List of wars involving Portugal

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The following is an incomplete list of Portugal wars and battles from the County to modern Portugal.

County of Portugal (868-1139)[]

Conflict Combatant 1 Combatant 2 Result
Battle of Aguioncha
(966)
PortugueseFlag1095.svg County of Portugal Bandeirareinogaliza.svg Kingdom of Galicia Victory
Battle of Pedroso
(1071)
PortugueseFlag1095.svg County of Portugal Bandeirareinogaliza.svg Kingdom of Galicia Defeat
Battle of São Mamede
(1128)
PortugueseFlag1095.svg County of Portugal
Supported by:
Bandeirareinogaliza.svg Kingdom of Galicia
Portuguese rebels Victory
  • Afonso Henriques takes the leadership of the County of Portugal and paves the way for an independent Kingdom of Portugal.
Battle of Cerneja
(1139)
PortugueseFlag1095.svg County of Portugal Leon banner.svg Kingdom of León Victory
  • War of Portuguese independence.

Kingdom of Portugal (1139–1910)[]

Conflict Combatant 1 Combatant 2 Result
Battle of Ourique
(1139)
PortugueseFlag1095.svg County of Portugal Flag of Almohad Dynasty.svg Andalusian Muslims of the Almoravids Victory
  • Afonso Henriques is acclaimed King of Portugal
Battle of Valdevez
(1140)
PortugueseFlag1095.svg Kingdom of Portugal Leon banner.svg Kingdom of León Victory
Conquest of Santarém and Siege of Lisbon
(1147)
PortugueseFlag1143.svg Kingdom of Portugal Flag of Almohad Dynasty.svg Andalusian Muslims of the Almoravids Victory
  • Conquest of Santarém and Lisbon

(1166-1169)
PortugueseFlag1095.svg Kingdom of Portugal Leon banner.svg Kingdom of León Defeat
  • Portugal was obliged to surrender as his ransom almost all the conquests Afonso had made in Galicia.
Siege of Santarém
(1184)
PortugueseFlag1143.svg Kingdom of Portugal
Leon banner.svg Kingdom of León
Flag of Almohad Dynasty.svg Almohad Caliphate Victory
  • Pope Alexander III formally recognized Afonso I as rex Portugalensium

(1189)
PortugueseFlag1143.svg Kingdom of Portugal Flag of Almohad Dynasty.svg Almohad Caliphate Victory
  • Part of the Reconquista.
Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa
(1212)
PortugueseFlag1143.svg Kingdom of Portugal
Estandarte del Reino de Castilla.svg Kingdom of Castile
Royal Banner of Aragón.svg Crown of Aragon
Flag of Almohad Dynasty.svg Almohad Caliphate Victory
  • Turning point in the Reconquista

(1249)
PortugueseFlag1143.svg Kingdom of Portugal Flag of Almohad Dynasty.svg Almohad Caliphate Victory
  • End of the Portuguese Reconquista.
Battle of Villanueva de Barcarrota
(1336)
PortugueseFlag1143.svg Kingdom of Portugal Royal Coat of Arms of the Crown of Castile (15th Century).svg Crown of Castile Defeat
  • Part of the Luso-Castillian War.
Battle of Río Salado
(1340)
PortugueseFlag1248.svg Kingdom of Portugal
Royal Coat of Arms of the Crown of Castile (15th Century).svg Crown of Castile
Marinid emblem of Morocco.svg Sultanate of Morocco
Fictitious Ottoman flag 2.svg Ottoman Empire
Royal Standard of Nasrid Dynasty Kingdom of Grenade.svg Emirate of Granada
Victory
  • Defeat of the Marinid invasion
Siege of Algeciras (1342–44) PortugueseFlag1248.svg Kingdom of Portugal
Royal Coat of Arms of the Crown of Castile (15th Century).svg Crown of Castile
Morocco Sultanate of Morocco
Royal Standard of Nasrid Dynasty Kingdom of Grenade.svg Emirate of Granada
Victory
War of the Two Peters
(1356-1375)
Escudo de la Corona de Castilla.svg Crown of Castile
Supported by:
Royal Arms of England (1340-1367).svg Kingdom of England
CoA civ ITA genova.png Republic of Genoa
PortugueseFlag1248.svg Kingdom of Portugal
Blason Royaume Navarre.svg Kingdom of Navarre
COA of Nasrid dynasty kingdom of Grenade (1013-1492).svg Kingdom of Granada
Armas del soberano de Aragón.svg Crown of Aragon
Supported by:
Royal Coat of Arms of the Crown of Castile (15th Century).svg Henry of Trastámara
Blason France moderne.svg Kingdom of France
Indecisive
1383–85 Portuguese interregnum
(1383-1385)
PortugueseFlag1385.svg Kingdom of Portugal
Supported by:
Royal Arms of England (1340-1367).svg Kingdom of England
Royal Coat of Arms of the Crown of Castile (15th Century).svg Crown of Castile
Supported by:
Arms of the Kings of France (France Ancien).svg Kingdom of France
Aragon arms.svg Crown of Aragon
Victory
  • Consolidation of Portuguese independence.
Conquest of Ceuta
(1415)
PortugueseFlag1385.svg Kingdom of Portugal Marinid emblem of Morocco.svg Sultanate of Morocco Victory
Siege of Ceuta (1419)
PortugueseFlag1385.svg Kingdom of Portugal Marinid emblem of Morocco.svg Sultanate of Morocco
Standard of Grenade after Cresques Atlas s XIV.svg Emirate of Granada
Victory
Battle of Tangier (1437)
PortugueseFlag1385.svg Kingdom of Portugal Marinid emblem of Morocco.svg Sultanate of Morocco Defeat
Conquest of Asilah
(1471)
PortugueseFlag1385.svg Kingdom of Portugal Marinid emblem of Morocco.svg Wattasid Morocco Victory
War of the Castilian Succession
(1475–1479)
COA king Alphonse V of Portugal.svg Kingdom of Portugal
France moderne.svg Kingdom of France
Arms of the Crown of Castile (15th Century).svg Crown of Castile
Arms Aragon-Sicily (Template).svg Crown of Aragon
Indecisive
  • Isabella is recognised as Queen of Castile
  • Marriage of Isabella of Aragon and Afonso of Portugal
  • Portugal gains hegemony in the Atlantic south of the Canary Islands
  • Portugal recognizes Castile's claim to the Canary Islands
Battle of Cochin (1504)
(1504)
Flag Portugal (1495).svg Portugal
Kingdom of Cochin
Calicut

Vassal Malabari states (Edapalli, Cranganore, Kottakkal, Kingdom of Tanur, Beypore, Chaliyam, Pariyapuram etc.)[1]

Victory
Portuguese-Mamluk naval war
(1505-1517)
Flag Portugal (1495).svg Portugal Mameluke Flag.svg Mamluk Sultanate
Kingdom of Calicut
Bijapur Sultanate
Gujarat Sultanate Flag.gif Gujarat Sultanate
 Ottoman Empire
Victory
Capture of Ormuz
(1507)
Flag of Portugal (1495).svg Kingdom of Portugal Kingdom of Ormus
Safavid Flag.svg Safavid Empire
Victory
Ajuran-Portuguese wars
(1507-1542)
Flag of Portugal (1495).svg Kingdom of Portugal Muzzaffar (Mogadishu area) flag according to 1576 Portuguese map.svgAjuran Sultanate Defeat
  • Portuguese defeat at Benadir
  • Portuguese fail to conquer Ajuran territory.
Portuguese conquest of Goa
(1510)
Flag of Portugal (1495).svg Kingdom of Portugal Adil Shahi dynasty Victory
Battle of Azemmour
(1513)
Flag of Portugal (1495).svg Kingdom of Portugal Marinid emblem of Morocco.svg Wattasid Morocco Victory
  • Conquest of Azemmour in Morocco
Abyssinian–Adal war
(1529–1543)
 Ethiopian Empire
Flag of Portugal (1521).svg Kingdom of Portugal (1542–43)
Flag of Adal Sultanate.svg Adal Sultanate
 Ottoman Empire (1542–43)
Stalemate
  • Withdrawal of the Adal-Ottoman armies from the Ethiopian Highlands after the death of Ahmed ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi.[2]
  • Conflict continues between the armies of the Imperial and Amiric successors; Galawdewos and Nur ibn Mujahid.[3]
  • Weakening of the Abyssinians and Adalites, which opened the door for The Great Oromo Migrations.
Siege of Diu
(1538)
Flag of Portugal (1521).svg Kingdom of Portugal Gujarat Sultanate Flag.gifGujarat Sultanate
Fictitious Ottoman flag 2.svg Ottoman Empire
Victory
Ottoman–Portuguese conflicts
(1538–59)
 Ethiopian Empire
Flag of Portugal (1521).svg Kingdom of Portugal
Kingdom of Hormuz
Flag of Adal Sultanate.svg Adal Sultanate
 Ottoman Empire
Gujarat Sultanate Flag.gifGujarat Sultanate
Defeat
  • Ottoman gain control in the red sea.
  • Adal defeat Abyssinia and gain control of parts of Abyssinia.
Fall of Agadir
(1541)
Flag of Portugal (1521).svg Kingdom of Portugal Marinid emblem of Morocco.svg Saadi Morocco Defeat
  • Loss of Agadir in Morocco
1548 capture of Aden
(1548 )
Flag of Portugal (1521).svg Kingdom of Portugal Fictitious Ottoman flag 2.svg Ottoman Empire Defeat
  • Ottomans capture Aden, Yemen
Ottoman campaign against Hormuz
(1552-1554)
Flag of Portugal (1521).svg Kingdom of Portugal Fictitious Ottoman flag 2.svg Ottoman Empire Victory
  • Ottoman fleet destroyed
Ottoman–Portuguese conflicts
(1558–66)
Flag of Portugal (1521).svg Kingdom of Portugal Fictitious Ottoman flag 2.svg Ottoman Empire
Muzzaffar (Mogadishu area) flag according to 1576 Portuguese map.svgAjuran Sultanate
Defeat
Battle of Aceh
(1569)
Flag of Portugal (1521).svg Kingdom of Portugal Aceh Sultanate Sultanate of Aceh Victory
  • Aceh fleet destroyed
War of the League of the Indies
(1570 – 1574)
Flag of Portugal (1521).svg Kingdom of Portugal Sultanate of Bijapur
"Alam" Flag of the Nizam Shahi dynasty of the Ahmadnagar Sultanate.png Sultanate of Ahmadnagar
Zamorin of Calicut
Aceh Sultanate Sultanate of Aceh
Victory
Battle of Alcácer Quibir
(1578)
Flag of Portugal (1578).svg Kingdom of Portugal Marinid emblem of Morocco.svg Saadi Morocco
Fictitious Ottoman flag 2.svg Ottoman Empire
Decisive Defeat
  • 1580 Portuguese succession crisis
  • Rise of the Moroccan Saadi Empire
War of the Portuguese Succession
(1580–1583)
Portugal Portugal loyal to Prior of Crato
 France
 England
 United Provinces
Spain Crown of Spain
Portugal Portugal loyal to Philip of Spain
Decisive defeat for António, Prior of Crato
Ottoman–Portuguese conflicts
(1580–89)
Flag of Portugal (1578).svg Kingdom of Portugal Fictitious Ottoman flag 2.svg Ottoman Empire Victory
  • Portuguese control in the South East African coast restored and Mir Ali Bey captured
Siege of Johor (1587)
(1587)
Flag of Portugal (1578).svg Kingdom of Portugal Johor Sultanate Victory
Capture of Ormuz
(1622)
Flag of Portugal (1578).svg Kingdom of Portugal Safavid Flag.svg Safavid Empire
Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg English East India Company
Defeat
  • Ormuz (which was under Portuguese control since 1507) goes back to Persian control
Kongo-Portuguese War
(1622)
Battle of Mbumbi
Flag of Portugal (1578).svg Kingdom of Portugal Flag of the Kingdom of Kongo.svg Kingdom of Kongo Victory
Battle of Duyon River
(1629)
Flag of Portugal (1578).svg Kingdom of Portugal Aceh Sultanate Sultanate of Aceh Decisive Victory
  • Aceh's forces destroyed (loses 236 ships, 19,000 soldiers)
Sinhalese–Portuguese War
(1527-1658)
Flag of Portugal (1640).svg Kingdom of Portugal Flag of Sitawaka Kingdom (1521 - 1594).png Kingdom of Sitawaka
King of Kandy.svg Kingdom of Kandy
 Dutch East India Company
(After 1638)
Defeat
Dutch–Portuguese War
(1601–1661)
Flag of Portugal (1640).svg Kingdom of Portugal  Dutch Republic Indecisive
  • Formation of the Dutch Empire
  • Portuguese Restoration War
  • Portuguese victory in Brazil, Angola, Goa and Macau
  • Dutch victory in Ghana, Malacca, Sri Lanka and Indonesia
  • Both sides claim victory in India
Portuguese Restoration War
(1640-1668)
Portugal Kingdom of Portugal
Supported by:
 France
(1641–59)[4]
 Kingdom of England
(after 1662)
Spain Crown of Spain Victory
Battle of Mbwila
(1665)
Flag of Portugal (1667).svg Kingdom of Portugal Flag of the Kingdom of Kongo.svg Kingdom of Kongo Victory
Kongo-Portuguese War
(1670)
Battle of Kitombo
Flag of Portugal (1667).svg Kingdom of Portugal Kongo states of Soyo and Ngoyo Indecisive
Siege of Fort Jesus
(1696-1698)
Flag of Portugal (1667).svg Kingdom of Portugal Om 1958.gif Omani Empire

Muzzaffar (Mogadishu area) flag according to 1576 Portuguese map.svg Ajuran Empire

Defeat
  • Omani and Ajuran forces capture Fort Jesus
War of the Spanish Succession
(1701–1714)
Spain Spain loyal to Charles

Austria
 Great Britain (1707–13)[6]

 Dutch Republic
 Prussia
 Portugal
 Savoy
Hanover

Spain Spain loyal to Philip
  • Crown of Castile
  • Kingdom of Naples
  • Kingdom of Sicily

 France
Bavaria Bavaria (until 1704)
 Mantua

Political victory for Philip
Military victory for Charles

Treaties of Utrecht, Rastatt, and Baden:

  • Austria, Great Britain and the Dutch Republic recognise Philip V as King of Spain but he renounces any claim to the throne of France.
  • Spain cedes territories in Europe.
Ottoman–Venetian War
(1714–1718)
 Republic of Venice
Habsburg Monarchy Austria (from 1716)
 Kingdom of Portugal
 Order of Malta
 Papal States
 Spain
 Ottoman Empire Defeat
Naval Battle of Calicut (1752)
(1752)
Portugal Portugal Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg Maratha Empire Victory
Guaraní War
(1756)
Portugal Portugal
Spain Spain
Guaraní Victory
Seven Years' War
(1756–1763)
 Great Britain
 Prussia
Portugal Portugal (from 1762)
Province of Hanover Hanover
Coat of arms of the House of Welf-Brunswick (Braunschweig).svg Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
Flag of the Iroquois Confederacy.svg Iroquois Confederacy
Hesse-Kassel
Schaumburg-Lippe
 France
Flag of the Habsburg Monarchy.svg Austria
 Russia (until 1762)
Spain Spain (from 1762)
Sweden Sweden (1757–62)
Flag of Western Abenaki.svg Abenaki nation
Mughal Empire (from 1757)
Victory
Spanish-Portuguese War
(1776-1777)
Flag of Portugal (1750).svg Kingdom of Portugal Spain Spanish Empire Defeat
Bombardment of Algiers
(1784)
Spain Spain
Flag of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies (1738).svg Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
Sovereign Military Order of Malta Order of Saint John
Portugal
Flag of Ottoman Algiers.svg Regency of Algiers Victory
War of the Pyrenees
(1793-1795)
 Spain
 Portugal
Kingdom of France French Émigrés
 France Defeat
War of the Oranges
(1801)
 Portugal Spain Spain
 France
Defeat in Europe
Victory in South America
Peninsular War
(1808-1814)
Spain Bourbon Spain
 United Kingdom
 Portugal
 France
Bonapartist Spain
Duchy of Warsaw
Victory
  • Transfer of the Portuguese Court to Brazil
Portuguese conquest of French Guiana
(1809)
Kingdom of Portugal Portugal

 United Kingdom

 France Victory
Battle of the Tiger's Mouth
(1809-1810)
Portugal Portugal Red Flag Fleet Victory
War of the Sixth Coalition
(1813-1814)
 Russian Empire
Kingdom of Prussia Kingdom of Prussia
 Austrian Empire
 United Kingdom
Sweden Kingdom of Sweden
Spain Spanish Empire
Portugal Kingdom of Portugal
 Two Sicilies
 Kingdom of Sardinia
 First French Empire
 Napoleonic Italy
 Kingdom of Naples
Flag of the Duchy of Warsaw.svg Duchy of Warsaw[a]
Victory Treaty of Fontainebleau, First Treaty of Paris
  • Bourbon Restoration; Napoleon's exile to Elba
  • Various territorial changes
  • Beginning of the Congress of Vienna
  • Hostilities resume with the return of Napoleon to power in 1815
War of the Seventh Coalition
(1815)
 Russian Empire
Kingdom of Prussia Kingdom of Prussia
 Austrian Empire
 United Kingdom
Sweden Kingdom of Sweden
Spain Spanish Empire
Portugal Kingdom of Portugal
 Two Sicilies
 Kingdom of Sardinia
 Netherlands
 First French Empire
 Kingdom of Naples
Victory Second Treaty of Paris
Portuguese conquest of the Banda Oriental
(1816 - 1820)
Flag of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil, and the Algarves.svg United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves Flag of Artigas.svg Banda Oriental
 Entre Ríos
 Misiones
Victory
  • Annexation of the Banda Oriental to the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves.
Brazilian War of Independence
(1822-1824)
Flag of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil, and the Algarves.svg Portugal  Empire of Brazil
European mercenaries
Defeat
Liberal Wars
(1828-1834)
Liberals Miguelites Liberal Victory
First Carlist War
(1833-1840)
Carlists

Supported by:
Portugal (until 1834)

Liberals

Supported by:
France
United Kingdom
Portugal (from 1834)

Liberal Victory
Revolt of the Faitiões
(1846)
Portugal Portugal Chinese rebels Victory
Baishaling Incident
(1849)
Portugal Portugal Flag of the Qing Dynasty (1862-1889).svg China Victory
Bailundo Revolt
(1902-1904)
Portugal Portugal Ovimbundu Kingdoms Victory
Battle of Mufilo
(1907)
Portugal Portugal Ovamboland flag.svg Ovambo Victory

First Portuguese Republic (1910-1926)[]

Conflict Combatant 1 Combatant 2 Result
East Timorese rebellion of 1911–12
(1911–1912)
 Portugal East Timorese rebels Victory
World War I
(1914–1918)
 France
 United Kingdom
 Russia
 United States
Republic of China (1912–1949) China
 Italy
 Japan
 Canada
 Australia
 New Zealand
 India
 South Africa
Arab Revolt Hejaz
 Serbia
 Montenegro
 Romania
 Belgium
 Greece
 Portugal
 Brazil
 Germany
 Austria-Hungary
 Ottoman Empire
 Bulgaria
Victory
  • End of the German, Russian, Ottoman, and Austro-Hungarian empires
  • Formation of new countries in Europe and the Middle East
  • Transfer of German colonies and regions of the former Ottoman Empire to other powers
  • Establishment of the League of Nations

Second Portuguese Republic (1933-1974)[]

Conflict Combatant 1 Combatant 2 Result
Spanish Civil War
(1936–1939)
Spain Spanish Nationalists
 Italy
 Nazi Germany
Portugal Portugal
Second Spanish Republic Spanish Republicans
International Brigades

 Soviet Union
 Mexico

Victory
Integration of Dadra and Nagar Haveli
(1954)
Portugal Portugal  India Defeat
  • Incorporation of Dadra and Nagar Haveli into India.
1959 Viqueque rebellion
(1959)
Portugal Portugal East Timorese rebels Victory
Angolan War of Independence
(1961-1974)
Portugal Portugal MPLA
FNLA
UNITA
FLEC
Portuguese military victory
MPLA-Coalition Political victory
  • Ceasefire and independence after the Carnation revolution:

Alvor Agreement;

  • Angolan independence in 1975, start of the Angolan Civil War.[7]
Annexation of Portuguese India
(1961)
Portugal Portugal  India Defeat
  • Incorporation of Goa, Daman, and Diu into India.
Guinea-Bissau War of Independence
(1963-1974)
Portugal Portugal PAIGC
 Guinea (1970 only)
 Cuba[8]
Non-combat support:
 China[9][10][11]
 Soviet Union[12]
 Senegal[13]
 Libya[14][15]
 Algeria[16][17]
PAIGC Political victory[18]
Military stalemate[18]
  • Independence of Guinea-Bissau.
Mozambican War of Independence
(1964-1974)
Portugal Portugal Mozambique FRELIMO Portuguese military victory
FRELIMO Political victory[18]

Portugal (1974-present)[]

Conflict Combatant 1 Combatant 2 Result
Bosnian War
(1994-1995)
Part of the Yugoslav Wars
Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina

Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia Herzeg-Bosnia
 Croatia


 United States
 Belgium
 Canada
 Denmark
 France
 Germany
 Italy
 Luxembourg
 Netherlands
 Norway
 Portugal
 Spain
 Turkey
 United Kingdom

 Republika Srpska
YPA
 Serbian Krajina
Western Bosnia
Federal Republic of Yugoslavia FR Yugoslavia
Victory
  • Dayton Accords
  • Internal partition of Bosnia and Herzegovina according to the Dayton Accords
  • Deployment of NATO-led IFOR to oversee the peace agreement
  • Massive civilian casualties for the Bosniak ethnic group
Kosovo War
(1998-1999)
Part of the Yugoslav Wars
KLA
Albania AFRK
 Albania
 Croatia
 United States
 Belgium
 Canada
 Czech Republic
 Denmark
 France
 Germany
 Hungary
 Italy
 Luxembourg
 Netherlands
 Norway
 Portugal
 Poland
 Spain
 Turkey
 United Kingdom
Federal Republic of Yugoslavia FR Yugoslavia Victory
War in Afghanistan
(2001-2014)
Part of the War on Terror
 United States
 Afghanistan
ISAF
 United Kingdom

 Azerbaijan
 Germany
 Denmark
 Italy
 France
 Canada
 Australia
 New Zealand
 El Salvador
 Armenia
 Georgia
 Norway
 Sweden
 Poland
 Estonia
 Romania
 Turkey
 Bulgaria
 Hungary
 Luxembourg
 Portugal
 Jordan
 Albania
 Iceland
Northern Alliance

Afghanistan Taliban

Allied groups


Taliban splinter groups

2001 invasion:
Afghanistan Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan

  • Taliban

Flag of al-Qaeda.svg al-Qaeda

"Victory"
2006 East Timorese crisis
(2006)
 Australia
 New Zealand
 Malaysia
 Portugal
 East Timor
FTDL elements Victory
  • Violence ends.

Notes[]

  1. ^ Duchy of Warsaw as a state was in effect fully occupied by Russian and Prussian forces by May 1813, though most Poles remained loyal to Napoleon

References[]

  1. ^ Barros (p. 140)
  2. ^ Henze, Paul B. (2000). Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia. Hurst & Company. p. 89. ISBN 1850655227.
  3. ^ Historical dictionary of Ethiopia By David Hamilton Shinn, Thomas P. Ofcansky, Chris Prouty pg 171
  4. ^ Treaty of alliance between France and Portugal concluded at Paris, June 1, 1641. Davenport, Frances Gardiner: European Treaties Bearing on the History of the United States and Its Dependencies to 1648. Clark, New Jersey: The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd., 2012. ISBN 9781584774228, pp. 324-328
  5. ^ Birmingham, p.51
  6. ^ The Acts of Union of 1707 united the crowns of England and Scotland, forming the Kingdom of Great Britain. For much of the war, Scottish units were under Dutch pay and operated as part of the army of the Dutch Republic.
  7. ^ Crocker, Chester A.; Fen Osler Hampson; Pamela R. Aall (2005). Grasping The Nettle: Analyzing Cases Of Intractable Conflict. p. 213.
  8. ^ References:
    • Cuba: Havana's Military Machine, the Atlantic, August 1988. "In Guinea-Bissau, Cuban combat units saw action, fighting with Amilcar Cabral's rebel army against Portuguese colonial rule."
    • The Cuban Intervention in Angola, 1965-1991: From Che Guevara to Cuito Cuanavale, 2005. Page 354.
  9. ^ Guerrilla Warfare: A Historical and Critical Study, 1976. Page 362.
  10. ^ Revolution and Chinese Foreign Policy: Peking's Support for Wars of National Liberation Peter van Ness, 1971. Page 143.
  11. ^ Cuba in the World, 1979. Page 95-96.
  12. ^ Amilcar Cabral: Revolutionary Leadership and People's War, 2002. Page 86.
  13. ^ Guerrilla Strategies: An Historical Anthology from the Long March to Afghanistan, 1982. Page 208.
  14. ^ Qaddafi: his ideology in theory and practice, 1986. Page 140.
  15. ^ Imagery and Ideology in U.S. Policy Toward Libya 1969–1982, 1988. Page 70.
  16. ^ Modern African Wars: Angola and Moçambique 1961-1974, 1988. Page 12.
  17. ^ Wars in the Third World since 1945, 1995. Page 35.
  18. ^ a b c A Guerra - Colonial - do Ultramar - da Libertação, 2nd Season (Portugal 2007, director Joaquim Furtado, RTP)
  19. ^ "Central Asian groups split over leadership of global jihad". The Long War Journal. 24 August 2015. Retrieved 27 August 2015.
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