Palangka Raya

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Palangka Raya
City
City of Palangka Raya
Kota Palangka Raya
Clockwise from top; Parliament building of Central Kalimantan province, Palangka Raya Islamic Center, Kahayan Bridge, Sukarno Monument, and Youth Statue.
Coat of arms of Palangka Raya
Coat of arms
Location within Central Kalimantan
Location within Central Kalimantan
Palangka Raya is located in Kalimantan
Palangka Raya
Palangka Raya
Location in Kalimantan and Indonesia
Coordinates: 2°12′36″S 113°55′12″E / 2.21000°S 113.92000°E / -2.21000; 113.92000Coordinates: 2°12′36″S 113°55′12″E / 2.21000°S 113.92000°E / -2.21000; 113.92000
Country Indonesia
ProvinceCoat of arms of Central Kalimantan.png Central Kalimantan
Founded17 July 1957
Government
 • MayorFairid Naparin
 • Vice MayorUmi Mastikah
Area
 • Total2,853.12 km2 (1,101.60 sq mi)
Elevation
5 m (16 ft)
Population
 (2020 Census)
 • Total293,500[1]
Demographics
 • Religion[2]Islam 69.31%
Protestant 26.51%
Catholic 1.88%
Hindu 1.59%
Kaharingan 0.53%
Buddhist 0.17
Confucian 0.004%
Time zoneUTC+7 (Indonesia Western Time)
Area code(+62) 536
HDI (2019)Increase 0.808 (Very High)[3]
Websitepalangkaraya.go.id

Palangka Raya is the capital and largest city of the Indonesian province of Central Kalimantan. The city is situated between the Kahayan and the Sabangau rivers on the island of Borneo. The city has a population of 293,500 (as at the 2020 Census). Palangka Raya is the largest city by land area in Indonesia (approximately four times the size of Jakarta), although the two more northerly districts (Bukit Batu and Rakumpit) are rural in nature. Most of the area is forested (including protected forests, nature conservation areas, and Tangkiling Forest).[4] It is also the most developed city in the entire Kalimantan in terms of Human Development Index.[5][6]

Etymology[]

The Kahayan River through the city of Palangka Raya.

The name Palangka Raya is a combination of two words from the Dayak Ngaju and Sanskrit languages. Palangka (Dayak), meaning sacred site, and raya (Sanskrit), meaning vast; therefore, Palangka Raya means a vast sacred site. It previously consisted of a small Dayak village of Pahandut that was surrounded by rainforest.[7][8]

According to a local legend, Bayuh and Kambang, a married couple of Dayak, founded the village because the surrounding region was not suitable for building a house, for its soil was made up of peat and swamps. Over time, the village grows as a small Dayak outpost with its surroundings used for farming and small plantation. At first, it was believed that the name of the village was Dukuh Bayuh. Dukuh Bayuh was thought to be derived from Eka Badukuh, meaning "place to settle" in Dayak (with daily usage called Dukuh ain Bayuh, shortened Dukuh Bayuh). Pahandut on the other hand, according to local stories, was a respected elder and cultural figure from the village. He was often called Bapa Handut, which literally means Mr. Handut. Handut passed away because of an illness, and to respect his death as an important figure from the village, it was named Pahandut.[9]

History[]

Map of Kalimantan under Dutch colonial rule

Colonial Era[]

In Dutch East Indies documents, Pahandut village's existence was known from report of Zacharias Hartman, a Dutch explorer from his journey around Kahayan & Kapuas River in 1823. However, the village was previously known under Sultanate of Banjar, which became Dutch protectorate under an agreement with Sultan Tahmidullah II in 1787. The region was leased to Dutch East Indies by Sultan Sulaiman in 1817, and finally was ceded by Sultan Adam of Banjar under a contract signed on 4 May 1826, written on second point read:[10][11]

English translation (translated from Dutch version)[10]:

The Fifth article of the contract is hereby declared null and void and shall be replaced by the following, His Highness the Sultan Sleman, relinquishes in full ownership to his entire island of Tatas and the Kween, to the left bank of the Antasjan Kecil, Lewai, Jelai, Sintang, Takjanjauw, Pagatan, and the island of Pulau Laut, Kotta Ringin, Passir, Kute, Barouw and all their dependencies. His Highness furthermore cedes one half of the lands, Pamboean, Mandawi, Sampit, the large and small Dajak, the Becompaij, and Doesoen. On the other hand, the Government will cede half of the lands that the Government has taken possession of at the request of His Highness, and which have belonged to Mr Hare. In particular Molucco, Laut, the Kuroe, Leanangan and all their dependencies up to Tanjong Selatan and to the boundaries of Pagatan and Pasir.

It was integrated into Zuid Ooster Afdeeling in accordance of Bêsluit van den Minister van Staat, Gouverneur-Generaal van Nederlandsch-Indie No. 8 , 27 August 1849.[12] In 1898, it became part of Afdeeling Dajaklandeen in accordance of Staatblad 1898 No. 178.[13][14] Dutch rule remained weak in this region and several revolts from native rulers taken place, such as under Raden Djaija & Pambakal Sulil in 1849.[15][14] The region saw a conflict over succession and against Dutch rule called the Banjarmasin War. There has been debate about whether the fighting constituted one war or two, the other called the Barito War.[16] Other than that, the village of Pahandut was also used by German missionaries as an outpost for region around Kahayan river. In the Tumbang Anoi Peacemaking Agreement between Dayak tribes in 1894 to end headhunting practice, it was noted that Pahandut village consisted of eight Longhouses and inhabited by around 40 families.[17]

Within the region later during Indonesian National Revolution, there were armed clash between Indonesian nationalist under unit TNI/MN 1001 and Royal Netherlands East Indies Army on 17 January 1946.[16]

Establishment[]

Central Kalimantan province was established on 23 May 1957. At first, capital for Central Kalimantan province was not agreed and subject to debate to decide where it should be located. R.T.A. Milono, acting governor of Central Kalimantan discuss the matter to several native organizations & cultural figures from the region. This however, only caused frictions from several native tribes & organizations that each wanted their own region to be chosen as capital. On 23 January 1957, a committee to discuss the matter was created, consisting mostly of Dayak cultural figures, in addition to military figures such as Tjilik Riwut and Dutch-descendant architech D.A.W. Van Der Pijl whom also later designed proposed new capital of South Kalimantan, Banjarbaru. From the committee's meeting, it was decided to choose Pahandut village would be the capital to avoid cultural association within tribes in the province, hence avoiding conflicts.[16]

The first pillar of Palangka Raya City development was done[18] by the President of the Republic of Indonesia at the time, Sukarno on 17 July 1957 marked the inauguration of the monument to the provincial capital of Central Kalimantan in Pahandut. Then, based on Law No. 21 of 1958, Pahandut was renamed to Palangka Raya City, maintaining its status as the provincial seat.[19] It was officially the capital of Central Kalimantan on 1 January 1960, relocated from temporary seat in Banjarmasin. The city was more or less finished construction of basic infrastructures such as schools, government offices, inner city roads, and residential areas on late 1962, with estimated around 500 buildings constructed. On 23 July 1965, it gained official city status (kotapraja) and formed its own parliament.[20]

Recent history[]

Firefighters during a forest fire in Sebangau National Park

Surrounded by forests and peat land, the city has been heavily affected by haze in the dry season, notably in 2015 and 2019. In 2015, the haze made the sky look yellow and affected road traffic.[21][22]

In 2019, the haze caused several people to evacuates themselves out of the city.[23][24] Forest fires and haze has been annual threat to the city and the city government formed special agency to deal with forest fires & haze.[25][26] Other than that, city government constructed 23 canals and three retention basins around the city to deal with threat of forest fires in 2019.[27][28]

The city was a candidate to become the new Indonesian capital until the 2019 announcement that the new capital will be in North Penajam Paser Regency and Kutai Kartanegara Regency, both in East Kalimantan.[29][30][31]

Geography[]

Palangka Raya borders Gunung Mas Regency to the north, Katingan Regency to the west, and Pulang Pisau Regency to the south and east. The area's soil consists mostly of peat and alluvium in its southern part and podzol on the northern part of the city. Overall, podzol soil dominates the city soil with 218,486 out of 285,349 hectares of city's landscape. Most of the city's topography is flat, with a general slope of less than 40 percent.[32] Palangka Raya is mostly located around 35 meters above sea level.[33][34]

10,105.34 hectares of land in the city is designated as protected forest, while 90,722.15 hectares are production forest. In addition, there are also 63,816.40 hectares of national park, 1,771.13 hectares of nature reserve, and 726.20 hectares of preserved nature.[32]

Climate[]

Palangka Raya has a tropical rainforest climate (Af) with heavy rainfall year-round. According to Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysical Agency, average temperature in Palangka Raya is 27.28 °C (81.10 °F) , with minimum temperature 21.4 °C (70.5 °F), and highest temperature 35.2 °C (95.4 °F). Moisture is between 65 – 95% with yearly average of 82.89%. Wind usually flows between 2 and 22 knots, with yearly average of 5.3 knots. Increase of wind speed is expected in August and November.[32]

hideClimate data for Palangka Raya
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average high °C (°F) 29.3
(84.7) 		30.0
(86.0) 		30.3
(86.5) 		30.9
(87.6) 		31.0
(87.8) 		30.7
(87.3) 		31.1
(88.0) 		31.7
(89.1) 		31.9
(89.4) 		31.5
(88.7) 		30.8
(87.4) 		30.1
(86.2) 		30.8
(87.4)
Daily mean °C (°F) 25.7
(78.3) 		26.3
(79.3) 		26.5
(79.7) 		26.9
(80.4) 		27.0
(80.6) 		26.5
(79.7) 		26.7
(80.1) 		27.1
(80.8) 		27.2
(81.0) 		26.9
(80.4) 		26.7
(80.1) 		26.4
(79.5) 		26.7
(80.0)
Average low °C (°F) 22.2
(72.0) 		22.6
(72.7) 		22.7
(72.9) 		22.9
(73.2) 		23.0
(73.4) 		22.4
(72.3) 		22.3
(72.1) 		22.5
(72.5) 		22.6
(72.7) 		22.4
(72.3) 		22.6
(72.7) 		22.7
(72.9) 		22.6
(72.6)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 269
(10.6) 		268
(10.6) 		295
(11.6) 		272
(10.7) 		256
(10.1) 		156
(6.1) 		126
(5.0) 		125
(4.9) 		152
(6.0) 		166
(6.5) 		242
(9.5) 		271
(10.7) 		2,598
(102.3)
Source: [35]

Demographics[]

Population growth was 2.84% as of 2019, with sex ratio of 106 males per 100 females. As of 2020, city's population is dominated by younger demographics above the age of 15, making up an estimated 222,285 people of reproductive age. There are estimated to be 199,140 Muslims, 73,641 Protestants, 5,511 Catholics, 3,453 Hindus, 485 Buddhists, 8 Confucians, and 27 followers of other religions such as folk religions.[36][34] The population of age 20 – 24 keeps increasing; this is thought to be caused by students from other regions in Central Kalimantan moving to the city to pursue higher education.[36] In addition, the city has the highest human development index and standart of living in the entire Kalimantan, making it an attractive destination for migrants.[37][38] Majority of city population are Dayak ethnic, accounts more than half of city's population. Other ethnics such as Banjar, Malay, Buginese, and Javanese also exist in the city.[39] More than half of the city population are from Jekan Raya District.[40]

Economy[]

Palangka Raya at night. Unlike other region in Central Kalimantan that depends on natural resources, Palangka Raya economy relies mostly on service, financial, & trade sector.

Economic growth was 7% in 2019, above the national average, and inflation rate in the same year was 0.85%. Unemployment rate was 6% in 2020. The service sector is the largest contributor to city's gross regional product, contributing 28.36% of it in 2020, in contrast with neighbouring regions which still rely mainly on agriculture and extraction. The next largest contributor to city's economy in 2020 was trade, with figure of 17.85%, followed by construction with 11.06%. The financial and banking sector provides around 6% of the city's economy. Agriculture, foresty, plantation, and fishery all combined contributed to 2.45% of the city's economy in 2019. Crop yields decreased rapidly from year-on-year; production of red chili dropped from 2,864 tons in 2018 to just more than 200 tons in 2020. Fish catch also decreased by 19.8% from 2018 to 2019. Tourism is a small but growing sector, with 389,235 domestic tourists and 3,865 foreign tourists visiting the city in 2019.[36][34] The city government owns 2.47% of the shares of together with provincial government.[41][42]

There are 56,430 small and medium enterprises in 2017, from which 72% are on trade, restaurant, and hotel sector. On the same year, there are more than 250 registered cooperatives in the city.[43]

Governance[]

Administrative districts[]

Prior to decentralization in 2001, Palangka Raya had two administrative districts, Pahandut and Bukit Batu. As of 2020, Palangka Raya consists of five administrative districts, tabulated below with their areas and population totals from the 2010 Census[44] and from the 2020 Census.[34]

Name Area
in km2		 Population
Census
2010		 Population
Census
2020
Pahandut District 199.73 77,211 97,100
Sabangau District 640.73 14,306 24,100
Jekan Raya District 387.53 114,559 154,400
Bukit Batu District 603.14 11,932 14,000
Rakumpit District 1,101.99 2,954 4,000
Totals 2,853.12 220,962 293,500

Local government[]

Palangka Raya mayor office building

As with all Indonesian cities, it is a second-level administrative division run by a mayor and a vice mayor together with the city parliament, and it is equivalent to a regency.[45] Executive power is vested in the mayor and vice mayor, while legislative duties are vested in the local parliament. The mayor, vice mayor, and parliament members are directly elected by the people of the city in an election.[46] Heads of districts are appointed by the mayor on the recommendation of the city secretary.[47][48]

Politics[]

Palangka Raya is part of 1st Central Kalimantan electoral district in provincial level, together with Katingan Regency and Gunung Mas Regency have representatives of 10 out of 45 in provincial parliament. In city level, Palangka Raya is divided into three electoral districts. City parliament in total has 30 representatives that are democratically elected by people of the city in an election. Jekan Raya District is divided into two in electoral district distribution, with Jekan Raya A consist of Bukit Tunggal and Petuk Katimpun Subdistrict, and Jekan Raya B consist of Menteng and Palangka Subdistrict. Last election was in 2019 and the next one would be in 2024.[49] As Palangka Raya is also provincial capital, it also has governor office & provincial parliament of Central Kalimantan located in the city.

Electoral District Region Representatives
Palangka Raya City 1st
  • Bukit Batu District
  • Jekan Raya A (Bukit Tunggal Subdistrict, Petuk Katimpun Subdistrict)
  • Rakumpit District
 8
Palangka Raya City 2nd
  • Jekan Raya B (Menteng Subdistrict, Palangka Subdistrict)
 10
Palangka Raya City 3rd
  • Pahandut Distirct
  • Sabangau District
 12
Total 30

Military[]

The city is headquarter of Kodim 1016/Palangka Raya inside Korem 102/Panju Pujung, which was historically under Kodam XI/Tambun Bungai but currently is under Kodam XII/Tanjungpura. The unit was created on 9 December 1975 and formalized on 23 March 1976.[50] The unit has one raider battalion attached to it as of 2021, which is Raider Battalion 631st Antang Elang.[51]

Culture and entertainment[]

Decorated boat competition, part of Isen Mulang Festival

Entertainment[]

Several malls exist in the city, such as Palangka Raya Mall, Mega Town Square, and Barata Departement Store. Palangka Raya Mall is integrated with a hotel named Hotel Neo, which has an interior connection to the mall.[52][53] Construction of the Palangka Raya Trade Center was halted in 2019 because of a land dispute and followed by Supreme Court of Indonesia's rejection of the prosecutor's dispute.[54][55]

According to city media center, Palangka Raya has 63 city parks as of January 2020. These parks scattered in Pahandut, Jekan Raya, and Sebangau District.[56] Cultural events are often held on city park beside Kahayan Bridge.[57] The Sebangau District is home to Sebangau National Park, which was established in 2004.[58][59] The Balanga Museum has collections focused on history of Dayak people and their culture. It was built in 1973 and inaugurated in 1990.[60][61]

Festival[]

The preservation of Dayak culture has been promoted by the provincial government through cultural events and festivals, including the annual Isen Mulang Festival, usually held in May and June.[62][63] Other festivals were later held in 2020 with support of Ministry of Tourism, including those celebrating Malay cultures.[64]

Sport[]

Palangka Raya is home to Kalteng Putra F.C, which as of 2021 competes in Liga 2 after degradation from Liga 1. Its home stadion is Tuah Pahoe Stadium, located in Jekan Raya District. It was expanded in 2019 to increase stadion's capacity, in addition to facility upgrades.[65][66][67][68]

Infrastructure[]

Education[]

A junior highschool in Palangka Raya

There are 134 kindergartens, 146 elementary schools, 60 junior highschools, 34 senior highschools, and 16 vocational highschools in the city. Palangka Raya is a home to number of universities & higher education institutions. University of Palangka Raya is the only public university in the city and the most notable one in the city. Other higher education institutions are Palangka Raya Christiant University, Tampung Penyang Hindu Institute, Palangka Raya Muhammadiyah University, among many others.[69][33][70] School enrollment rate as of 2020 was 99%.[33]

Healthcare[]

Palangka Raya city has eight hospitals (including two maternity hospitals), five polyclinics, 35 puskesmas, and eight pharmacy. One of the biggest public hospital, Doris Sylvanus Regional Hospital, is owned by provincial government and has been rated by Ministry of Health as B-class hospital. Another public hospital, Palangka Raya Regional Hospital, is owned by city government, and has been classified as D-class.[71][72] Notable private hospital companies such as Siloam Hospitals also exist in the city.[73] The city also has several laboratorium facilities for many purposes, such as disease control, water & food quality check, and animal health laboratory.[74][75][76][77] Life expectancy of the city is 73.19 years, which is significantly higher than national average and the highest in the province.[34][36]

Darussalam Grand Mosque, Palangka Raya

Religion[]

There are exactly 234 mosques, 204 churches, four Hindu temples, and five Chinese Buddhist temples in the city as of 2020.[34][36] The largest mosque in the city, according to Ministry of Religious Affairs, is Darussalam Grand Mosque Palangka Raya. It occupies 50,000 square meters of land and has maximum capacity of 10,000 people. It was built in 1984 and located in Jekan Raya District.[78]

St. Mary's Cathedral, Palangkaraya, a Catholic church, located also in Jekan Raya District. It was inaugurated on 21 March 1999.[79] Hindu temples in the city such as Pura Pitamaha, the biggest out of the four, located also in Jekan Raya District, was constructed by Indonesian Army to help local Hindu population in 1978 and now mostly used by Balinese migrants.[80][81][82][83]

Transportation[]

The city is served by Tjilik Riwut Airport, which is also home to an aviation school operated by Lion Air.[84] The airport served more than 8,000 aircraft and approximately 800,000 passengers in 2020.[33] Palangka Raya has total of 911.83 kilometers of road, of which 563.73 kilometers have been paved with asphalt.[33]

Inter-province bus terminal in Palangka Raya
Palangka Raya BRT bus on a bus stop

The Kahayan River bisects the city and is also used for means of transportation. The city has one port, Rambang Port, located on the river and was the primary transit point for goods up until the 1980s. Improved road conditions between Palangka Raya and other regions such as Banjarmasin and Sampit resulted in a decline in the port's use, leading to disrepair.[85][86] The city government has announced plans to revitalize the river port as a historic landmark and tourist destination.[85][87]

The city has a bus rapid transit system operated by city government, named Trans Palangkaraya. This BRT system has five lines, and was launched in early 2018. Its operation was halted during the COVID-19 pandemic until resuming on 8 November 2020.[88][89][90][91] App-based ride-hailing services such as Gojek and Grab also serve the city.[92][93] Angkots are used to be important for urban transportation within the city. However, arrival of online ride-hailing services and taxis together with creation of urban bus system resulted in angkot presence's decline.[94] It is estimated as of 2020, 80% of angkot operators has been stop operating due to not being able to cover fuel cost and compete with other public transportation services.[95]

Media[]

According to Indonesia Press Council, there are 14 mass media companies registered in Palangka Raya, ranging from online news, printed media, to television.[96] Radio Republik Indonesia has local branch operating in Palangka Raya, as with most of other major cities in Indonesia.[97][98][99] According to Ministry of Communication and Information Technology, there were 13 unlicensed media in Palangka Raya as of 2017.[100]

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