Stateless nation
![]() | This article has multiple issues. Please help or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
|
A stateless nation is an ethnic group or nation that does not possess its own state[1] and is not the majority population in any nation state.[2] The term "stateless" implies that the group "should have" such a state (country).[3][4] Members of stateless nations may be citizens of the country in which they live, or they may be denied citizenship by that country. Stateless nations are usually not represented in international sports or in international organisations such as the United Nations. Nations without state are classified as fourth-world nations.[5][6][7] Some of the stateless nations have a history of statehood, some were always a stateless nation, dominated by another nation.
The term was coined in 1983 by political scientist in his book L'Écosse, une nation sans État about the peculiar position of Scotland within the British state. It was later adopted and popularized by Scottish scholars such as , Michael Keating and T. M. Devine.[8]
Stateless nations either are dispersed across a number of states (for example, the residing in east of Nepal, includes (Sikkim and Darjeeling) India and north-western part of Bangladesh as the Yakthung Limbuwan nation[9] and Yoruba people are found in the African states of Nigeria, Benin and Togo) or form the native population of a province within a larger state (such as the Uyghur people in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region within the People's Republic of China). Some stateless nations historically had a state, which was absorbed by another; for example, Tibet's declaration of independence in 1913 was not recognized, and it was reunited in 1951 by the People's Republic of China which claims that Tibet is an integral part of China, while the Tibetan government-in-exile maintains that Tibet is an independent state under an unlawful occupation.[10][11] Some ethnic groups were once a stateless nation that later became a nation state (for example, the nations of the Balkans such as the Croats, Serbs, Bosniaks, Slovenes, Montenegrins and Macedonians were once part of a multinational state of Yugoslavia; since the breakup of Yugoslavia many nation states were formed).
Stateless nations can have large populations; for example the Kurds have an estimated population of over 30 million people, which make them one of the largest stateless nations.[12] Multiple stateless nations can reside in the same geographical region or country; for example, Cantabrians, Bercians, Catalans, Canarians, Castilians, Basques, Aragonese, Galicians, Asturians, Valencians and Andalusians within Spain in the Iberian Peninsula and the Spanish dependency of Canary Islands in the Atlantic Coast of North Africa, or the Assamese, Brahui, Maithils, Kashmiri, Tamils and Santhals in South Asia, or Chin, Kachin, Karen, Mon, Rakhine, Rohingya and Shan in Myanmar, and Amazighs within Algeria in North Africa.[13] However, not all peoples within multi-cultural states have the same awareness of being a stateless nation. In Spain, only Basques and Catalans have claimed their right of self-determination, which in the Basque country gave rise to the militant movement ETA, and in the case of Catalonia, has led to multiple attempts to secede from Spain during the past four centuries, as an independent Catalan Republic.
As not all states are nation states, there are ethnic groups who live in multinational states without being considered "stateless nations".
Nation-states and nations without states[]
The symbiotic relationship between nations and states arose in early modern Western Europe (18th century) and it was exported to the rest of the world through colonial rule. Whereas the Western European nation-states are at present relinquishing some of their powers to the European Union, many of the former colonies are now the zealous defenders of the concept of national-statehood.[4]
Only a small fraction of the world's national groups have associated nation-states. The proportion was estimated to be 3 percent by Minahan. The rest are distributed in one or more states. Of the 192 member states of the United Nations in 2006, fewer than 20 are nation-states. Thus nation-states are not as common as often assumed, and stateless nations are the overwhelming majority of nations in the world.[4]
Consequences of colonialism and imperialism[]
During the imperial and colonial era, powerful nations extended their influence outside their homeland and this resulted in many colonized nations ceasing to be self-governing and have since been described as stateless nations.[14] Some nations have been victims of "carve out" and their homeland was divided among several countries. Even today the colonial boundaries form modern national boundaries. These often differ from cultural boundaries. This results in situations where people of the same language or culture are divided by national borders, for example New Guinea splits as West Papua (former Dutch colony) and Papua New Guinea (former British colony).[15] During decolonization, the colonial powers imposed a unified state structure irrespective of the ethnic differences and granted independence to their colonies as a multinational state. This led to successor states with many minority ethnic groups in them, which increased the potential for ethnic conflicts.[16][17][18][19] Some of these minority groups campaigned for self-determination. Stateless nations were not protected in all countries and become victims of atrocities such as discrimination, ethnic cleansing, genocide, forced assimilation, Exploitation of labour and natural resources.[20][21]
Nationalism and stateless nations[]
People with a common origin, history, language, culture, customs or religion can turn into a nation by awakening of national consciousness.[22] A nation can exist without a state, as is exemplified by the stateless nations. Citizenship is not always the nationality of a person.[23] In a multinational state different national identities can coexist or compete: for example, in Britain English nationalism, Scottish nationalism and Welsh nationalism exist and are held together by British nationalism.[24] Nationalism is often connected to separatism, because a nation achieves completeness through its independence.[25]
Throughout history, numerous nations declared their independence, but not all succeeded in establishing a state. Even today, there are active autonomy and independence movements around the world. The claim of the stateless nations to self-determination is often denied due to geopolitical interests and increasing globalization of the world.[26][27][28][29] Stateless nations sometimes show solidarity with other stateless nations and maintain diplomatic relations.[30][31]
Not all peoples claim that they are nations or aspire to be states. Some see themselves as part of the multinational state and they believe that their interests are well represented in it. This is also associated with Pan-nationalism (Indian nationalism or Chinese nationalism).[32]
Claims of stateless nations and ethnic groups with autonomous status[]
![]() | This section possibly contains original research. (October 2020) |
![]() | The neutrality of this section is disputed. (July 2020) |
![]() | This list is incomplete; you can help by . (January 2017) |
The following is a list of ethnic and national groups that has been described as stateless nations in reliable sources[which?]. States made bold under the "homeland" column are countries of the respective ethnic groups which are native to them and still host the majority (more than half) of their population.
People | Flag | Languages | Language family[a] | Predominant religion | Population | Continent | States | Homeland[b] | Irredentist movement | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yoruba people[33] | ![]() |
Yoruba language | Volta-Congo languages | Christianity, Islam, Yoruba religion | 35,000,000[34][35] | Africa | Nigeria, Benin and Togo, Ghana | Yorubaland | Oodua Peoples Congress | ||
Igbo people[citation needed] | ![]() |
Igbo, English | Volta-Congo languages | Christianity (primarily Roman Catholicism with significant Protestant minorities), Indigenous beliefs | 30,000,000[36] | Africa | Nigeria (almost exclusively) | Igboland | Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra, Indigenous People of Biafra | Attempted secession from Nigeria in 1967 sparked the Nigerian Civil war | |
Tamils[37] | ![]() ![]() |
Tamil language | Dravidian languages | Hinduism (mostly Shaivism) | 78,000,000 | Asia | India, Sri Lanka | Tamil Nadu, Tamil Eelam | Tamil nationalism, Greater Tamil Nadu, TNRT, Tamil Nadu Liberation Army, Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism, LTTE, Sri Lankan Civil War, TGTE, Vaddukoddai Resolution | Historically ruled Tamilakam and parts of Sri Lanka. Has regional autonomy in Indian state of Tamil Nadu. Demand autonomy in North Eastern Province of Sri Lanka. Seeks total secession from Sri Lanka and India.[38] | |
Kurds[39] | ![]() |
Kurdish languages, (originally) Arabic, Turkish, Persian (assimilation) | Iranian languages | Islam (Sunni, Shia, Alevi), Zoroastrianism, Yarsanism, Yazdânism | 30,000,000–45,000,000[40][41] | Asia | Turkey, Iran, Iraq, Syria (homeland), Germany (largest diaspora) | Kurdistan | Kurdish nationalism, Kurdish–Turkish conflict, Kurdish-Iranian conflict, Iraqi–Kurdish conflict, and Kurdish–Syrian conflict | Regional autonomy achieved in Iraqi Kurdistan and Rojava.[42] Data rough due to censuses not taking ethnicity in homeland countries. | |
Occitan people[citation needed] | ![]() |
Occitan, French, Italian, Spanish | Romance languages | Roman Catholicism | 16,000,000 | Europe | France, Monaco, Italy and Spain (Val d'Aran) | Occitania | Occitan nationalism (Occitan Party, Partit de la Nacion Occitana, ) | Seek self-determination, greater autonomy or total secession from France. | |
Assamese people[citation needed] | ![]() |
Assamese language | Indo-Aryan languages | Hinduism | 15,000,000[43] | Asia | India | Assam | Assam separatist movements, ULFA Insurgency in Northeast India | Seeks greater regional autonomy for natives of Assam or total secession from India.[44] | |
Uyghur people[citation needed] | ![]() |
Uyghur language | Turkic languages | Sunni Islam | 15,000,000[45] | Asia | China, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan | East Turkestan (Uyghuristan) | Irredentism is politically fragmented (East Turkestan Liberation Organization, East Turkestan independence movement) | Limited autonomy in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region. | |
Palestinians[46] | ![]() |
Arabic, Hebrew | Semitic languages | Sunni Islam (majority), Christianity | 5,242,679[47] | Asia | State of Palestine, Jordan, Israel, Syria, Lebanon | Palestine | Palestinian nationalism (PLO) | Seek self-determination from occupying powers.[c] | |
Zulu people[citation needed] | ![]() |
Zulu language | Volta-Congo languages | Christianity, Zulu religion | 12,159,000 | Africa | South Africa, Lesotho, Zimbabwe, Eswatini | KwaZulu-Natal | Inkatha Freedom Party | Limited autonomy in the KwaZulu-Natal region, which maintains a traditional Zulu king. | |
Kongo people[citation needed] | ![]() |
Kongo language, Lingala, Portuguese, French | Volta-Congo languages | Christianity (Catholicism and Protestantism), African Traditional Religion | 10,000,000 | Africa | Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Angola | Kongo | Kongo nationalism, Bundu dia Kongo | Historically occupied the independent Kingdom of Kongo. | |
Baloch people[citation needed] | ![]() |
Balochi | Iranian languages | Sunni Islam | 10,000,000[49] | Asia | Pakistan, Iran and Afghanistan | Balochistan | Balochistan conflict, Baloch nationalism | Seeks total independence from Pakistan. | |
Kabyle people[citation needed] | ![]() |
Kabyle language, Algerian Arabic | Berber languages | Islam | 4,000,000[50] | Africa | Algeria | Kabylie | Movement for the Autonomy of Kabylie, Provisional Government of Kabylia | ||
Romani people[citation needed] | ![]() |
Romani language | Indo-Aryan languages | Christianity Islam Hinduism | 2,000,000-5,000,000[51] | Worldwide | |||||
Ahwazi Arabs[citation needed] | ![]() |
Arabic, Persian (assimilation) | Semitic languages | Shia Islam | 1,320,000[52] | Asia | Iran | Al Ahwaz | Arab separatism in Khuzestan Democratic Solidarity Party of Ahwaz | Ahwazi includes 30 tribes which see themselves as a distinct Arab nation.[53] Seek self-determination, greater autonomy or total secession from Iran. | |
Andalusians[citation needed] | ![]() |
Andalusian Spanish, English (in Gibraltar) | Romance languages | Christianity (Roman Catholicism) | 9,500,000 | Europe | Spain, Gibraltar | Andalusia | Andalusian nationalism | See also Nationalisms and regionalisms of Spain. | |
Puerto Rico[54] | ![]() |
Spanish, English | Romance languages | Christianity (primarily Roman Catholicism) | 9,000,000 | America | United States | Puerto Rico | Puerto Rican Nationalist Party, Fuerzas Armadas de Liberación Nacional Puertorriqueña, Boricua Popular Army, Puerto Rican Independence Party | Unincorporated territory of the United States. | |
Catalans[55][56] | ![]() |
Catalan, Spanish, Occitan, French, Italian | Romance languages | Roman Catholicism, Agnosticism | 8,500,000[57] | Europe | Spain, Italy, Andorra and France | Catalan Countries | Catalan independence movement, Catalan nationalism | See also Nationalisms and regionalisms of Spain. | |
Québécois[58] | ![]() |
French | Romance languages | Christianity (Roman Catholicism) | 8,215,000 | America | Canada | Quebec | Quebec sovereignty movement, Quebec nationalism | The total population of the Province of Quebec is 8.2 million, of which over 80% are French speakers. | |
Mon people[citation needed] | ![]() |
Mon language | Monic languages | Buddhism | 8,145,500 | Asia | Myanmar, Thailand | Mon State | Mon Nationalism, Mon National Party, All Mon Region Democracy Party | Historically occupied the Mon kingdoms | |
Circassians[citation needed] | ![]() |
Circassian language, Russian | Circassian languages | Islam | 5,000,000 | Europe | Russia | Circassia | Russo-Circassian War, Circassian nationalism | Majority of the Circassians were destroyed by Russia in the Circassian genocide[59] | |
Karen people[citation needed] | ![]() |
S'gaw Karen language | Karenic languages | Christianity, Theravada Buddhism | 7,000,000 | Asia | Myanmar, Thailand | Kawthoolei | Karen nationalism, Karen National Union, Karen National Liberation Army | ||
Maya peoples[citation needed] | ![]() |
Mayan languages | Mayan languages | Christianity (Catholicism), Maya religion | 7,000,000 | America | Guatemala, Mexico, Belize, Honduras, El Salvador | Mesoamerica | Pan-Maya movement, Rigoberta Menchú, Zapatista Army of National Liberation | Historically occupied the Maya civilization | |
Volga Tatars[citation needed] | ![]() |
Tatar language, Russian | Turkic languages | Islam | 7,000,000 | Europe | Russia | Tatarstan | All-Tatar Public Center | Regional autonomy in Tatarstan. | |
Veneto[citation needed] | ![]() |
Venetian language | Romance languages | Catholicism | 5,000,000 (est.) | Europe | Italy | Veneto | Venetian nationalism | Many groups seek for total independence from Italy, while some just want more autonomy and recognition of Venetian language and people. Historically occupied the independent Republic of Venice. | |
Tibetan people[citation needed] | ![]() |
Tibetan language | Buddhism | 7,000,000[60] | Asia | China, India, Nepal | Tibet | Tibetan independence movement | Limited autonomy in the Tibet Autonomous Region. Historically occupied the Tibetan Empire. | ||
Indian Gorkhas[citation needed] | ![]() |
Nepali language | Hinduism | 6,360,000[61] | Asia | India | Gorkhastan | Gorkha National Liberation Front, Gorkha Janmukti Morcha | Gorkhaland is a proposed state in India demanded by the people of the Darjeeling Hills and the people of Gorkha ethnic origin on the Northern part of West Bengal. | ||
Riffian people[citation needed] | ![]() |
Riffian language | Islam | 6,000,000[62] | Africa | Morocco and Spain | Rif | Rif War, Rif Republic | 95% of the land is controlled by Morocco with the rest being controlled by the Spanish territories of Ceuta and Melilla as autonomous cities. | ||
Shan people[citation needed] | ![]() |
Shan language | Buddhism | 6,000,000 | Asia | Myanmar | Shan State | Shan State Army, Declaration of independence in 2005; see also Hso Khan Pha | Historically occupied the Shan states. | ||
Kashmiri people[citation needed] | ![]() |
Kashmiri language | Islam | 5,600,000 | Asia | India, Pakistan and China | Kashmir | Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir | Administered by India (Kashmir Valley, Jammu, Ladakh), Pakistan (Azad Kashmir, Gilgit-Baltistan) and China (Aksai Chin). | ||
Lozi people[citation needed] | ![]() |
Lozi | Christianity | 5,153,000 | Africa | Zambia | Barotseland | [63] | |||
Valencians[citation needed] | ![]() |
Catalan, Spanish | Romance languages | Roman Catholicism[64] | 5,111,706 | Europe | Spain | Valencian Community | Valencian nationalism | See also Nationalisms and regionalisms of Spain. | |
Moro people[citation needed] | ![]() |
Filipino language, other Philippine languages | Islam | 5,100,000 | Asia | Philippines | Muslim Mindanao | Moro autonomy | The Moro people of Muslim Mindanao has since been granted autonomy as the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region with the adoption of the Bangsamoro Organic Law. | ||
Kuki-Mizo-Zo-Chin people[citation needed] | ![]() |
Kuki-Chin languages | Christianity | 5,000,000 | Asia | Myanmar, Bangladesh, India | Mizoram, Zogam and Chin State | Mizo National Front, Chin National Front, Kuki National Army, Zomi Revolutionary Army, Zomi nationalism | Kuki-Mizo-Zo-Chin are an ethnic group known by different names and speak different dialects. | ||
Scottish people[58][56] | ![]() |
Scottish Gaelic, Scots, English | Celtic languages | Christianity (Protestantism, Catholic minority) | 5,000,000 (only Scotland)[65] | Europe | United Kingdom | Scotland | Scottish independence | Formerly a Sovereign state, Regional autonomy in Scotland. | |
Sicilians[66] | ![]() |
Sicilian, Italian, Gallo-Italic of Sicily, Arbëresh | Christianity (Roman Catholicism) | 5,000,000 (only Sicily) | Europe | Italy | Sicily | Sicilian nationalism | Regional autonomy in Sicily. | ||
Mthwakazi people[citation needed] | IsiNdebele, Venda, Khalanga, Shona, Tonga, Xhosa, Sotho, Nambya, Tswana (a total of over 13 tribes and languages in addition to the ones listed here | Christianity with native | 5,000,000 | Africa | Zimbabwe | Southern party of Zimbabwe, today described as Matabeleland and the Midlands Province | Various political and revolutionary restoration movements | Mthwakazi was a Kingdom whose last King was King Lobhengula. Mthwakazi was colonised by the British independently as a State in 1893 after a war between the British and the natives of Mthwakazi. Mashonaland which neighbours Mthwakazi, had been colonized without resistance in 1890. Britain later amalgamated these two states. | |||
Acehnese people[citation needed] | ![]() |
Acehnese language | Islam | 4,200,000[67] | Asia | Indonesia | Aceh | Insurgency in Aceh | Regional autonomy in Aceh. Historically occupied the Aceh Sultanate. | ||
Hmong people[citation needed] | ![]() |
Hmong language | Buddhism with native | 4,000,000 | Asia | Laos, China, Vietnam and Thailand | Hmong ChaoFa Federated State | Insurgency in Laos | |||
Rohingya people[citation needed] | ![]() |
Rohingya language | Islam | 3,600,000 | Asia | Myanmar | Rohang State | Rohingya conflict | The Rohingyas are not recognized as a native ethnic group by Burmese government.[68] | ||
Afrikaners[citation needed] | ![]() |
Afrikaans | Christianity (mainly Protestantism) | 3,500,000 | Africa | South Africa and Namibia | Volkstaat | Afrikaner Nationalism, Freedom Front | Afrikaners are an Ethno-racial group. Demand autonomy or total secession from South Africa. | ||
Assyrian people[citation needed] | ![]() |
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic, Turoyo, Chaldean Neo-Aramaic | Semitic languages | Christianity (Chaldean Catholicism Syriac Christianity) | 3,300,000[69] | Asia | Syria, Iraq, Iran and Turkey | Assyria | Assyrian nationalism, Assyrian independence movement | Historically occupied the Assyrian empire. | |
Basque people[56] | ![]() |
Basque, French, Spanish | Language isolate | Christianity (Roman Catholicism) | 3,000,000[70] | Europe | France and Spain | Basque Country | Basque nationalism | See also Nationalisms and regionalisms of Spain. | |
Iraqi Turkmen people[citation needed] | ![]() |
Turkish language, Azerbaijani language | Islam | 3,000,000 | Asia | Iraq | Turkmeneli | Iraqi Turkmen Front | Not to be confused with Syrian Turkmen of Latakia or Central Asian Turkmens of Turkmenistan who share only their ethnonym.[71] | ||
Welsh people[56] | ![]() |
Welsh, English | Celtic languages | Christianity (Protestantism, Catholic minority) | 3,000,000 | Europe | United Kingdom | Wales | Welsh independence, Welsh nationalism, Meibion Glyndŵr, Plaid Cymru | Regional autonomy in Wales. Historically occupied the independent kingdoms of Wales (Gwynedd, Powys, Dyfed, Seisyllwg, Morgannwg and Gwent). | |
Galician people[56] | ![]() |
Galician language, Spanish, Portuguese | Christianity (Roman Catholicism) | 2,800,000 | Europe | Spain | Galicia | Galician nationalism | See also Nationalisms and regionalisms of Spain. Historically occupied the Kingdom of Galicia. | ||
Kachin people[citation needed] | ![]() |
Jingpo, Zaiwa, Maru, Lashi, | Buddhism, Christianity, Animism | 2,750,000 (2002)[72] | Asia | Myanmar | Kachin State | Kachin Independence Army, Kachin Independence Organisation, Kachin conflict | The tribes of Kachin Hills form the Kachin Nation. | ||
Aragonese people[citation needed] | ![]() |
Aragonese language, Spanish | Christianity (Roman Catholicism) | 2,278,000 (Spain only)[73] | Europe | Spain | Aragon | Aragonese nationalism | See also Nationalisms and regionalisms of Spain. Historically occupied the Kingdom of Aragon. | ||
Meitei people[citation needed] | ![]() |
Meitei language | Hinduism | 2,500,000 | Asia | India | Imphal Valley, Manipur | UNLF, PLA, Insurgency in Manipur, Anglo-Manipur War | Historically occupied the Kingdom of Manipur. | ||
Chechen people[citation needed] | ![]() |
Chechen language, Russian | Islam | 2,000,000 | Europe | Russia | Chechnya | Chechen insurgency, Chechen Republic of Ichkeria | Regional autonomy in Chechnya. | ||
Naga people[citation needed] | ![]() |
Tibeto-Burman dialects / Nagamese creole | Christianity | 2,000,000 | Asia | India | Nagaland | Naga National Council, Insurgency in Northeast India | Regional autonomy in Nagaland. | ||
Sardinian people[74][75][76][77] | ![]() |
Sardinian, Corso-Sardinian, Italian, Catalan, Ligurian | Christianity (Roman Catholicism) | 1,661,521 | Europe | Italy | Sardinia | Sardinian nationalism | National devolution, further autonomy or total secession from Italy. | ||
Ryukyuan people[citation needed] | Ryukyuan, Japanese | Buddhism | 1,600,000[78] | Asia | Japan | Ryukyu Islands | Ryukyu independence movement | Historically occupied the Ryukyu Kingdom. | |||
Frisians[citation needed] | ![]() |
Frisian, Dutch, German, Danish | Christianity (Protestantism and Roman Catholicism) | 1,500,000 | Europe | Netherlands, Denmark, and Germany | Frisia | Frisian National Party, Groep fan Auwerk | The creation of a new Frisian state. Historically occupied the Frisian Kingdom. | ||
Tripuri people[citation needed] | ![]() |
Kokborok | Hinduism | 1,520,000 (2002)[79] | Asia | India | Tripura | Tripuri nationalism, All Tripura Tiger Force, National Liberation Front of Tripura | Historically occupied the Twipra Kingdom. 1949, Tripuris had a population of 85% in Tripura, 2002 they make up 29% and became a minority in their own homeland.[79] | ||
Bodo people[citation needed] | ![]() |
Bodo language | Hinduism Bathouism | 1,300,000 | Asia | India | Bodoland | Bodo nationalism, National Democratic Front of Bodoland | National devolution or further autonomy from the India. | ||
Tuareg people[citation needed] | ![]() |
Tuareg language | Islam | 1,200,000 | Africa | Mali and Niger | Azawad | National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad, Tuareg rebellion (2012), Northern Mali conflict | National devolution, further autonomy or total secession from Mali. | ||
Mapuche[citation needed] | ![]() |
Mapudungun | Christianity (Roman Catholicism) | 1,000,000[80] | America | Argentina and Chile | Wallmapu | Mapuche conflict | |||
Asturian people[citation needed] | ![]() |
Asturian language, Spanish | Christianity (Roman Catholicism) | 1,925,000 (2020) | Europe | Spain and Portugal | Asturias | Asturian nationalism | See also Nationalisms and regionalisms of Spain. | ||
Lezgins[citation needed] | ![]() |
Lezgian | Islam | 800,000+ | Europe | Russia, Azerbaijan | Lezgistan | Lezgin Nationalism | Unification of the Lezgin people in Azerbaijan and Dagestan (Russia). | ||
Fur people[citation needed] | ![]() |
Fur, Arabic | Islam | 800,000[81] | Africa | Sudan | Dafur | War in Darfur, SLM/A | Historically occupied the Sultanate of Darfur. | ||
Māori people[citation needed] | ![]() |
Māori, English | Christianity with native | 750,000 | Oceania | New Zealand | New Zealand | Māori protest movement | |||
Aboriginal Australians[citation needed] | ![]() |
Aboriginal languages | Christianity (principally Anglicanism and Roman Catholicism) with native | 680,000 | Oceania | Australia | Australia | Movement is fragmented or focused on specific aboriginal groups | |||
Karakalpaks[citation needed] | ![]() |
Karakalpak language | Islam | 620,000 | Asia | Uzbekistan | Karakalpakstan | Karakalpak Nationalism | Regional autonomy in Karakalpakstan | ||
Hawaiian people[citation needed] | ![]() |
Hawaiian language | Christianity (Catholicism and Protestantism) with native | 527,000 | Oceania | United States | Hawaii | Hawaiian sovereignty movement | Historically occupied the Kingdom of Hawaii. | ||
Moravians[citation needed] | ![]() |
Czech (Moravian), Slovak | Traditionally Roman Catholicism presently Irreligion | 525,000[82][83] | Europe | Czech Republic and Slovakia | Moravia | Moravians | Historically occupied the Moravian Empire | ||
Kashubians[citation needed] | ![]() |
Kashubian | Christianity (Roman Catholicism) | ~0.5 million (2002–07)[84][85] of which 233,000 as ethnic-national identity (2011) | Europe | Poland | Pomerania | Kaszëbskô Jednota | Kashubians with Slovincians (extinct) formed the West Slavic tribes of Pomeranians. | ||
Ogoni people[citation needed] | ![]() |
Ogoni language | Christianity with native | 500,000 | Africa | Nigeria | Ogoniland | Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People | |||
Crimean Tatars[citation needed] | ![]() |
Crimean Tatar, Russian, Ukrainian | Islam | 500,000 | Europe | Ukraine | Crimea | Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People Tatars in Republic of Crimea Deportation of the Crimean Tatars |
Previously an autonomous republic within Ukraine, after being invaded and annexed by Russia in 2014 the Crimean Tatars are currently seeking autonomy[86] | ||
Sahrawi people[87] | ![]() |
Hassaniya Arabic (native), Berber languages (native), Modern Standard Arabic (written only), and Spanish (lingua franca) | Islam (Sunni Islam (Maliki), Sufism) | 500,000[88] | Africa | Morocco, Algeria, Mauretania | Western Sahara | Western Sahara conflict, Polisario Front, Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic | partially controlled by the self-proclaimed Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic and partially Moroccan-occupied | ||
Yakuts[citation needed] | ![]() |
Yakut language, Russian language | Christianity, Shamanism, Tengrism | 480,000–510,000 | Asia | Russia | Yakutia | Yakut revolt (1918) | Regional autonomy in Sakha Republic, Yakut leaders declared Yakutia's sovereignty in 1991 in an attempt to take advantage of the fall of the Soviet Union, though this was unsuccessful[89] | ||
Chams[citation needed] | ![]() |
Cham language | Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism | 400,000 | Asia | Vietnam | South Central Coast | United Front for the Liberation of Oppressed Races, Cham rights movement[90] | Historically occupied the Kingdom of Champa. The Cham in Vietnam are only recognized as a minority, and not as an indigenous people by the Vietnamese government despite being indigenous to the region. | ||
Corsican people[citation needed] | ![]() |
Corsican, French, Ligurian, Italian | Christianity (Roman Catholicism | 322,120 | Europe | France | Corsica | Corsica Libera | Territorial collectivity in France. | ||
Navajo[citation needed] | ![]() |
Navajo language, Navajo language, Navajo Sign Language | Navajo Traditional, Christianity (principally Roman Catholicism) | 300,460 | America | United States | Navajo Nation | Navajo Wars | Regional autonomy in the Navajo Nation. | ||
Tuvans[citation needed] | ![]() |
Tuvan language, Russian language, Mongolian language, Chinese language | Tibetan Buddhism, Tengrism | 300,000 | Asia | Russia, Mongolia, China | Tuva | People's Front "Free Tuva", People's Party of Sovereign Tuva[91] | Regional autonomy in Tuva. | ||
Sikkimese people[citation needed] | ![]() |
Sikkimese language | Hinduism, Buddhism, Christianity | 290,000 | Asia | India | Sikkim | Sikkim Bhutia Lepcha Apex Committee[92] | Formerly the Kingdom of Sikkim. The Sikkimese people are split among the Lepcha, Limbu and Bhutias In 1990 Sikkimese Nationalist leaders declared the annexation of Sikkim by India to be illegal[93] | ||
Lakota people[citation needed] | ![]() |
Lakota, English | Christianity with native | 170,000[94] | America | United States | Lakotah | Sioux Wars, Lakota Freedom Movement | Native American reservation politics. | ||
Sami people[citation needed] | ![]() |
Sami languages, Norwegian, Swedish, Finnish, Russian | Christianity (principally Lutheran), Animism | 163,400 | Europe | Norway, Sweden, Finland and Russia | Sapmi | Sámi politics | Have their own Parliaments in Norway, Sweden & Finland but Sami groups seek more territorial autonomy. | ||
Inuit[citation needed] | Inuit languages, Danish, English, Russian | Christianity with native | 135,991 | America | Canada, United States and Denmark | Alaska, Northern Canada and Greenland | Greenland Referendum, Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami | Semi-autonomous rule in Greenland with autonomy within the Kingdom of Denmark. | |||
Yupik peoples[citation needed] | Yupik languages, English, Russian | Christianity with native | 35,567 (est.) | Asia and America | Russia and the United States | Siberia and Alaska | Calista Corporation, Bristol Bay Native Corporation | ||||
Pamiris[citation needed] | ![]() |
Pamir languages | Islam | 135,000[95] | Asia | Tajikistan | Badakhshan | Pamiri nationalism, Lali Badakhshan party, Tajikistani Civil War | Regional autonomy in Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region | ||
Faroese people[citation needed] | ![]() |
Faroese language, Danish | Christianity (principally Lutheran) | 66,000 | Europe | Denmark | Faroe Islands | Faroese independence movement | Regional autonomy in Faroe Islands. | ||
Sorbs[citation needed] | ![]() |
Sorbian language, Czech, German | Christianity (Roman Catholicism) | 60,000–70,000 (est.) | Europe | Germany and Czech Republic | Lusatia | Domowina | Divided into Upper Sorbs and Lower Sorbs. | ||
Ainu people[citation needed] | ![]() |
Ainu languages, Japanese people, Russian language | Animism, Shintoism, Buddhism, Christianity | 25,000 – 200,000 (est.) | Asia | Japan, Russia | Hokkaido | Ainu Movement | Seek greater independence in Japan[96][97][98] | ||
Rapa Nui people[citation needed] | ![]() |
Rapa Nui language, Spanish language | Christianity (Catholicism) | 5,682 | Oceania | Chile | Easter Island | Rapa Nui independence movement[99][100] | The Rapa Nui Parliament is a pro-independence organisation[101] | ||
Pastusos[citation needed] | ![]() |
Spanish language (Pastuso dialect) | Christianity (Roman Catholicism) | 1,800,000 (est., 2015)[102] | South America | Colombia and Ecuador | Nudo de los Pastos | Agustín Agualongo, José Rafael Sañudo | Pasto was annexed by Colombia after the Pasto Campaign and Black Christmas. During 2021 protests, many Colombian symbols in the region were destroyed.[103] |
Formerly stateless nations[]
Some stateless nations have achieved their own independent state. Examples include Greeks before the Greek War of Independence[104] and Irish people before the Irish War of Independence.[105]
Some would include the Jews until the 1948 Israeli declaration of independence,[106] however others would point out that different groups of Jews have very different characteristics such as languages, cultures, and territories, rendering the idea that all Jews constitute a single nation questionable.[107][108]
During the breakup of the USSR and the breakup of Yugoslavia, several ethnic groups gained their own sovereign state.[109]
See also[]
- Diaspora
- Ethnic nationalism
- European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages
- Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities
- List of active autonomist and secessionist movements
- List of federally recognized tribes
- List of First Nations peoples
- List of unrecognized tribes in the United States
- Multinational state
- Non-FIFA international football
- Self-determination
- Sovereignty
- Stateless person
- Stateless society
- Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization
Notes[]
- ^ Can also help with understanding the cultural/ethnic proximity with other people of that paternal language group, but not necessarily. The largest language family is not recommended, as a large number of cells would contain similar content.
- ^ Proposed or historical homeland desired.
- ^ Although the Palestinians are the majority in Jordan, the country was not created as a nation state for the Palestinians.[48]
References[]
- ^ Dictionary Of Public Administration, U.C. Mandal, Sarup & Sons 2007, 505 p.
- ^ Frank L. Kidner; Maria Bucur; Ralph Mathisen; Sally McKee; Theodore R. Weeks (2013), Making Europe: The Story of the West, Volume II: Since 1550, Cengage Learning, p. 668, ISBN 978-1-285-50027-0
- ^ Osborne, Louise; Russell, Ruby (27 December 2015). "Stateless in Europe: 'We are no people with no nation'". TheGuardian.com. Retrieved 28 December 2018.
- ^ a b c Chouinard, Stéphanie (2016), "Stateless nations", in Karl Cordell; Stefan Wolff (eds.), The Routledge Handbook of Ethnic Conflict, Routledge, pp. 54–66, ISBN 9781317518921
- ^ David Newman, Boundaries, Territory and Postmodernity
- ^ Ethnic Minority Media: An International Perspective, Stephen Harold Riggins, 217p.
- ^ Language in Geographic Context, Colin H. Williams, 39p.
- ^ Verdugo, Richard R.; Milne, Andrew (1 June 2016). National Identity: Theory and Research. IAP. p. 85. ISBN 9781681235257 – via Google Books.
- ^ The letters dispatched by the (Hangtumyahang) presidend of Yakthung Limbuwan National Council (YLNC) to the president of Nepal, Hon'ble Bidya Devi Bhandari, Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom and the President of India, Hon'ble Ram Nath Kovind as a to release as an Independent nation from Stateless nation in 19th June 2020.
- ^ Clark, Gregory, In fear of China, 1969, saying: "Tibet, although enjoying independence at certain periods of its history, had never been recognised by any single foreign power as an independent state. The closest it has ever come to such recognition was the British formula of 1943: suzerainty, combined with autonomy and the right to enter into diplomatic relations."
- ^ "The Legal Status of Tibet". Cultural Survival.
- ^ "Who are the Kurds?". TRT World.
- ^ Encyclopedia of Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups around the World, 2nd Edition: Ethnic and National Groups around the World, pp. 59–60, 79–80, 366–367
- ^ Redie Bereketeab, Self-Determination and Secession in Africa: The Post-Colonial State
- ^ Richard Devetak, Christopher W. Hughes, Routledge, 2007-12-18, The Globalization of Political Violence: Globalization's Shadow
- ^ Cultural Analysis: Towards Cross-cultural Understanding (2006), Hans Gullestrup, 130p.
- ^ Ethnicity and Christian leadership in west African sub-region: proceedings of the conference of the fifteenth CIWA Theology Week held at the Catholic Institute of West Africa (2004), Port Harcourt, p.272
- ^ Mussolini Warlord: Failed Dreams of Empire, 1940–1943 (2013), H. James Burgwyn, Chapter V
- ^ Ethnic Groups in Conflict (2009), Karl Cordell, Stefan Wolff
- ^ Donald L. Horowitz, Ethnic Groups in Conflict
- ^ Bruce E. Johansen, Resource Exploitation in Native North America: A Plague upon the Peoples
- ^ George W. White, Nationalism and Territory: Constructing Group Identity in Southeastern Europe
- ^ Understanding National Identity by David McCrone, Frank Bechhofer, p.22
- ^ Unionist-Nationalism: Governing Urban Scotland, 1830–1860 by Graeme Morton, 1999
- ^ James Minahan, Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: A-C
- ^ Nationalism and Globalisation (2015), Stephen Tierney
- ^ The Tamil Genocide by Sri Lanka: The Global Failure to Protect Tamil Rights Under International Law, Francis Boyle, chapter self determination.
- ^ Turmoil in the Middle East: Imperialism, War, and Political Instability (1999), Berch Berberoglu, 69p.
- ^ "Europe's Stateless Nations in the Era of Globalization, The Case for Catalonia's Secession by Josep Desquens". saisjournal.org.
- ^ The delegates were linked with the Scottish group ‘SNP Friends of Catalonia’, which itself had members recently visit the Catalan parliament in Barcelona in a show of solidarity to the country's hopes of self-determination. "Catalan delegates in solidarity visit to Scotland's independence movement". commonspace.scot.
- ^ The Catalan President and the Head of the Corsican government meet in Barcelona. The meeting lasted more than two hours and focused on enhancing the cooperation between the two nations in a regional and European level. "EFA brings stateless nations even closer". European Free Alliance.
- ^ Ian Adams, Political Ideology Today p.73
- ^ Quam, Joel; Campbell, Scott (2020-08-31), "Political Geography", The Western World: Daily Readings on Geography, College of DuPage Digital Press, retrieved 2021-08-10
- ^ "Benue-Congo languages". Encyclopedia Britannica.
- ^ John A. Shoup III, Ethnic Groups of Africa and the Middle East: An Encyclopedia 2011 p.237
- ^ James Minahan, Encyclopedia of Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups around the World, 2nd Edition: Ethnic and National Groups around the World 2016 p.178
- ^ India, Sri Lanka and the Tamil crisis, 1976-1994: an international perspective (1995), Alan J. Bullion, p.32.
- ^ Religious Nationalism: A Reference Handbook: A Reference Handbook, Atalia Omer, Jason A. Springs (2013)
- ^ Quam, Joel; Campbell, Scott (2020-08-31), "Political Geography", The Western World: Daily Readings on Geography, College of DuPage Digital Press, retrieved 2021-08-10
- ^ "Kurd | History, Culture, & Language". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-07-21.
- ^ "Road fatalities". dx.doi.org. doi:10.1787/862382573233. Retrieved 2021-10-12.
- ^ Kirişci, Kemal; Winrow, Gareth (1997), The Kurdish Question and Turkey: An Example of a Trans-state Ethnic Conflict, Rootledge
- ^ Mikael Parkvall, "Världens 100 största språk 2007" (The World's 100 Largest Languages in 2007), in Nationalencyklopedin
- ^ The United Liberation Front of Asom (ULFA), the vanguard of national liberation struggle in Assam, was formed on 7th April 1979 to bear the historic responsibility of spearheading the armed democratic struggle with the ultimate aim of establishing an independent socialist sovereign Assam.
- ^ "About Uyghurs | Uyghur American Association". uyghuramerican.org.
- ^ Payind; McClimans, Alam and Melinda (2016), "Nation States and Stateless Nations", Keys to Understanding the Middle East, The Ohio State University, retrieved 2021-08-10
- ^ "State of Palestine Population (2021) - Worldometer". www.worldometers.info. Retrieved 2021-08-23.
- ^ Abbas Shiblak. "Stateless Palestinians" (PDF). FMR.
- ^ Syed Farooq Hasnat, Pakistan 2011 p.82
- ^ "The Kabyle People". Retrieved 2 August 2016.
- ^ "Roma | People, Meaning, History, Language, Lifestyle, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-07-21.
- ^ "Iran". Ethnologue. Retrieved 28 December 2018.
- ^ James B. Minahan, Encyclopedia of Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups around the World, 2nd Edition: Ethnic and National Groups around the World 2016 p.13
- ^ Duany 2008, p. 8: Public and academic debates about whether Puerto Rico has its own national identity have always been fraught with strong political repercussions because of the Island's colonial relations, first with Spain and now with the United States. For decades, the main conceptual and political paradox in the construction of cultural identities in Puerto Rico has been the growing popularity of cultural nationalism, together with the weakness of the local movement to establish a separate nation-state. Culturally speaking, Puerto Rico now meets most of the objective and subjective characteristics of conventional views of the nation, among them a shared language, territory, and history. The Island also possesses many of the symbolic attributes of a nation, such as a national system of universities, museums, and other cultural institutions; a national tradition in literature and the visual arts; and even a national representation in international sports and beauty contests. Most important, the vast majority of Puerto Ricans imagine themselves as distinct from Americans as well as from other Latin American and Caribbean peoples (Morris 1997).
- ^ Keating, Michael (2001), Nations Against the State: The New Politics of Nationalism in Quebec, Catalonia and Scotland (Second ed.), Palgrave
- ^ a b c d e Fiend, Julius (2012), Stateless Nations: Western European Regional Nationalisms and the Old Nations, Palgrave
- ^ James Minahan, Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups Around the World A-Z 2002 p.402
- ^ a b Keating, Michael (2001), Nations Against the State: The New Politics of Nationalism in Quebec, Catalonia and Scotland (Second ed.), Palgrave
- ^ Richmond, Walter (9 April 2013). The Circassian Genocide. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-6069-4.
- ^ James B. Minahan, Encyclopedia of Stateless Nations 2nd Edition: Ethnic and National Groups around the World 2016 p.422
- ^ James B. Minahan, Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: D-K 2002 p.677
- ^ James B. Minahan, Encyclopedia of Stateless Nations 2nd Edition: Ethnic and National Groups around the World 2016 p.352
- ^ "Assessment for Lozi in Zambia". Minorities at Risk. Archived from the original on 2010-06-03. Retrieved 2009-04-10.
- ^ "Interactivo: Creencias y prácticas religiosas en España". La Vanguardia. 2 April 2015. Retrieved 28 December 2018.
- ^ Jeffrey Cole, Ethnic Groups of Europe: An Encyclopedia 2011 p.235
- ^ James Minahan, Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups Around the World A-Z 2002 p.1714
- ^ Acehnese. Encyclopædia Britannica. ©2016 Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Retrieved on July 8, 2016.
- ^ Aris Ananta, Evi Nurvidya Arifin, International Migration in Southeast Asia, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2004, p.267
- ^ "UNPO: Assyria". Retrieved 2 August 2016.
- ^ Jeffrey Cole, Ethnic Groups of Europe: An Encyclopedia 2011 p.38
- ^ Larry Clark. Turkmen Reference Grammar. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 1998; p. 11. ISBN 9783447040198
- ^ James B. Minahan, Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups Around the World A-Z 2002 p.870
- ^ "Aragonese in Spain". joshuaproject.net.
- ^ "Eurominority – La solidarité avec le peuple palestinien". Archived from the original on 2006-06-23.
- ^ Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations, James Minahan, pg. 1661
- ^ Mikael Bodlore-Penlaez (2011). Atlas of Stateless Nations in Europe : Minority People in Search of Recognition. Y Lolfa Cyf. pp. 70. ISBN 978-1847713797.
- ^ "La Sardegna nel club delle nazioni: un capitolo nella Bibbia dell'etnie del mondo – Cronaca – L'Unione Sarda.it". 11 January 2016. Retrieved 2 August 2016.
- ^ "The Amazing Ryukyu Culture". kcpwindowonjapan.com. 5 May 2016. Retrieved 2016-05-05.
- ^ a b James Minahan, Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: S-Z 2002 p.1915
- ^ Christopher Blomquist, A Primary Source Guide to Chile 2005 p.15
- ^ James Stuart Olson, The Peoples of Africa: An Ethnohistorical Dictionary 1996 p.183
- ^ "Census 2011 – final results".
- ^ "Statistics" (PDF). portal.statistics.sk.
- ^ "The Institute for European Studies, Ethnological institute of UW" (PDF). Retrieved 2012-08-16.
- ^ "Kaschuben heute: Kultur-Sprache-Identität" (PDF) (in German). pp. 8–9. Retrieved 2016-01-03.
- ^ "Crimean Tatars' want autonomy after Russia's seizure of peninsula". Reuters.
- ^ Mariano Aguirre, Vers la fin du conflit au Sahara occidental, Espoirs de paix en Afrique du Nord Latine in: Le Monde diplomatique, Novembre 1997
- ^ Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division (2009). "World Population Prospects, Table A.1" (PDF). 2008 revision. United Nations. Retrieved 12 March 2009. Cite journal requires
|journal=
(help) - ^ "Sakha (Yakutia) Since the Fall of the Soviet Union". GeoCurrents. Retrieved 2018-01-20.
- ^ "Cham". Minority Rights Group.
- ^ Anaibin, Zoia Vasil'evna (1995-07-01). "The Contemporary Ethnic Situation in Tuva". Anthropology & Archeology of Eurasia. 34 (1): 42–59. doi:10.2753/AAE1061-1959340142. ISSN 1061-1959.
- ^ "Sikkim Bhutia Lepcha Apex Committee (SIBLAC) :: Welcome". www.siblac.org.
- ^ Minahan, James (2002-05-30). Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups Around the World A-Z [4 Volumes]. ABC-CLIO. p. 1731. ISBN 9780313076961.
- ^ The American Indian and Alaska Native Population: 2010
- ^ "Итоги переписи населения Таджикистана 2000 года: национальный, возрастной, половой, семейный и образовательный составы". www.demoscope.ru. Retrieved 2018-03-15.
- ^ Hossain, Kamrul; Maruyama, Hiroshi (2016-01-02). "Japan's admission to the Arctic Council and commitment to the rights of its indigenous Ainu people". The Polar Journal. 6 (1): 169–187. doi:10.1080/2154896X.2016.1170998. ISSN 2154-896X. S2CID 156065978.
- ^ Schweitzer, Peter P.; Biesele, Megan; Hitchcock, Robert K. (2000). Hunters and Gatherers in the Modern World: Conflict, Resistance, and Self-determination. Berghahn Books. p. 206. ISBN 9781571811028.
- ^ "Rights declaration" (PDF). archives.cap.anu.edu.au.
- ^ Legrand, Christine (2013-01-15). "Easter Island issues Chile with independence threat". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2017-08-13.
- ^ East, 101. "The Fight for Rapa Nui". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 2017-08-13.CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
- ^ Romero, Simon (2012-10-06). "Slow-Burning Rebellion Against Chile on Easter Island". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2017-08-13.
- ^ Pastuso
- ^ "Derriban otras dos estatuas en Nariño en medio de las protestas".
- ^ Triandafyllidou, A.; Paraskevopoulou, A. (2002). "When is the Greek Nation? The Role of Enemies and Minorities". Geopolitics. 7 (2): 75–98. doi:10.1080/714000936. S2CID 143865718.
- ^ McClure, J. Derrick; Szatek-Tudor, Karoline; Penna, Rosa E. (13 September 2010). "What Countrey's This? And Whither Are We Gone?": Papers presented at the Twelfth International Conference on the Literature of Region and Nation (Aberdeen University, 30th July – 2nd August 2008). Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 15. ISBN 978-1-4438-2520-7.
- ^ McClimans, Alam and Melinda (2016). Nation States and Stateless Nations. Keys to Understanding the Middle East. The Ohio State University.
- ^ Zeitlin, Solomon (1936). "The Jews: Race, Nation or Religion: Which? A Study Based on the Literature of the Second Jewish Commonwealth". The Jewish Quarterly Review. 26 (4): 343. doi:10.2307/1452094. JSTOR 1452094.
- ^ "Is 'Jewish' a Nationality or Religion? Inside Israel's Fierce, Bitter Debate About Identity". Haaretz. Retrieved 2021-11-08.
- ^ Connolly, Christopher (2013). "Independence in Europe: Secession, Sovereignty, and the European Union". Duke Journal of Comparative & International Law. 24 (1): 51–105. ISSN 1053-6736.
Sources[]
- Keating, Michael (2001), Nations Against the State: The New Politics of Nationalism in Quebec, Catalonia and Scotland (Second ed.), Palgrave
- Levinson, David, ed. (1998), Ethnic Groups Worldwide: A Ready Reference Handbook, Phoenix, AZ: The Oryx Press, ISBN 978-1-57356-019-1
- Minahan, James, ed. (2002), Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups Around the World, Westport: Greenwood Press, ISBN 978-0-313-31617-3
- Bodlore-Penlaez, Mikael, ed. (2011), Atlas of Stateless Nations in Europe, minority peoples in search of recognition, Ceredigion: Y Lolfa, ISBN 978-1-84771-379-7
- Duany, Jorge (2008). "Nation on the move: the construction of cultural identities in Puerto Rico and the diaspora". American Ethnologist. Wiley. 27 (1): 5–30. doi:10.1525/ae.2000.27.1.5. ISSN 0094-0496.
External links[]
- Map of European Stateless Nations, published by the advocacy group Eurominority
- United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Persons Belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities
- Autonomy
- Cultural geography
- Human rights by issue
- Independence movements
- Nation
- Political science terminology
- Proposed countries
- Secession
- Sovereignty
- Stateless nationalism