1684

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Millennium: 2nd millennium
Centuries:
  • 16th century
  • 17th century
  • 18th century
Decades:
  • 1660s
  • 1670s
  • 1680s
  • 1690s
  • 1700s
Years:
  • 1681
  • 1682
  • 1683
  • 1684
  • 1685
  • 1686
  • 1687
1684 by topic
Arts and science
Leaders
Birth and death categories
Births – Deaths
Establishments and disestablishments categories
Establishments – Disestablishments
Works category
  • Works
1684 in various calendars
Gregorian calendar1684
MDCLXXXIV
Ab urbe condita2437
Armenian calendar1133
ԹՎ ՌՃԼԳ
Assyrian calendar6434
Balinese saka calendar1605–1606
Bengali calendar1091
Berber calendar2634
English Regnal year35 Cha. 2 – 36 Cha. 2
Buddhist calendar2228
Burmese calendar1046
Byzantine calendar7192–7193
Chinese calendar癸亥年 (Water Pig)
4380 or 4320
    — to —
甲子年 (Wood Rat)
4381 or 4321
Coptic calendar1400–1401
Discordian calendar2850
Ethiopian calendar1676–1677
Hebrew calendar5444–5445
Hindu calendars
 - Vikram Samvat1740–1741
 - Shaka Samvat1605–1606
 - Kali Yuga4784–4785
Holocene calendar11684
Igbo calendar684–685
Iranian calendar1062–1063
Islamic calendar1095–1096
Japanese calendarTenna 4 / Jōkyō 1
(貞享元年)
Javanese calendar1606–1607
Julian calendarGregorian minus 10 days
Korean calendar4017
Minguo calendar228 before ROC
民前228年
Nanakshahi calendar216
Thai solar calendar2226–2227
Tibetan calendar阴水猪年
(female Water-Pig)
1810 or 1429 or 657
    — to —
阳木鼠年
(male Wood-Rat)
1811 or 1430 or 658

1684 (MDCLXXXIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar and a leap year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar, the 1684th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 684th year of the 2nd millennium, the 84th year of the 17th century, and the 5th year of the 1680s decade. As of the start of 1684, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.

April 25: Start of the Morean War.

Events[]

January–March[]

  • January 5 – King Charles II of England gives the title Duke of St Albans to Charles Beauclerk, his illegitimate son by Nell Gwyn.
  • January 15 (January 5 O.S.) - To demonstrate that the River Thames, frozen solid during the Great Frost that started in December, is safe to walk upon, "a Coach and six horses drove over the Thames for a wager" and within three days "whole streets of Booths are built on the Thames and thousands of people are continually walking thereon." Sir Richard Newdigate, 2nd Baronet, records the events in his diary.[1]
  • January 26 – Marcantonio Giustinian is elected Doge of Venice.
  • January – Edmond Halley, Christopher Wren and Robert Hooke have a conversation in which Hooke later claimed not only to have derived the inverse-square law, but also all the laws of planetary motion attributed to Sir Isaac Newton.[2] Hooke's claim is that in a letter to Newton on 6 January 1680, he first stated the inverse-square law.[3]
  • February 7 – Morocco retakes control of the city of Tangier from England, which had controlled the North African port since 1661. During the five months prior to evacuation of the English from the city, the Governor, Lord Dartmouth had ordered the destruction of the wall around the city, its fortifications and port facilities that had been built by the English during the occupation.
  • February 8 – Prince Dumitrașcu Cantacuzino returns to the throne of the principality of Moldavia for a third reign but is overthrown 14 months later on June 25. In 1859, Moldavia will unite with neighboring Wallachia to form the Kingdom of Romania.*
  • February 15 (February 5 O.S.) – The Great Frost in Britain, during which the River Thames was frozen in London and the sea as far as 2 miles (3.2 km) out from land and which started the previous December, ends as the Thames begins to thaw. William Maitland later writes that the Frost, which started in December 1683, "congealed the river Thames to that degree that another city, as it were, was erected thereon; where by the great number of streets and shops, with their rich furniture, it represented a great fair, with a variety of carriages, and diversions of all sorts."[4] During the freeze, there had been great loss of beast and of wildlife, especially birds, and similar reports from across Northern Europe.[5] The Chipperfield's Circus dynasty began during the freeze, with James Chipperfield introducing performing animals to the country at the Frost Fair on the Thames in London.
  • February 24 – A treaty is signed between European German colonists in Brandenburg-Prussia, and the African chiefs at Ghana in what is now Ghana to permit the German colonists to build a second fort on the Brandenburger Gold Coast, and the fortress of Dorotheenschanze is built. The area is now the Ghanaian city of Akwida.[6]
  • March 5 – Pope Innocent XI forms a Holy League with the Habsburg Empire, Venice and Poland, to end Ottoman Turkish rule in Europe.
  • March 19 – In Japan, the Tenna era ends on the 21st day of the 2nd month of the Chinese calendar of the 4th year of the Tenna era and the Jōkyō era begins as Japan's royal astronomer, Shibukawa Shunkai institutes the Jōkyō calendar to replace Chinese calendar which had been used in Japan since 859 AD, after calculating that the length of the solar year is 365.2417 days.[7]

April–June[]

  • April 25 – The Morean War begins as the Republic of Venice declares war on the Ottoman Empire for control of the Peloponnese area of Greece, a peninsula which includes Corinth and Sparta and has been referred to by the Ottomans as Morea.
  • May 18 – The French Navy begins an 10-day bombardment of the Italian city of Genoa in the course of the War of the Reunions between France and the Republic of Genoa. During the fight, the French fleet, commanded by Abraham Duquesne, fires almost 13,000 cannonballs, pausing only during a cease-fire on May 21 and May 22, and uses the new technology of explosive bombs. When the bombardment ends on May 28, two-thirds of the city has been destroyed or damaged.[8]
  • June 7 – After a siege of six weeks that began on April 27, the Luxembourg City is taken by the French Army from control by Spain, and the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, previously part of the Spanish Netherlands (now Belgium) is acquired by France.
  • June 27 – Francisco de Távora, the Viceroy of Portuguese India, a small colony located in southwestern India at Goa, issues an order prohibiting indigenous residents from speaking their native language, Konkani, and directs them to learn Portuguese within the next three years.

July–September[]

  • July 21–August 6 – Morean War: Siege of Santa Maura – The Republic of Venice captures the Ottoman island fortress of Santa Maura.
  • July 24 – René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle sails again from France, with a large expedition designed to establish a French colony on the Gulf of Mexico, at the mouth of the Mississippi River.
  • August – Edmond Halley goes to Cambridge to discuss the problem of planetary motion with Isaac Newton.
  • August 15
    • France under Louis XIV makes the Truce of Ratisbon separately with the Holy Roman Empire (Habsburg) and Spain.
    • Louis XIV decrees the foundation of the Maison royale de Saint-Louis, a boarding school for girls at Saint-Cyr, at the urging of Madame de Maintenon.
  • September 21 – Morean War: The Republic of Venice captures the fortress town of Preveza from the Ottoman Empire.

October–December[]

  • October 7 – Japanese Chief Minister Hotta Masatoshi is assassinated, leaving Shōgun Tokugawa Tsunayoshi without any adequate advisors, leading him to issue impractical edicts and create hardships for the Japanese people.
  • November 8 – James Renwick, a Scottish minister and one of the "Covenanters" challenging the attempt by Kings James VI and Charles I to take over churches in Scotland, posts his "Apologetical Declaration" on church doors and market crosses in and around Cambusnethan, Lanarkshire.
  • November 19 – Richard Keigwin, who had arrested the East India Company's Governor of Bombay in 1683, Josiah Child and had taken over as the unauthorized administrator of Bombay, turns control back to the company and its envoy, Sir Thomas Grantham, receiving a general pardon and being allowed to retain the salary that he had paid himself as Acting Governor.
  • December 10 – Isaac Newton's derivation of Kepler's laws from his theory of gravity, contained in the paper De motu corporum in gyrum, is read to the Royal Society by Edmond Halley.
  • December 17 – The Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal War, which had been going on since 1679, ends with the signing of the Treaty at Tingmosgang between the 5th Dalai Lama (Desi Sangye Gyatso) and King Delek Namgyal of Ladakh. The Ladakh kingdom agrees to not invite foreign armies into the area (now part of the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir) in return for a respect for its sovereignty.

Date unknown[]

  • Japanese poet Ihara Saikaku composes 23,500 verses in 24 hours at the Sumiyoshi-taisha (shrine) at Osaka; the scribes cannot keep pace with his dictation and just count the verses.
  • The predecessor of the University of Tokyo (formally chartered in 1877) is established in Japan.
  • The British East India Company receives Chinese permission to build a trading station at Canton. Tea sells in Europe for less than a shilling a pound, but the import duty of 5 shillings makes it too expensive for most English people to afford; hence smuggled tea is drunk much more than legally imported tea.
  • John Bunyan publishes the second part of The Pilgrim's Progress.

Births[]

Catherine I of Russia
Jean-Antoine Watteau
Edward Vernon

Deaths[]

Pieter de Hooch
Pierre Corneille
Géraud de Cordemoy

References[]

  1. ^ Anne Emily Garnier Newdigate-Newdegate, ed., Cavalier and Puritan in the Days of the Stuarts: Compiled from the Private Papers and Diary of Sir Richard Newdigate, Second Baronet, with Extracts from Ms. News-letters Addressed to Him Between 1675 and 1689 (Smith, Elder, & Co., 1901) p. 234
  2. ^ Laurence Gardner, The Shadow of Solomon (HarperCollins, 2005) p. 64
  3. ^ Margaret 'Espinasse, Robert Hooke (University of California Press, 1956) p. 75
  4. ^ William Andrews, Famous Frosts and Frost Fairs in Great Britain: Chronicled from the Earliest to the Present Time (G. Redway, 1887) pp. 17-18
  5. ^ Stratton, J. M. (1969). Agricultural Records. John Baker. ISBN 0-212-97022-4.
  6. ^ Ulrich van der Heyden, Rote Adler an Afrikas Küste: Die Brandenburgisch-preussische Kolonie Grossfriedrichsburg in Westafrika ("Red eagles on the African coast: the Brandenburg-Prussian colony of Grossfriedrichsburg in West Africa") (Selignow, 2001) p. 31
  7. ^ "Jōkyō-reki", in Japan Encyclopedia", ed. by Louis Frederic and translated by Kathe Roth (Belknap Press, 2002) p. 431
  8. ^ John Lynn, The Wars of Louis XIV, 1667–1714 (Longman, 1999) p. 174
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