2001 in spaceflight
![]() | This timeline of spaceflight may require cleanup to ensure consistency with other timeline of spaceflight articles. See Wikipedia:WikiProject Spaceflight/Timeline of spaceflight working group for guidelines on how to improve the article. show Details | ![]() |
This article outlines notable events occurring in 2001 in spaceflight, including major launches and EVAs.
![]() The Mir space station, which was deorbited on 23 March | |
Orbital launches | |
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First | 9 January |
Last | 28 December |
Total | 59 |
Successes | 58 |
Failures | 1 |
Catalogued | 58 |
Rockets | |
Maiden flights | GSLV H-IIA 202 Proton-M Soyuz-FG |
Retirements | Ariane 4 44P Ariane 4 44LP Athena I Mir |
Crewed flights | |
Orbital | 8 |
Total travellers | 44 |
Launches[]
Date and time (UTC) | Rocket | Flight number | Launch site | LSP | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Payload (⚀ = CubeSat) |
Operator | Orbit | Function | Decay (UTC) | Outcome | ||
Remarks | |||||||
January[] | |||||||
9 January 17:00 |
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CMSA | Low Earth | Test spacecraft | 16 January 11:22 |
Successful | ||
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CMSA | Low Earth | Test spacecraft | 24 August 09:05 |
Successful | ||
10 January 22:09 |
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Geosynchronous | Communications | In orbit | Operational | |||
24 January 04:28 |
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Roskosmos | Low Earth (Mir) | Deorbit Mir | 23 March 05:50 |
Successful | ||
Final spacecraft to dock with the Mir space station. Remained docked during re-entry. | |||||||
30 January 07:55 |
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US Air Force | Medium Earth | Navigation | In orbit | Operational | ||
February[] | |||||||
7 February 23:05 |
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Geostationary | Communications | In orbit | Operational | ||||
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MoD (UK) | Geostationary | Communications | In orbit | Operational | ||
Skynet 4F is the final -class satellite. | |||||||
7 February 23:13 |
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NASA | Low Earth (ISS) | ISS assembly | 20 February 20:33 |
Successful | ||
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NASA | Low Earth (ISS) | ISS component | In orbit | Operational | ||
Crewed orbital flight with 5 astronauts | |||||||
20 February 08:48 |
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SSC | Low Earth | Infrared astronomy | In orbit | Operational | ||
26 February 08:09 |
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Roskosmos | Low Earth (ISS) | Logistics | 16 April 13:23 |
Successful | ||
ISS flight 3P | |||||||
27 February 21:20 |
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US Air Force | Geosynchronous | Communications | In orbit | Operational | ||
March[] | |||||||
8 March 11:42 |
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NASA | Low Earth (ISS) | ISS assembly | 21 March 07:31 |
Successful | ||
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ASI/NASA | Low Earth (ISS) | Logistics | Successful | |||
Crewed orbital flight with 7 astronauts, ISS crew exchange (launched Expedition 2) Maiden flight of Multi-Purpose Logistics Module | |||||||
8 March 22:51 |
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Eutelsat | Geosynchronous | Communications | In orbit | Operational | ||
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BSAT | Geosynchronous | Communications | In orbit | Operational | ||
18 March 22:33 |
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XM Satellite Radio | Geosynchronous | Communications | In orbit | Partial satellite failure | ||
Design fault with solar panels led to shorter operational life, deactivated November 2006 | |||||||
April[] | |||||||
7 April 03:47 |
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GPKS | Geosynchronous | Communications | In orbit | Operational | ||
Maiden flight of Proton-M | |||||||
7 April 15:02 |
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NASA | Areocentric | Mars orbiter | In orbit | Operational | ||
18 April 10:13 |
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ISRO | Geosynchronous | Communications | In orbit | Failure | ||
Payload placed in incorrect orbit due to underpowered upper stage of launch vehicle Maiden flight of GSLV | |||||||
19 April 18:40 |
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NASA | Low Earth (ISS) | ISS assembly | 1 May 16:10 |
Successful | ||
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ASI/NASA | Low Earth (ISS) | Logistics | Successful | |||
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NASA | Low Earth (ISS) | ISS component | In orbit | Operational | ||
Crewed orbital flight with 7 astronauts | |||||||
28 April 07:37 |
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Roskosmos | Low Earth (ISS) | ISS escape craft | 31 October | Successful | ||
Crewed orbital flight with three cosmonauts including the first space tourist, whose flight was arranged by the American company Space Adventures | |||||||
May[] | |||||||
8 May 22:10 |
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XM Satellite Radio | Geosynchronous | Communications | In orbit | Partial satellite failure | ||
Design fault with solar panels led to shorter operational life, deactivated November 2006 | |||||||
15 May 01:11 |
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PanAmSat | Geosynchronous | Communications | In orbit | Operational | ||
18 May 17:45 |
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NRO | Geostationary | Experimental communications | In orbit | Operational | ||
20 May 22:32 |
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Roskosmos | Low Earth (ISS) | Logistics | 22 August | Successful | ||
Maiden flight of Soyuz-FG ISS flight 4P | |||||||
29 May 17:55 |
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MO RF | Low Earth | Reconnaissance | 10 October | Successful | ||
June[] | |||||||
8 June 15:08 |
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MO RF | Low Earth | Navigation | In orbit | Operational | ||
9 June 06:45 |
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Intelsat | Geosynchronous | Communications | In orbit | Operational | ||
16 June 01:49 |
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SES Astra | Geosynchronous | Communications | In orbit | Operational | ||
19 June 04:41 |
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ICO | Medium Earth | Communications | In orbit | Operational | ||
30 June 17:45 |
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NASA | Earth-Sun L2 Lagrange Point | Astronomy | In orbit | Successful | ||
Ceased operations on 20 August 2010, subsequently manoeuvred into heliocentric orbit on 8 September[1] | |||||||
July[] | |||||||
12 July 09:03 |
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NASA | Low Earth (ISS) | ISS assembly | 25 July 03:38 |
Successful | ||
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NASA | Low Earth | ISS component | In orbit | Operational | ||
Crewed orbital flight with five astronauts | |||||||
12 July 21:58 |
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ESA | Geosynchronous | Navigation | In orbit | Partial launch failure Operational | ||
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BSAT | Intended: Geosynchronous Achieved: Medium Earth |
Communications | 28 January 2014 | Launch failure | ||
Premature cutoff of 2nd stage. Artemis reached correct orbit under own power, BSAT abandoned in useless orbit | |||||||
20 July 00:17 |
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MO RF | Molniya | Communications | 19 December 2016[2] | Successful | ||
23 July 07:23 |
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NOAA | Geosynchronous | Weather satellite | In orbit | Operational | ||
31 July 08:00 |
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RAKA | Sun-synchronous | Solar observation | 6 December 2005[3] | Successful | ||
August[] | |||||||
6 August 07:28 |
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US Air Force | Geosynchronous | Missile early warning | In orbit | Operational | ||
8 August 16:13 |
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NASA | Earth-Sun L1 Lagrange Point | Solar Wind sample return | 8 September 2004 | Partial failure | ||
Parachute failed to deploy upon return to Earth, some samples recovered from wreckage | |||||||
10 August 21:10 |
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NASA | Low Earth (ISS) | ISS assembly | 22 August 03:38 |
Successful | ||
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ASI/NASA | Low Earth (ISS) | Logistics | Successful | |||
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NASA | Low Earth | Astronomy | 30 January 2002 | Failure | ||
Crewed orbital flight with seven astronauts ISS crew exchange (launched Expedition 3) Simplesat released 20 August 18:30 UTC, and failed to contact ground | |||||||
21 August 09:23 |
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Roskosmos | Low Earth (ISS) | Logistics | 22 November | Successful | ||
ISS flight 5P | |||||||
24 August 20:35 |
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VKS | Geosynchronous | Early warning | In orbit | Operational | ||
29 August 07:00 |
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NASDA | Geostationary transfer | Orbit determination | In orbit | Successful | ||
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NASDA | Geostationary transfer | Boilerplate spacecraft | In orbit | Successful | ||
Maiden flight of H-IIA | |||||||
30 August 06:46 |
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Intelsat | Geosynchronous | Communications | In orbit | Operational | ||
September[] | |||||||
8 September 15:25 |
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Lockheed Martin | ||||
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NRO | Low Earth | SIGINT | In orbit | Operational | ||
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NRO | Low Earth | SIGINT | In orbit | Operational | ||
14 September 23:34 |
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Roscosmos | Low Earth (ISS) | Space tug / ISS assembly | 26 September | Successful | ||
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Roscosmos | Low Earth (ISS) | ISS component | 26 July 2021 14:51[4] |
Successful | ||
ISS flight 4R | |||||||
21 September 18:49 |
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OrbImage | Intended: Low Earth (SSO) | Earth observation | 21 September | Launch failure | ||
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NASA | Intended: Low Earth (SSO) | Ozone observation | ||||
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Orbital Sciences / Celestis | Intended: Low Earth (SSO) | Technology demonstration / Space burial | ||||
Failed to reach orbit after control issues. SBD and Celestis-4 were hosted payloads on the third stage. | |||||||
25 September 23:21 |
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Eutelsat | Geosynchronous | Communications | In orbit | Operational | ||
Final flight of Ariane 4 44P. | |||||||
30 September 02:40 |
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NASA | Low Earth | Laser ranging | 21 January 2003 | Successful | ||
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U.S. Air Force | Low Earth | Technology demonstration | In orbit | Successful | ||
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U.S. Air Force | Low Earth | Communications | In orbit | Operational | ||
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Stanford University | Low Earth | Education | In orbit | Successful | ||
Kodiak Star, Space Test Program mission. Final flight of Athena I, and at the time final flight of the Athena family, which was later reactivated. First orbital launch from Kodiak Island. | |||||||
October[] | |||||||
5 October 21:21 |
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NRO | Sun-synchronous | Reconnaissance | In orbit | Operational | ||
6 October 16:45 |
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VKS | Geosynchronous | Communications | In orbit | Operational | ||
11 October 02:32 |
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NRO | Geosynchronous | Communications | In orbit | Operational | ||
18 October 18:51 |
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DigitalGlobe | Low Earth | Earth observation | 27 January 2015[5] | Successful | ||
21 October 08:59 |
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Roskosmos | Low Earth (ISS) | ISS escape craft | 5 May 2002 03:52 |
Successful | ||
Crewed orbital flight with three cosmonauts | |||||||
22 October 04:53 |
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ISRO | Low Earth | Reconnaissance | In orbit | Operational | ||
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ESA | Low Earth | Technology demonstration | In orbit | Operational | ||
BIRD | Low Earth | Earth imaging | In orbit | Operational | |||
24 October | ![]() |
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NSPO | Suborbital | Ionospheric research | 24 October | Launch failure | |||
25 October 11:34 |
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VKS | Molniya | Communications | 6 December 2011 | Successful | ||
November[] | |||||||
26 November 18:24 |
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Roskosmos | Low Earth (ISS) | Logistics | 20 March 2002 | Successful | ||
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RAKA | Low Earth | Technology demonstration | 4 May 2002 | Successful | ||
ISS flight 6P Kolibri deployed from Progress on 19 March 2002 | |||||||
27 November 00:35 |
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DirecTV | Geosynchronous | Communications | In orbit | Operational | ||
Final flight of Ariane 4 44LP | |||||||
December[] | |||||||
1 December 18:04 |
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Medium Earth | Navigation | In orbit | Operational | |||
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Medium Earth | Navigation | In orbit | Operational | |||
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Medium Earth | Navigation | In orbit | Operational | |||
5 December 22:19 |
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NASA | Low Earth (ISS) | ISS assembly | 17 December 17:55 |
Successful | ||
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ASI/NASA | Low Earth (ISS) | Logistics | Successful | |||
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NASA | Low Earth | Technology demonstration | 26 April 2002 | Successful | ||
Crewed orbital flight with seven astronauts ISS crew exchange (launched Expedition 4) Starshine 2 released 16 December, 15:02 UTC | |||||||
7 December 15:07 |
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CNES/NASA | Low Earth | Oceanography | In orbit | Operational | ||
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NASA | Low Earth | Solar research | In orbit | Operational | ||
10 December 17:18 |
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Rosaviakosmos | Low Earth | Weather satellite | In orbit | Operational | ||
Kompas | IZMIRAN | Low Earth | Earthquake prediction | In orbit | Operational | ||
Low Earth | Earth imaging | In orbit | Operational | ||||
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Low Earth | Earth imaging/Communications | In orbit | Operational | |||
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Rosaviakosmos/US Air Force | Low Earth | Space debris research | In orbit | Operational | ||
21 December 04:00 |
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Russian Navy | Low Earth | Reconnaissance | 20 March 2004 18:54[6] |
Successful | ||
28 December 03:24 |
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VKS | Low Earth | Communications | In orbit | Operational | ||
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VKS | Low Earth | Communications | In orbit | Operational | ||
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VKS | Low Earth | Communications | In orbit | Operational | ||
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VKS | Low Earth | Communications | In orbit | Operational | ||
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VKS | Low Earth | Communications | In orbit | Operational | ||
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VKS | Low Earth | Communications | In orbit | Operational |
Deep space rendezvous[]
Date (GMT) | Spacecraft | Event | Remarks |
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15 January | Stardust | 1st flyby of the Earth | |
12 February | NEAR | Landed on 433 Eros | First-ever asteroid landing |
25 May | Galileo | 8th flyby of Callisto | |
6 August | Galileo | 4th flyby of Io | |
22 September | Deep Space 1 | Flyby of 19P/Borrelly | |
24 October | Mars Odyssey | Areocentric orbit injection |
EVAs[]
Start Date/Time | Duration | End Time | Spacecraft | Crew | Function | Remarks |
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10 February 15:50 |
7 hours 34 minutes |
23:24 | STS-98 ISS Atlantis |
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Removed protective launch covers and disconnected power and cooling cables between Destiny and Atlantis, while crewmembers inside moved the 3,800-cubic-foot (110 m3) laboratory from the payload bay to its home on the Unity node. Curbeam and Jones then connected electrical, data and cooling lines to the lab, during which a small amount of ammonia crystals leaked from one of the hoses, prompting a decontamination procedure.[7][8] | |
12 February 15:59 |
6 hours 50 minutes |
22:49 | STS-98 ISS Atlantis |
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Installed the shuttle docking adapter onto Destiny, installed insulating covers over the pins that held Destiny in place during launch, attached a vent to the lab's air system, installed handrails and sockets on the exterior of Destiny, and attached a base for the future space station robotic arm.[9] | |
14 February 14:48 |
5 hours 25 minutes |
20:13 | STS-98 ISS Atlantis |
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Attached a spare communications antenna to the station, double-checked connections between the Destiny lab and its docking port, released a cooling radiator on the station, inspected solar array connections at the top of the station, and tested the ability of a spacewalker to carry an immobile crew member back to the shuttle airlock.[10] | 100th American spacewalk. |
11 March 05:12 |
8 hours 56 minutes |
14:08 | STS-102 ISS Discovery |
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Prepared PMA-3 for repositioning from Unity's Earth-facing berth to the port-side berth to make room for the Leonardo MPLM. Removed a Lab Cradle Assembly from the shuttle's cargo bay and installed it on the side of Destiny, and installed a cable tray to Destiny for later use by the station's robot arm. After re-entering the shuttle's airlock, the spacewalkers remained ready to assist if any troubles were encountered by the crew inside the shuttle.[11] | Longest-duration EVA in history. |
13 March 05:23 |
6 hours 21 minutes |
11:44 | STS-102 ISS Discovery |
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Installed an External Stowage Platform for spare station parts, attached a spare ammonia coolant pump to the platform, finished connecting several cables put in place on the first EVA for the station's robotic arm. Inspected a Unity node heater connection, and inspected of an exterior experiment, the Floating Potential Probe.[12] | |
22 April 11:45 |
7 hours 10 minutes |
18:55 | STS-100 ISS Endeavour |
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Installed the station's UHF antenna, and the Canadian Space Agency made Canadarm2. Connected cables to give the arm power and allow it to accept computer commands from inside the lab.[13] | Hadfield became the first Canadian spacewalker. |
24 April 12:34 |
7 hours 40 minutes |
20:14 | STS-100 ISS Endeavour |
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Connected the Power Data Grapple Fixture circuits for Canadarm2 onto Destiny, removed an early communications antenna, transferred a spare Direct Current Switching Unit from the shuttle's payload bay to an equipment storage rack on the outside of Destiny.[14] | |
8 June 14:21 |
19 minutes | 14:40 | Expedition 2 ISS Zvezda |
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Installed the docking cone onto the Zvezda module, in preparation for the arrival of the Russian Pirs docking compartment.[15] | Conducted from the transfer compartment of the Zvezda Service Module. |
15 July 03:10 |
5 hours 59 minutes |
09:09 | STS-104 ISS Atlantis |
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Installed the Quest Joint Airlock onto the Unity node.[16][17][18] | |
18 July 03:04 |
6 hours 29 minutes |
09:33 | STS-104 ISS Atlantis |
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Installed one of two high-pressure nitrogen tanks, and one of two high-pressure oxygen tanks onto Quest, and installed grapple fixture and trunion covers.[16][18][19] | |
21 July 04:35 |
4 hours 2 minutes |
08:37 | STS-104 ISS Quest |
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Installed the second high-pressure nitrogen tank, and the second oxygen tank onto the Quest airlock.[18][20][21] | First EVA conducted from the Quest airlock. |
16 August 13:58 |
6 hours 16 minutes |
20:14 | STS-105 ISS Discovery |
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Installed an Early Ammonia Servicer onto the station's P6 truss, co-location of the foot restraint in a stowed location, and installed the MISSE-1 and 2 containers onto the Quest airlock.[22][23] | |
18 August 13:42 |
5 hours 29 minutes |
19:11 | STS-105 ISS Discovery |
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Installed heater cables and handrails onto the Destiny laboratory.[22][23] | |
8 October 14:24 |
4 hours 58 minutes |
19:22 | Expedition 3 ISS Pirs |
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Installed cables between Pirs, and Zvezda to allow spacewalk radio communications between the two sections. Installed handrails onto Pirs, and installed an exterior ladder to assist spacewalkers leaving Pirs. Installed a Strela cargo crane.[24] | First EVA conducted from the Pirs docking compartment. |
15 October 09:17 |
5 hours 51 minutes |
15:08 | Expedition 3 ISS Pirs |
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Installed Russian commercial experiments (MPAC-SEEDS) onto the exterior of the Pirs docking compartment.[24] | |
12 November 21:41 |
5 hours 5 minutes |
13 November 02:46 |
Expedition 3 ISS Pirs |
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Connected cables on the exterior of Pirs for the Kurs automated docking system, completed checks of the Strela cargo crane, and inspected and photographed a panel of a solar array on Zvezda that had a portion of a panel not fully unfolded.[24] | |
3 December 13:20 |
2 hours 46 minutes |
16:06 | Expedition 3 ISS Pirs |
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Removed an obstruction that prevented a Progress resupply ship from firmly docking with the station, and took pictures of the debris and of the docking interface.[24] | |
10 December 17:52 |
4 hours 12 minutes |
22:04 | STS-108 ISS Endeavour |
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Installed insulating blankets around two Beta Gimbal Assemblies that rotate the station's solar array wings, and performed get-ahead tasks in preparation for STS-110's spacewalks.[25][26][27] |
Orbital launch summary[]
By country[]
Country | Launches | Successes | Failures | Partial
failures |
Remarks | |
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1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | ||
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8 | 7 | 0 | 1 | ||
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2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | ||
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3 | 2 | 1 | 0 | ||
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1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | ||
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18 | 17 | 1 | 0 | ||
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6 | 6 | 0 | 0 | ||
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22 | 20 | 1 | 1 | ||
World | 61 | 55 | 4 | 2 |
References[]
Generic references:
Spaceflight portal
![RocketSunIcon.svg](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/28px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png)
- Bergin, Chris. "NASASpaceFlight.com".
- Clark, Stephen. "Spaceflight Now".
- Kelso, T.S. "Satellite Catalog (SATCAT)". CelesTrak.
- Krebs, Gunter. "Chronology of Space Launches".
- Kyle, Ed. "Space Launch Report".
- McDowell, Jonathan. "Jonathan's Space Report".
- Pietrobon, Steven. "Steven Pietrobon's Space Archive".
- Wade, Mark. "Encyclopedia Astronautica".
- Webb, Brian. "Southwest Space Archive".
- Zak, Anatoly. "Russian Space Web".
- "ISS Calendar". Spaceflight 101.
- "NSSDCA Master Catalog". NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center.
- "Space Calendar". NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
- "Space Information Center". JAXA.
- "Хроника освоения космоса" [Chronicle of space exploration]. CosmoWorld (in Russian).
Footnotes[]
- ^ Clark, Stephen (6 October 2010). "WMAP finishes nine-year probe of infant universe". Spaceflight Now. Archived from the original on 10 October 2010. Retrieved 7 October 2010.
- ^ "MOLNIYA 3-51". N2YO.com. Retrieved 24 August 2019.
- ^ "CORONAS F". N2YO.com. Retrieved 24 August 2019.
- ^ Gebhardt, Chris (25 July 2021). "Farewell, Pirs; ISS module decommissioned, destructively reentered". NASASpaceFlight. Retrieved 26 July 2021.
- ^ "QUICKBIRD 2". N2YO.com. Retrieved 24 August 2019.
- ^ Podvig, Pavel (20 March 2004). "Reentry of the Cosmos-2383 naval reconnaissance satellite". Russian Strategic Nuclear Forces. Retrieved 24 August 2019.
- ^ NASA (2001). "STS-98 Day 4 Highlights". NASA. Archived from the original on 17 September 2008. Retrieved 21 October 2008.
- ^ Boeing/NASA/United Space Alliance (2001). "Three Space Walks Will Add Sophisticated Laboratory". Shuttle Press Kits. Archived from the original on 6 January 2009. Retrieved 21 October 2008.
- ^ NASA (2001). "STS-98 Day 6 Highlights". NASA. Archived from the original on 17 September 2008. Retrieved 21 October 2008.
- ^ NASA (2001). "STS-98 Day 8 Highlights". NASA. Archived from the original on 17 September 2008. Retrieved 21 October 2008.
- ^ NASA (2001). "STS-102 Day 4 Highlights". NASA. Archived from the original on 16 September 2008. Retrieved 21 October 2008.
- ^ NASA (2001). "STS-102 Day 6 Highlights". NASA. Archived from the original on 16 September 2008. Retrieved 21 October 2008.
- ^ NASA (2001). "STS-100 Day 4 Highlights". NASA. Archived from the original on 16 September 2008. Retrieved 21 October 2008.
- ^ NASA (2001). "STS-100 Day 6 Highlights". NASA. Archived from the original on 16 September 2008. Retrieved 21 October 2008.
- ^ NASA (2001). "ISS Status Report #01-18 Friday, June 9, 2001 – Expedition Two Crew". NASA. Archived from the original on 6 November 2008. Retrieved 21 October 2008.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Jim Banke (2001). "First spacewalk concludes". Space.com. Archived from the original on 13 February 2009. Retrieved 21 October 2008.
- ^ Boeing/NASA/United Space Alliance (2001). "STS-104 Spacewalks: Installing a Spacewalking Portal". Shuttle Press Kits. Archived from the original on 19 January 2009. Retrieved 21 October 2008.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c NASA (2001). "STS-104 Extravehicular Activities". NASA. Archived from the original on 17 September 2008. Retrieved 21 October 2008.
- ^ NASA (2001). "STS-104". NASA. Archived from the original on 21 September 2008. Retrieved 21 October 2008.
- ^ Todd Halvorson (2001). "Quest Airlock Makes Orbital Debut as Astronauts Wrap Up Station Construction Work". Space.com. Archived from the original on 13 February 2009. Retrieved 21 October 2008.
- ^ Jim Banke (2001). "Historic milestone at Alpha". Space.com. Archived from the original on 23 May 2009. Retrieved 21 October 2008.
- ^ Jump up to: a b NASA (2001). "STS-105 Extravehicular Activities". NASA. Archived from the original on 17 September 2008. Retrieved 21 October 2008.
- ^ Jump up to: a b NASA/Boeing/United Space Alliance (2001). "Two Spacewalks to Lay Groundwork for Future ISS Construction". Shuttle Press Kit. Archived from the original on 7 January 2009. Retrieved 21 October 2008.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d NASA (2001). "Expedition Three Spacewalks". NASA. Archived from the original on 4 October 2008. Retrieved 21 October 2008.
- ^ NASA (2001). "STS-108 Extravehicular Activities". NASA. Archived from the original on 2 February 2002. Retrieved 21 October 2008.
- ^ NASA (2001). "STS-108, Mission Control Center Status Report #11". NASA. Archived from the original on 16 February 2009. Retrieved 21 October 2008.
- ^ Jim Banke (2001). "STS-108 Mission Update Archive". Space.com. Archived from the original on 4 July 2008. Retrieved 21 October 2008.
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