
  23. ^ Edgar Allan M., Sembrano (July 4, 2016). "Fernando Canon: Revolutionary, classical guitarist, inventor, chess champion, rival of Rizal". Philippine Daily Inquirer.
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  26. ^ "HEROES OF IMUS". The Official Website of the City of Imus. Retrieved December 31, 2019. The Ilustrado and landowner who turned general during the Spanish Revolution who took charge of logistics of the Katipuneros and later joined the American Revolution in Cavite.
  27. ^ United States Congressional Serial Set. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1902. p. 292.
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  38. ^ Halili 2004, p. 149 (confirms General Officer status, but not specific grade).
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Works cited in footnotes[]

General references[]

  • Agoncillo, Teodoro C. (1990) [1960]. History of the Filipino People (8th ed.). Quezon City: Garotech Publishing. ISBN 971-8711-06-6.
  • Cruz, Isagani A. (2000). Res Gestae: A Brief History of the Supreme Court. Manila: Rex Book Store.
  • Ochosa, Orlino (January 1, 1995). Bandoleros, Outlawed Guerrillas of the Philippine–American War, 1903–1907. United States of America: New Day Publishers. ISBN 9711005557.
  • Quintos, Felipe (1926). Sipi awaray gelew diad Pilipinas: (Revolucion Filipina) ginawa nen Felipe Quintos. Lingayen, Pangasinan: Gumawid Press.
  • Ricklefs, M.C.; Lockhart, Bruce; Lau, Albert; Reyes, Portia; Aung-Thwin, Maitrii (2010). A New History of Southeast Asia 2010th Edition. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 284. ISBN 978-0230212145.
  • Shaw, Angel Velasco; Francia, Luis (2002). Vestiges of War: the Philippine–American War and the Aftermath of an Imperial Dream, 1899-1999. New York University Press.
  • KASAYANYAN NG LAHI- A HISTORY OF THE FILIPINO PEOPLE. 1974.
  • The Philippine revolution and beyond: Papers from the International Conference on the Centennial of the 1896 Philippine Revolution. Philippine Centennial Commission and National Commission for Culture and the Arts. 1998. ISBN 9719201819.
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