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February 15

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February 15 in recent years
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February 15 is the 46th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar; 319 days remain until the end of the year (320 in leap years).

Events

Pre-1600

  • 0438 – Roman emperor Theodosius II publishes the law codex Codex Theodosianus[1]
  • 0590Khosrau II is crowned king of Persia.[2]
  • 0706Byzantine emperor Justinian II has his predecessors Leontios and Tiberios III publicly executed in the Hippodrome of Constantinople.[3]
  • 1002 – At an assembly at Pavia of Lombard nobles, Arduin of Ivrea is restored to his domains and crowned King of Italy.[4]
  • 1113Pope Paschal II issues Pie Postulatio Voluntatis, recognizing the Order of Hospitallers.[5]
  • 1214 – During the Anglo-French War (1213–1214), an English invasion force led by John, King of England, lands at La Rochelle in France.[6]
  • 1493 – While on board the Niña, Christopher Columbus writes an open letter (widely distributed upon his return to Portugal) describing his discoveries and the unexpected items he came across in the New World.[7]

1601–1900

  • 1637Ferdinand III becomes Holy Roman Emperor.[8]
  • 1690Constantin Cantemir, Prince of Moldavia, and the Holy Roman Empire sign a secret treaty in Sibiu, stipulating that Moldavia would support the actions led by the House of Habsburg against the Ottoman Empire.
  • 1764 – The city of St. Louis is established in Spanish Louisiana (now in Missouri, USA).[9]
  • 1798 – The Roman Republic is proclaimed after Louis-Alexandre Berthier, a general of Napoleon, had invaded the city of Rome five days earlier.
  • 1835 – Serbia's Sretenje Constitution briefly comes into effect.
  • 1862American Civil War: Confederates commanded by Brig. Gen. John B. Floyd attack General Ulysses S. Grant's Union forces Fort Donelson, Tennessee. Unable to break the fort's encirclement, Floyd surrenders the following day.[10]
  • 1870Stevens Institute of Technology is founded in New Jersey, US, and offers the first Bachelor of Engineering degree in mechanical engineering.
  • 1879Women's rights: US President Rutherford B. Hayes signs a bill allowing female attorneys to argue cases before the Supreme Court of the United States.
  • 1891Allmänna Idrottsklubben (AIK) (Swedish Sports Club) is founded.
  • 1898 – The battleship USS Maine explodes and sinks in Havana harbor in Cuba, killing about 274 of the ship's roughly 354 crew.[11] The disaster pushes the United States to declare war on Spain.[12]

1901–present

  • 1909 – The Flores Theater fire in Acapulco, Mexico kills 250.
  • 1923Greece becomes the last European country to adopt the Gregorian calendar.
  • 1925 – The 1925 serum run to Nome: The second delivery of serum arrives in Nome, Alaska.[13]
  • 1933 – In Miami, Giuseppe Zangara attempts to assassinate US President-elect Franklin D. Roosevelt, but instead shoots Chicago mayor Anton J. Cermak, who dies of his wounds on March 6, 1933.
  • 1942World War II: Fall of Singapore. Following an assault by Japanese forces, the British General Arthur Percival surrenders. About 80,000 Indian, United Kingdom and Australian soldiers become prisoners of war, the largest surrender of British-led military personnel in history.
  • 1944 – World War II: The assault on Monte Cassino, Italy begins.
  • 1944 – World War II: The Narva Offensive begins.
  • 1945 – World War II: Third day of bombing in Dresden.
  • 1946ENIAC, the first electronic general-purpose computer, is formally dedicated at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia.
  • 1949Gerald Lankester Harding and Roland de Vaux begin excavations at Cave 1 of the Qumran Caves, where they will eventually discover the first seven Dead Sea Scrolls.
  • 1952 – King George VI of the United Kingdom is buried in St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle.
  • 1954 – Canada and the United States agree to construct the Distant Early Warning Line, a system of radar stations in the far northern Arctic regions of Canada and Alaska.
  • 1961Sabena Flight 548 crashes in Belgium, killing 73, including the entire United States figure skating team along with several of their coaches and family members.
  • 1965 – A new red-and-white maple leaf design is adopted as the flag of Canada, replacing the old Canadian Red Ensign banner.
  • 1971 – The decimalisation of British coinage is completed on Decimal Day.[14]
  • 1972Sound recordings are granted U.S. federal copyright protection for the first time.
  • 1972 – José María Velasco Ibarra, serving as President of Ecuador for the fifth time, is overthrown by the military for the fourth time.
  • 1982 – The drilling rig Ocean Ranger sinks during a storm off the coast of Newfoundland, killing 84 workers.
  • 1989Soviet–Afghan War: The Soviet Union officially announces that all of its troops have left Afghanistan.
  • 1991 – The Visegrád Agreement, establishing cooperation to move toward free-market systems, is signed by the leaders of Czechoslovakia, Hungary and Poland.
  • 1992 – Serial killer Jeffrey Dahmer is sentenced in Milwaukee to life in prison.
  • 1992 – Air Transport International Flight 805 crashes near Toledo Express Airport in Ohio, killing all four people on board.[15]
  • 1996 – At the Xichang Satellite Launch Center in China, a Long March 3 rocket, carrying an Intelsat 708, crashes into a rural village after liftoff, killing many people.
  • 1996 – Embassy of the United States, Athens is attacked by an antitank rocket, by Revolutionary Organization 17 November, whose first victim was Richard Welch in 1975, leading to the Intelligence Identities Protection Act.[16]
  • 2001 – The first draft of the complete human genome is published in Nature.
  • 2003Protests against the Iraq war take place in over 600 cities worldwide. It is estimated that between eight million and 30 million people participate, making this the largest peace demonstration in history.
  • 2010 – Two trains collide in the Halle train collision in Halle, Belgium, killing 19 and injuring 171 people.
  • 2012 – Three hundred and sixty people die in a fire at a Honduran prison in the city of Comayagua.
  • 2013A meteor explodes over Russia, injuring 1,500 people as a shock wave blows out windows and rocks buildings. This happens unexpectedly only hours before the expected closest ever approach of the larger and unrelated asteroid 2012 DA14.
  • 2021 – Sixty people drown and hundreds are missing after a boat sinks on the Congo River near the village of Longola Ekoti, Mai-Ndombe Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo.[17]

Births

Pre-1600

  • 1377Ladislaus of Naples (d. 1414)
  • 1458Ivan the Young, son of Ivan III of Russia (d. 1490)
  • 1472Piero the Unfortunate, Italian ruler (d. 1503)[18]
  • 1506Juliana of Stolberg, German countess (d. 1580)[19]
  • 1519Pedro Menéndez de Avilés, first Spanish Governor of Florida (d. 1574)[20]
  • 1557Alfonso Fontanelli, Italian composer (d. 1622)
  • 1564Galileo Galilei, Italian astronomer, physicist, and mathematician (d. 1642)[21]

1601–1900

  • 1612Paul de Chomedey, Sieur de Maisonneuve, French soldier, founded Montreal (d. 1676)
  • 1627Charles Morton, Cornish nonconformist minister (d. 1698)
  • 1638Zeb-un-Nissa, Mughal princess and poet (d. 1702)[22]
  • 1705Charles-André van Loo, French painter (d. 1765)
  • 1710Louis XV of France (d. 1774)
  • 1725Abraham Clark, American surveyor, lawyer, and politician (d. 1794)
  • 1734William Stacy, American colonel (d. 1802)
  • 1739Alexandre-Théodore Brongniart, French architect, designed the Paris Bourse (d. 1813)
  • 1748Jeremy Bentham, English jurist and philosopher (d. 1832)
  • 1759Friedrich August Wolf, German philologist and critic (d. 1824)
  • 1760Jean-François Le Sueur, French composer and educator (d. 1837)
  • 1809André Dumont, Belgian geologist and academic (d. 1857)
  • 1809 – Cyrus McCormick, American journalist and businessman, co-founded International Harvester (d. 1884)
  • 1810Mary S. B. Shindler, American poet, writer, and editor (d. 1883)[23]
  • 1811Domingo Faustino Sarmiento, Argentinian journalist and politician, 7th President of Argentina (d. 1888)
  • 1812Charles Lewis Tiffany, American businessman, founded Tiffany & Co. (d. 1902)
  • 1820Susan B. Anthony, American suffragist and activist (d. 1906)
  • 1825Carter Harrison, Sr., American lawyer and politician, 29th Mayor of Chicago (d. 1893)
  • 1834V. A. Urechia, Moldavian-Romanian historian, author, and playwright (d. 1901)
  • 1835Demetrius Vikelas, Greek businessman and philanthropist (d. 1908)
  • 1840Titu Maiorescu, Romanian philosopher, academic, and politician, 23rd Prime Minister of Romania (d. 1917)
  • 1841Manuel Ferraz de Campos Sales, Brazilian lawyer and politician, 4th President of Brazil (d. 1913)
  • 1845Elihu Root, American lawyer and politician, 38th United States Secretary of State, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1937)
  • 1847Robert Fuchs, Austrian composer and educator (d. 1927)
  • 1849Rickman Godlee, English surgeon and academic (d. 1925)
  • 1850Sophie Bryant, Irish mathematician, academic and activist (d. 1922)
  • 1851Spiru Haret, Romanian mathematician, astronomer, and politician, 55th Romanian Minister of Internal Affairs (d. 1912)
  • 1856Emil Kraepelin, German psychiatrist and academic (d. 1926)
  • 1861Martin Burns, American wrestler and coach (d. 1937)
  • 1861 – Charles Édouard Guillaume, Swiss-French physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1938)
  • 1861 – Alfred North Whitehead, English mathematician and philosopher (d. 1947)
  • 1873Hans von Euler-Chelpin, German-Swedish biochemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1964)[24]
  • 1874Ernest Shackleton, Anglo-Irish captain and explorer (d. 1922)
  • 1883Sax Rohmer, English-American author (d. 1959)
  • 1890Robert Ley, German politician (d. 1945)
  • 1892James Forrestal, American lieutenant and politician, 1st United States Secretary of Defense (d. 1949)
  • 1892 – Roy Rene, Australian comedian (d. 1954)
  • 1893Roman Najuch, Polish professional tennis player (d. 1967)
  • 1896Arthur Shields, Irish republican and actor (d. 1970)
  • 1897Gerrit Kleerekoper, Dutch gymnast and coach (d. 1943)
  • 1898Totò, Italian actor, singer, and screenwriter (d. 1967)
  • 1899Georges Auric, French composer (d. 1983)
  • 1899 – Gale Sondergaard, Danish-American actress (d. 1985)

1901–present

  • 1904Mary Adshead, English painter (d. 1995)[25]
  • 1904 – Antonin Magne, French cyclist and manager (d. 1983)
  • 1905Harold Arlen, American composer (d. 1986)
  • 1907Jean Langlais, French organist and composer (d. 1991)
  • 1907 – Cesar Romero, American actor (d. 1994)
  • 1908Sarto Fournier, Canadian lawyer and politician, 38th Mayor of Montreal (d. 1980)
  • 1909Miep Gies, Austrian-Dutch humanitarian, helped hide Anne Frank and her family (d. 2010)
  • 1910Irena Sendler, Polish nurse and humanitarian, Righteous Gentile (d. 2008)
  • 1912George Mikes, Hungarian-English journalist and author (d. 1987)
  • 1913Erich Eliskases, Austrian chess player (d. 1997)
  • 1914Hale Boggs, American lawyer and politician (d. 1972)
  • 1914 – Kevin McCarthy, American actor (d. 2010)
  • 1916Mary Jane Croft, American actress (d. 1999)
  • 1918Allan Arbus, American actor and photographer (d. 2013)
  • 1918 – Hank Locklin, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 2009)
  • 1919Ducky Detweiler, American baseball player and manager (d. 2013)
  • 1920Endicott Peabody, American soldier, lawyer, and politician, 62nd Governor of Massachusetts (d. 1997)
  • 1920 – Eio Sakata, Japanese Go player (d. 2010)
  • 1922John B. Anderson, Swedish-American lawyer and politician (d. 2017)
  • 1923Yelena Bonner, Soviet-Russian activist (d. 2011)
  • 1924Robert Drew, American director and producer (d. 2014)
  • 1925Angella D. Ferguson, American pediatrician
  • 1927Frank Dunlop, English actor and director
  • 1927 – Harvey Korman, American actor and comedian (d. 2008)
  • 1927 – Yehoshua Neuwirth, Israeli rabbi and scholar (d. 2013)
  • 1928Norman Bridwell, American author and illustrator, created Clifford the Big Red Dog (d. 2014)
  • 1928 – Joseph Willcox Jenkins, American composer, conductor, and educator (d. 2014)
  • 1929Graham Hill, English racing driver and businessman (d. 1975)
  • 1929 – James R. Schlesinger, American economist and politician, 12th United States Secretary of Defense (d. 2014)
  • 1930Bruce Dawe, Australian poet and academic (d. 2020)[26]
  • 1931Claire Bloom, English actress
  • 1931 – Jonathan Steele, English journalist and author
  • 1934Jimmy Bloomfield, English footballer and manager (d. 1983)
  • 1934 – Graham Kennedy, Australian television host and actor (d. 2005)
  • 1934 – Niklaus Wirth, Swiss computer scientist, created the Pascal programming language
  • 1934 – Abe Woodson, American football player and minister (d. 2014)
  • 1935Susan Brownmiller, American journalist and author
  • 1935 – Roger B. Chaffee, American lieutenant, engineer, and astronaut (d. 1967)[27]
  • 1935 – Gene Hickerson, American football player (d. 2008)
  • 1937Gregory Mcdonald, American author (d. 2008)
  • 1937 – Coen Moulijn, Dutch footballer (d. 2011)
  • 1940İsmail Cem İpekçi, Turkish journalist and politician, 45th Turkish Minister of Foreign Affairs (d. 2007)
  • 1940 – John Hadl, American football player and coach
  • 1940 – Hamzah Haz, Indonesian journalist and politician, 9th Vice President of Indonesia
  • 1940 – Vaino Vahing, Estonian psychiatrist, author, and playwright (d. 2008)
  • 1941Florinda Bolkan, Brazilian actress
  • 1941 – Brian Holland, American songwriter and producer
  • 1944Mick Avory, English drummer
  • 1945Jack Dann, American-Australian author and poet
  • 1945 – John Helliwell, English saxophonist and keyboard player
  • 1945 – Douglas Hofstadter, American author and academic
  • 1946Clare Short, English civil servant and politician, Secretary of State for International Development
  • 1947John Adams, American composer
  • 1947 – Marisa Berenson, American model and actress
  • 1948Art Spiegelman, Swedish-American cartoonist and critic
  • 1949Ken Anderson, American football quarterback and coach
  • 1951Markku Alén, Finnish racing driver
  • 1951 – Melissa Manchester, American singer-songwriter and actress
  • 1951 – Jane Seymour, English-American actress, producer, and jewelry designer
  • 1952Tomislav Nikolić, Serbian politician, 4th President of Serbia
  • 1952 – Nikolai Sorokin, Russian actor and director (d. 2013)
  • 1953Tony Adams, Irish-American screenwriter and producer (d. 2005)
  • 1953 – Ernie Howe, English footballer, defender and manager[28]
  • 1953 – Lynn Whitfield, American actress and producer
  • 1954Matt Groening, American animator, producer, and screenwriter
  • 1955Janice Dickinson, American model, agent, and author
  • 1955 – Christopher McDonald, American actor
  • 1956Desmond Haynes, Barbadian cricketer and coach
  • 1956 – Ann Westin, Swedish comedian
  • 1957Jake E. Lee, American guitarist and songwriter
  • 1957 – Jimmy Spencer, American race car driver and sportscaster
  • 1958Chrystine Brouillet, Canadian author
  • 1958 – Tony McKegney, Canadian ice hockey player
  • 1958 – Matthew Ward, American singer-songwriter
  • 1959Adam Boulton, English journalist
  • 1959 – Ali Campbell, English singer-songwriter and guitarist
  • 1959 – Brian Propp, Canadian ice hockey player and sportscaster
  • 1959 – Martin Rowson, English author and illustrator
  • 1959 – Hugo Savinovich, Ecuadorian wrestler and sportscaster
  • 1960Darrell Green, American football player
  • 1960 – Jock Hobbs, New Zealand rugby player (d. 2012)
  • 1962Milo Đukanović, Montenegrin politician, 29th Prime Minister of Montenegro
  • 1964Chris Farley, American comedian and actor (d. 1997)
  • 1964 – Leland D. Melvin, American engineer and astronaut
  • 1964 – Mark Price, American basketball player and coach
  • 1965Craig Matthews, South African cricketer
  • 1967Jane Child, Canadian singer-songwriter and producer
  • 1967 – Syed Kamall, English academic and politician
  • 1967 – Craig Simpson, Canadian ice hockey player and sportscaster
  • 1969Birdman, American rapper and producer
  • 1970Shepard Fairey, American artist and activist
  • 1971Alex Borstein, American actress, voice artist, producer, and screenwriter
  • 1971 – Renee O'Connor, American actress, director, and producer
  • 1972Jaromír Jágr, Czech ice hockey player
  • 1973Kateřina Neumannová, Czech skier
  • 1973 – Amy van Dyken, American swimmer
  • 1974Miranda July, American actress, director, and screenwriter
  • 1974 – Ugueth Urbina, Venezuelan baseball player
  • 1974 – Alexander Wurz, Austrian racing driver and businessman
  • 1975Serge Aubin, Canadian ice hockey player and coach
  • 1975 – Annemarie Kramer, Dutch sprinter
  • 1975 – Brendon Small, American animator, producer, screenwriter, and actor
  • 1976Brandon Boyd, American singer-songwriter
  • 1976 – Óscar Freire, Spanish cyclist
  • 1979Hamish Marshall, New Zealand cricketer
  • 1979 – James Marshall, New Zealand cricketer
  • 1980Conor Oberst, American singer-songwriter
  • 1981Heurelho Gomes, Brazilian international footballer, goalkeeper[29]
  • 1981 – Matt Hoopes, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
  • 1981 – Rita Jeptoo, Kenyan runner
  • 1981 – Diego Martínez, Mexican footballer
  • 1981 – Vivek Shraya, Canadian singer and songwriter
  • 1982Shameka Christon, American basketball player
  • 1982 – James Yap, Filipino basketball player
  • 1983Don Cowie, Scottish footballer
  • 1983 – David Degen, Swiss footballer
  • 1983 – Philipp Degen, Swiss footballer
  • 1983 – Russell Martin, Canadian baseball player
  • 1985Serkan Kırıntılı, Turkish footballer
  • 1986Valeri Bojinov, Bulgarian footballer
  • 1986 – Johnny Cueto, Dominican baseball player
  • 1986 – Laura Sallés, Andorran judoka[30]
  • 1987Jarrod Sammut, Australian rugby league player
  • 1988Tim Mannah, Australian-born Lebanese rugby league player[31]
  • 1988 – Rui Patrício, Portuguese footballer
  • 1991Ángel Sepúlveda, Mexican footballer
  • 1993Ravi, South Korean rapper[32]
  • 1995Megan Thee Stallion, American rapper[33]

Deaths

Pre-1600

  • 0670Oswiu, king of Northumbria (b. c. 612)
  • 0706Leontios, Byzantine emperor
  • 0706 – Tiberios III, Byzantine emperor
  • 0956Su Yugui, Chinese chancellor (b. 895)
  • 1043Gisela of Swabia, Holy Roman Empress (b. 990)[34]
  • 1145Lucius II, pope of the Catholic Church
  • 1152Conrad III, king of Germany (b. 1093)
  • 1382William de Ufford, 2nd Earl of Suffolk (b. c. 1339)
  • 1417Richard de Vere, 11th Earl of Oxford, English commander (b. 1385)
  • 1508Giovanni II Bentivoglio, tyrant of Bologna (b. 1443)
  • 1600José de Acosta, Spanish Jesuit missionary and naturalist (b. 1540)

1601–1900

  • 1621Michael Praetorius, German organist and composer (b. 1571)
  • 1637Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor (b. 1578)
  • 1738Matthias Braun, Czech sculptor (b. 1684)
  • 1781Gotthold Ephraim Lessing, German philosopher, author, and critic (b. 1729)
  • 1818Frederick Louis, Prince of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen (b. 1746)
  • 1835Henry Hunt, English farmer and politician (b. 1773)
  • 1839François-Marie-Thomas Chevalier de Lorimier, Canadian rebel (b. 1803)
  • 1842Archibald Menzies, Scottish surgeon and botanist (b. 1754)[35]
  • 1844Henry Addington, 1st Viscount Sidmouth, English politician, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1757)
  • 1847Germinal Pierre Dandelin, Belgian mathematician and engineer (b. 1794)
  • 1848Hermann von Boyen, Prussian general and politician, Prussian Minister of War (b. 1771)
  • 1849Pierre François Verhulst, Belgian mathematician and theorist (b. 1804)
  • 1857Mikhail Glinka, Russian composer (b. 1804)
  • 1869Ghalib, Indian poet and educator (b. 1796)
  • 1885Gregor von Helmersen, Estonian-Russian geologist and engineer (b. 1803)
  • 1885 – Leopold Damrosch, German-American composer and conductor (b. 1832)
  • 1897Dimitrie Ghica, Romanian lawyer and politician, 10th Prime Minister of Romania (b. 1816)

1901–present

  • 1905Lew Wallace, American author, general, and politician, 11th Governor of New Mexico Territory (b. 1827)
  • 1911Theodor Escherich, German-Austrian pediatrician and academic (b. 1859)
  • 1924Lionel Monckton, English composer (b. 1861)
  • 1928H. H. Asquith, English lawyer and politician, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1852)
  • 1932Minnie Maddern Fiske, American actress and playwright (b. 1865)
  • 1933Pat Sullivan, Australian animator and producer, co-created Felix the Cat (b. 1887)
  • 1935Basil Hall Chamberlain, English-Swiss historian, author, and academic (b. 1850)
  • 1939Kuzma Petrov-Vodkin, Russian painter and author (b. 1878)
  • 1956Vincent de Moro-Giafferi, French lawyer and politician (b. 1878)
  • 1959Owen Willans Richardson, English physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1879)
  • 1961Laurence Owen, American figure skater (b. 1944)
  • 1965Nat King Cole, American singer and pianist (b. 1919)
  • 1966Gerard Antoni Ciołek, Polish architect and historian (b. 1909)
  • 1966 – Camilo Torres Restrepo, Colombian priest and theologian (b. 1929)
  • 1967Antonio Moreno, Spanish-American actor and director (b. 1887)
  • 1970Hugh Dowding, 1st Baron Dowding, Scottish air marshal (b. 1882)
  • 1973Wally Cox, American actor (b. 1924)
  • 1973 – Tim Holt, American actor (b. 1919)
  • 1974Kurt Atterberg, Swedish composer and engineer (b. 1887)
  • 1981Mike Bloomfield, American guitarist and songwriter (b. 1943)
  • 1981 – Karl Richter, German organist and conductor (b. 1926)
  • 1984Avon Long, American actor and singer (b. 1910)
  • 1984 – Ethel Merman, American actress and singer (b. 1908)
  • 1988Richard Feynman, American physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1918)
  • 1992María Elena Moyano, Peruvian activist (b. 1960)
  • 1992 – William Schuman, American composer and academic (b. 1910)
  • 1996McLean Stevenson, American actor (b. 1929)
  • 1998Martha Gellhorn, American journalist and author (b. 1908)
  • 1999Henry Way Kendall, American physicist and mountaineer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1926)
  • 1999 – Big L, American rapper (b. 1974)
  • 2000Angus MacLean, Canadian commander and politician, 25th Premier of Prince Edward Island (b. 1914)
  • 2002Howard K. Smith, American journalist and actor (b. 1914)
  • 2002 – Kevin Smith, New Zealand actor (b. 1963)
  • 2004Jens Evensen, Norwegian lawyer, judge, and politician, Norwegian Minister of Trade (b. 1917)
  • 2005Pierre Bachelet, French singer-songwriter (b. 1944)
  • 2005 – Samuel T. Francis, American historian and journalist (b. 1947)
  • 2007Walker Edmiston, American actor (b. 1925)
  • 2007 – Ray Evans, American songwriter (b. 1915)
  • 2008Johnny Weaver, American wrestler and sportscaster (b. 1935)
  • 2010Jeanne M. Holm, American general (b. 1921)
  • 2012Cyril Domb, English-Israel physicist and academic (b. 1920)
  • 2013Sanan Kachornprasart, Thai general and politician (b. 1935)
  • 2013 – Ahmed Rajib Haider, Bangladeshi atheist blogger
  • 2014Thelma Estrin, American computer scientist and engineer (b. 1924)
  • 2014 – Christopher Malcolm, Scottish-Canadian actor, director, and producer (b. 1946)
  • 2015Haron Amin, Afghan diplomat, Afghan Ambassador to Japan (b. 1969)
  • 2015 – Arnaud de Borchgrave, American journalist and author (b. 1926)
  • 2015 – Steve Montador, Canadian ice hockey player (b. 1979)
  • 2016George Gaynes, Finnish-American actor (b. 1917)[36]
  • 2016 – Vanity, Canadian-American singer-songwriter, dancer, and actress (b. 1959)
  • 2017Stuart McLean, Canadian radio broadcaster (b. 1948)[37]
  • 2019Lee Radziwill, American socialite (b. 1933)[38]
  • 2020Caroline Flack, English actress and TV presenter (b. 1979)[39]

Holidays and observances

References

  1. ^ LacusCurtius • Roman Law — Theodosian Code (Smith's Dictionary, 1875)
  2. ^ Bulletin of the Asia Institute. Wayne State University Press. 2000. p. 40.
  3. ^ Rogge, Jörg (2017). Killing and Being Killed: Bodies in Battle: Perspectives on Fighters in the Middle Ages. Germany: transcript. p. 53. ISBN 9783837637830.
  4. ^ Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge (Great Britain) (1843). Biographical Dictionary. Longman. p. 324.
  5. ^ "960 years of history". Order of Malta. Archived from the original on 9 September 2015.
  6. ^ Michael Van Cleave Alexander (1998). Three Crises in Early English History: Personalities and Politics During the Norman Conquest, the Reign of King John, and the Wars of the Roses. University Press of America. p. 94. ISBN 978-0-7618-1188-6.
  7. ^ Ife, Barry W. "Introduction to the Letters from America". King's College London. Retrieved 13 February 2019.
  8. ^ Lynn, Robert A. (2014). "Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor (1608-1657)". In Zabecki, Davd T. (ed.). Germany at War: 400 Years of Military History. Vol. 1: A—F. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. p. 415. ISBN 9781598849806.
  9. ^ Primm, Wilson (1913). "History of St. Louis". Missouri Historical Society Collections. 4 (2): 163. Retrieved February 15, 2021.
  10. ^ Nevin, David, and the Editors of Time-Life Books. The Road to Shiloh: Early Battles in the West. Alexandria, VA: Time-Life Books, 1983. ISBN 0-8094-4716-9 pp. 84–86
  11. ^ Axelrod, Alex (2008). Profiles in Folly: History's Worst Decisions and Why They Went Wrong. New York: Sterling Publishing Company. pp. 67–68. ISBN 9781402747687.
  12. ^ Dyal, Donald H. (1996). "Maine (ship)". Historical Dictionary of the Spanish American War. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. pp. 200–201. ISBN 9781429472845.
  13. ^ Salisbury, Gay; Salisbury, Laney (2003). The Cruelest Miles: The Heroic Story of Dogs and Men in a Race Against an Epidemic. New York: W.W. Norton & Co. p. 236. ISBN 9780393325706.
  14. ^ Wamsley, Laurel (15 February 2021). "U.K. And Ireland Celebrate 50 Years Since 'Decimal Day'". NPR. Retrieved 20 October 2021.
  15. ^ Ranter, Harro. "ASN Aircraft accident McDonnell Douglas DC-8-63F N794AL Toledo-Express Airport, OH (TOL)". aviation-safety.net. Retrieved 2019-06-21.
  16. ^ "U.S. Embassy in Athens Attacked". Los Angeles Times. February 16, 1996.
  17. ^ "Congo river disaster: at least 60 dead and hundreds missing after 'overloaded' boat sinks". The Guardian. 16 February 2021. Retrieved March 11, 2021.
  18. ^ The Penny Magazine of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge. Charles Knight. 1844. p. 231.
  19. ^ Lewis Wesley Argo (1998). French, German, and Swiss links in Pennsylvania: descendants and ancient ancestors. Gateway Press.
  20. ^ Hugh Chisholm; James Louis Garvin (1926). The Encyclopædia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, Literature & General Information. Encyclopædia Britannica Company, Limited.
  21. ^ Galileo Galilei (9 January 2017). Delphi Collected Works of Galileo Galilei (Illustrated). Delphi Classics. p. 960. ISBN 978-1-78656-058-2.
  22. ^ Sarkar, Jadunath (1979). A Short History of Aurangzib, 1618-1707. New Delhi: Orient Longman. p. 14. ISBN 978-0-86131-083-8.
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