List of conflicts in the Near East

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This article is about conflicts in the Near East up until the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire. For a more extensive list of conflicts from the 20th and 21st centuries, see List of modern conflicts in the Middle East.

  The limited, modern, archaeological, and historical context of the Near East.
  The Middle and Near East.
Logotype for the Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs.
Western Asia.
A map detailing possible definitions used for the boundary between Europe and Asia in different periods throughout history. The red line marked "A" is apparently the "Strahlenberg" definition commononly taught in Soviet Russia. The modern mainstream definitions used by the United Nations are marked with the lines "B" (the Ural mountains and Ural river) and "F" (Caucasus watershed) in this image.

This is a list of conflicts in the Near East arranged; first, chronologically from the epipaleolithic until the end of the late modern period (c. 20,000 years Before Present – c. AD 1945); second, geographically by sub-regions (starting from east to west; then, south to north). This list includes most present-day sovereign states (some of which may be disputed) beginning eastward from West and Central Asia (the Republic of Iraq, State of Kuwait, and Islamic republics of Iran, Pakistan, and Afghanistan), Syria (the Syrian Arab Republic and Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan), Transcaucasia (the republics of Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia, Abkhazia, Artsakh, and South Ossetia), Anatolia and Eastern Thrace (the Republic of Turkey), Arabian Peninsula (the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, State of Qatar, United Arab Emirates, Sultanate of Oman, and Republic of Yemen), Levant (the Lebanese Republic, Republic of Cyprus, Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, and the states of Israel and Palestine), Northeast Africa (the Arab Republic of Egypt and Republic of the Sudan), and Northwest Africa (the State of Libya, Republic of Tunisia, People's Democratic Republic of Algeria, Kingdom of Morocco, Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, and Islamic Republic of Mauritania). Also listed might be any raid, strike, skirmish, siege, sacking, and/or battle (both land and naval) that occurred on the territories of a modern country occupying what may today be referred to as the "Middle East" (or the "Ancient Near East" when in reference to this region's military history during classical antiquity); however, was itself only part of an operation of a campaign in a theater of a greater, interregional war (e.g. any and/or all border, undeclared, colonial, proxy, liberation, world wars, etc.) There may also be periods of violent, civil unrest listed; such as, shootouts, spree killings, massacres, terrorist attacks, coups, assassinations, regicides, riots, rebellions, revolutions, and civil wars (as well as wars of succession and/or independence). The list might also contain episodes of human sacrifice, mass suicide, and ethnic cleansing/genocide.

Ancient times[]

Further information: History of the Middle East, Ancient Near East, Fertile Crescent, History of the Caucasus, and Elam

Bronze Age[]

Egypt[]

Further information: History of Egypt
  • Early Dynastic Period of Egypt
    • c. 3100 BC Unification of Upper and Lower Egypt
  • Second Intermediate Period of Egypt
  • New Kingdom of Egypt
      • 1550/1549-1531 BC Conquest of Hyksos-ruled Lower Egypt by Ahmose I of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt
      • c.1537 BCE Ahmose I's campaigns to Syria and Nubia.
      • 16 April 1457 BCE Battle of Megiddo – a battle between Ancient Egyptian forces under the pharaoh Thutmose III and a large Canaanite coalition.
      • Battle of Kadesh, fought in May 1247 BCE between Ramses II and the Hittite Empire.

Mesopotamia[]

Further information: History of Mesopotamia
  • Early Dynastic Period of Mesopotamia
    • c. 2500 BC Enmebaragesi of Kish subdued Elam
    • c. 2500 BC Aga of Kish, the son of Enmebaragesi of Kish, besieged Uruk
    • c. 2500 BC Enmerkar of Uruk's year-long siege of Aratta
    • c. 2500 BC Dumuzid of Uruk captured Enmebaragesi of Kish single-handed
    • c. 2500 BC Enshakushanna of Uruk conquered Hamazi, Akkad, Kish, and Nippur, claiming hegemony over all of Sumer. Enshakushanna was succeeded in Uruk by Lugal-kinishe-dudu, but the hegemony seems to have passed to Eannatum of Lagash for a time
    • c. 2500 BC Eannatum of Lagash conquered all of Sumer, including Ur, Nippur, Akshak, Larsa, and Uruk (controlled by Enshakushanna)
    • c. 2500 BC En-anna-tum I of Lagash succeeded his brother Eannatum and defended Lagash against Ur-Lumma of Umma
    • c. 2500 BC Entemena of Lagash succeeded his father En-anna-tum I and re-established Lagash as a power in Sumer. He defeated Illi of Umma, with the aid of Lugal-kinishe-dudu of Uruk (the successor to Enshakushanna)
    • c. 2500 BC Lugal-Anne-Mundu of Adab subjected the "Four-Quarters" of the world – i.e., the entire Fertile Crescent region, from the Mediterranean to the Zagros Mountains
    • c. 2355 BC – 2334 BC (middle chronology) Lugal-zage-si of Umma conquered several of the Sumerian city-states – including Kish, where he overthrew Ur-Zababa; Lagash, where he overthrew Urukagina; Ur, Nippur, and Larsa; as well as Uruk
  • Akkadian Period
    • c. 2334 – 2270 BC Sargon of Akkad established a vast empire which is thought to have included large parts of Mesopotamia, and included parts of modern-day Iran, Asia Minor and Syria
      • Conquest of Elam
      • c. 2271 BC Battle of Uruk
      • Syria and Canaan campaigns
      • Akkadian conquest of Ebla
      • Magan revolt
      • Lullubi campaign of Naram-sin
  • Gutian period
    • c. 2193 – c. 2123 BC Gutian attacks on the Akkadian Empire
    • c. 2123 BC – 2112 BC After defeating the Gutian ruler Tirigan in Sumer with the aid of other cities, Utu-hengal of Uruk established himself as the king of Sumer
  • Ur III period
  • Isin-Larsa period
  • Old Babylonian period
    • c. 1792 BC – 1750 BC (Short chronology) Hammurabi of Babylon extended Babylon's control over Mesopotamia by winning a series of wars against neighboring kingdoms
  • Kassite dynasty

Levant[]

Further information: History of the ancient Levant
  • c. 2492 BC Battle between Haik and Nimrod
  • c. 2300 BC Mari-Ebla's Hundred Years War
    • c. 2300 BC Battle of Terqa
  • c. 2000 BC Battle of Siddim
  • c. 1900 BC Qatna-Yamhad conflict
  • c. 1770 BC Yamhad kingdom conquests
  • c. 1650 BC - 1600 BC Hittite-Syrian Wars
  • Israelite Campaigns
    • Early Israelite campaigns
  • c. 14th century BC "Syrian Wars"
  • c. 1247 BC Battle of Kadesh

Anatolia[]

Further information: History of Anatolia
  • c. 1650 BC – 1600 BC Conquests of Hattusili I and Mursili I
  • c. 1430 BC – 1350 BC Kaska invasions of Hatti

Early Iron Age[]

Note: This section is covering Iron Age I and II, Iron Age III is related as Classic Period

Main articles: Egyptian Empire, Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy), Kingdom of Judah, Neo-Assyrian Empire, Median Empire, Neo-Babylonian Empire, and Achaemenid Empire

Classical antiquity[]

Greco-Persian domination[]

Main articles: Achaemenid Empire, Greco-Persian Wars, Alexander the Great, and Wars of the Diadochi
  • Ionian Revolt 499–493 BC
  • First Persian invasion of Greece 492–490 BC
  • Egyptian Revolt 486 BC
  • Second Persian invasion of Greece 480–478 BC
  • Wars of Delian League 477–449 BC
  • Wars of the Diadochi 322–275 BC
  • Syrian Wars 274–168 BC
    • First Syrian War (274–271 BC)
    • Second Syrian War (260–253 BC)
    • Third Syrian War (246–241 BC)
    • Fourth Syrian War (219–217 BC)
    • Fifth Syrian War (202–195 BC)
    • Sixth Syrian War (170–168 BC)
  • Seleucid–Parthian wars 238–129 BC
  • Roman–Syrian War 192–188 BC
  • Maccabean Revolt 167–160 BC

Roman, Parthian and Sassanid domination[]

Main article: Roman–Persian Wars

Medieval times[]

Modern times[]

Early modern period[]

Early Ottoman expansion[]

Ottoman era period conflicts 1453–1516

Conflicts involving the Ottoman empire[]

Late modern period[]

Conflicts involving the Ottoman empire[]

Ottoman Tanzimat period[]

Post-Ottoman era conflicts[]

This article is about past conflicts in the Near East. For modern conflicts (post-Ottoman period), see List of modern conflicts in the Middle East.

See also[]

References[]

  1. ^ Ergil, Doğu, PKK: The Kurdistan Workers' Party, in Marianne Heiberg, Brendan O'Leary, John Tirman, eds., Terror, insurgency, and the state: ending protracted conflicts, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2007, p.356
  2. ^ Chaliand, Gérard, The Kurdish tragedy, Palgrave Macmillan, 1994, p.25
  3. ^ Vanly, Ismet Chériff, The Kurds in the Soviet Union, in Philip G. Kreyenbroek, Stefan Sperl, eds., The Kurds: a contemporary overview, Routledge, 2000, p.196
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