1952 in spaceflight

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1952 in spaceflight
Viking 9.jpg
Launch of Viking 9, 15 December 1952
Rockets
Maiden flightsUnited States Aerobee RTV-A-1c
United States Viking (second model)
United States Deacon rockoon
RetirementsNazi Germany V-2
United States Aerobee RTV-A-1
United States Aerobee RTV-A-1c
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Groundwork was laid for the launch of the first artificial satellite with the scheduling of the International Geophysical Year for 1957-58. This scientific endeavor would involve dozens of nations in a global investigation of physical phenomenona, on the ground and in space.

In 1952, all branches of the United States' military, often in partnership with civilian organizations, continued their program of sounding rocket research beyond the 100 kilometres (62 mi) boundary of space (as defined by the World Air Sports Federation)[1] using the Aerobee rocket. The University of Iowa launched its first series of rockoon flights, demonstrating the validity of the balloon-launched rocket. The launch of Viking 9 at the end of the year by the Naval Research Laboratory team under the management of Milton Rosen represented the pinnacle of contemporary operational rocket design.

The year saw no new ballistic missiles added to the arsenals of either the United States or the Soviet Union. However, work continued apace on large rocket development, particularly of the US Army's Redstone and the Soviet R-5 missile.

Space exploration highlights[]

US Navy[]

In the late spring of 1952, the Naval Research Laboratory team under the management of Milton Rosen prepared to launch the first second-generation Viking rocket, Viking 8, from White Sands Missile Range in New Mexico. The new Viking design was nearly half-again as wide as its precursor, affording the highest fuel-to-weight ratio of any rocket yet developed. The tail fins no longer supported the weight of the rocket, has had previously been the case. Now, the Viking rocket rested on the base of its fuselage. This allowed the tail fins to be made much lighter, one of many ways the Viking was redesigned to carry a heavier tank without weighing more than the first Viking design.

On 6 June 1952, Viking 8 broke loose of its moorings during a static firing test. After it was allowed to fly for 55 seconds in the hope that it would clear the immediate area and thus pose no danger to ground crew, Nat Wagner, head of the "Cutoff group" delivered a command to the rocket to cease its thrust. 65 seconds later, the rocket crashed 4 miles (6.4 km) or 5 miles (8.0 km) downrange to the southeast.[2]: 172–181 

With lessons learned from the Viking 8 failure, the successful 9 December static firing of Viking 9 was followed on 15 December by a successful launch from White Sands. The rocket reached an altitude of 135 miles (217 km), roughly the same as that of the first-generation Viking 7, launched in 1950. In addition to cameras that photographed the Earth during flight, Viking 9 carried a full suite of cosmic ray, ultraviolet, and X-ray detectors, including sixteen plates of emulsion gel for tracking the path of individual high energy particles. The experiment package was recovered intact after it had secured measurements high above the Earth's atmosphere.[2]: 185–203 

American civilian efforts[]

1952 saw the first rockoon flights. These balloon-mounted rockets were significantly cheaper than sounding rocket flights: $1800 (equivalent to $14346) per launch versus $25,000 ($199246) for each Aerobee launch and $450,000 ($3586431) for each Viking launch. A series of seven ship-launched tests conducted by a University of Iowa team under James Van Allen achieved considerable success, one flight grazing the edge of space with an apogee of 55 miles (89 km).[3]: 10–18 

Spacecraft development[]

US Air Force[]

Progress remained slow throughout 1952 on the Atlas, the nation's first ICBM, the contract for which had been awarded to Consolidated Vultee in January 1951 by the US Air Force's Air Research and Development Command. Conservative development policies and daunting technical problems were the official causes, but the Air Forces's apparent lack of enthusiasm for project, along with the constraint of limited budget and resources, were factors as well. It was not until the first successful H-bomb test at Elugelab in November 1952 that the Atlas, potentially capable of delivering such a weapon, garnered more support.[4]: 59–71 

US Army[]

On 8 April 1952, the surface-to-surface missile being developed by Redstone Arsenal in Alabama since 10 July 1951, officially received the name "Redstone". The Chrysler Corporation was tasked to proceed with active work as the prime contractor on the missile, capable of delivering nuclear or conventional warheads to a range of 200 miles (320 km), by a letter order contract in October 1952 (this contract definitized on 19 June 1953).[5]

Soviet military[]

In the Soviet Union, rocket development during the year 1952 was focused on the R-5 missile, able to carry the same 1,000 kilograms (2,200 lb) payload as the R-1 and R-2 but over a distance of 1,200 kilometres (750 mi).[6]: 242  The R-5, the conceptual design of which had been completed by 30 October 1951,[7]: 97  superseded the ambitious 3,000 kilometres (1,900 mi) range R-3, which had been canceled on 20 October 1951[6]: 275–6 

The USSR's "first Soviet strategic rocket," as the R-5 was thenceforth known, was an incremental improvement on the R-1 and R-2 rockets with not only increased range but improved accuracy. Its propellant tanks were integral to the rocket, reducing structural weight and allowing for more fuel.[7]: 99–100  Two of the first ten R-5s produced underwent stand tests through February 1952,[8] and the sleek, cylindrical R-5 would be ready for its first launch March 1953.[7]: 99–100 

Also in 1952, the design bureau OKB-486 under Valentin Glushko began developing the RD-105 and RD-106 engines for an even more powerful rocket: the five engine R-6 ICBM. Using an integrated solder-welded configuration, developed by engineer Aleksei Isaev, these LOX/kerosene engines would be more powerful single chamber engines than those used in earlier rockets. Four 539.37 kN (121,260 lbf) RD-105 would power the R-6's four strap-on engines while a 519.75 kN (116,840 lbf) RD-106 would power the central booster.[7]: 108–109 

That same year, there was also a series of fourteen test launches of the mass-produced version of R-2 missile (range of 600 kilometres (370 mi)[6]: 48–9 ). Twelve of the missiles reached their targets.[6]: 266  The R-1 also was test-launched seven times.[9]

Civilian efforts[]

In October 1952, the General Assembly of the International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU) adopted a proposal to undertake simultaneous observations of geophysical phenomena over the entire surface of the Earth. The International Geophysical Year (IGY), set for 1957-58, would involve the efforts of a multitude of nations in such farflung regions as the Arctic and Antarctica. To coordinate this massive effort, the ICSU formed the Comité Speciale de l'Année Géophysique Internationale (CSAGI), which would hold four major meetings with representation from all participating countries over the next four years.[3]: 69 

In part inspired by lectures he gave to the British Interplanetary Society in London the previous year, the University of Maryland's Fred Singer began espousing in both print and in public presentations the use of small artificial satellites to conduct scientific observations. This concept was dubbed "MOUSE" (Minimum Orbiting Unmanned Satellite of the Earth) and was dismissed by many as too radical and/or in conflict with human exploration of space. Nevertheless, the proposal catalyzed serious discussion of the use of satellites for scientific research.[3]: 73 

Launches[]

January[]

January launches
Date and time (UTC) Rocket Flight number Launch site LSP
Payload Operator Orbit Function Decay (UTC) Outcome
Remarks
30 January
20:45 		United StatesAerobee RTV-A-1a United StatesHolloman LC-A United StatesUS Air Force
Ionosphere 1 ARDC / University of Utah Suborbital Ionospheric 30 January Launch failure[10]

February[]

February launches
Date and time (UTC) Rocket Flight number Launch site LSP
Payload Operator Orbit Function Decay (UTC) Outcome
Remarks
19 February
14:49 		United StatesAerobee RTV-A-1c United StatesHolloman LC-A United StatesUS Air Force
ARDC Suborbital Airglow 19 February Launch failure
Maiden (and only) flight of the RTV-A-1c[10]
19 February
17:00 		United StatesAerobee RTV-N-10 United StatesWhite Sands LC-35 United StatesUS Navy
NRL Suborbital Sky brightness research 19 February Launch failure
Apogee: 81 kilometres (50 mi)[10]
29 February
14:40 		United StatesAerobee RTV-A-1 United StatesHolloman LC-A United StatesUS Air Force
ARDC Suborbital Airglow 29 February Successful
Apogee: 89.3 kilometres (55.5 mi)[10]

April[]

April launches
Date and time (UTC) Rocket Flight number Launch site LSP
Payload Operator Orbit Function Decay (UTC) Outcome
Remarks
22 April
17:28 		United StatesAerobee RTV-A-1 United StatesHolloman LC-A United StatesUS Air Force
ARDC Suborbital Ionospheric 22 April Successful
Apogee: 112.7 kilometres (70.0 mi)[10]
30 April
13:30 		United StatesAerobee RTV-N-10 United StatesWhite Sands LC-35 United StatesUS Navy
NRL Suborbital UV Astronomy 30 April Successful
Apogee: 127.8 kilometres (79.4 mi)[10]

May[]

May launches
Date and time (UTC) Rocket Flight number Launch site LSP
Payload Operator Orbit Function Decay (UTC) Outcome
Remarks
1 May
14:59 		United StatesAerobee RTV-N-10 United StatesWhite Sands LC-35 United StatesUS Navy
NRL Suborbital UV Astronomy 1 May Successful
Apogee: 91.8 kilometres (57.0 mi)[10]
1 May
15:42 		United StatesAerobee RTV-A-1 United StatesHolloman LC-A United StatesUS Air Force
ARDC Suborbital Solar flux / Solar UV 1 May Successful
Apogee: 91 kilometres (57 mi)[10]
5 May
13:44 		United StatesAerobee RTV-N-10 United StatesWhite Sands LC-35 United StatesUS Navy
NRL Suborbital Cosmic radiation, solar radiation research 5 May Successful
Apogee: 127 kilometres (79 mi)[10]
15 May
01:15 		United StatesAerobee XASR-SC-1 United StatesWhite Sands LC-35 United StatesUS Army
USASC Suborbital Aeronomy 15 May Successful
Apogee: 76.1 kilometres (47.3 mi)[10]
20 May
02:07 		United StatesAerobee XASR-SC-1 United StatesWhite Sands LC-35 United StatesUS Army
USASC Suborbital Aeronomy 20 May Successful
Apogee: 90.1 kilometres (56.0 mi)[10]
20 May
16:06 		Nazi GermanyV-2 United StatesWhite Sands LC-33 United StatesUS Army
US Army / Signal Corps Engineering Lab / University of Michigan Suborbital Photography / Aeronomy 20 May Successful
Apogee: 103.7 kilometres (64.4 mi)[11]
21 May
15:15 		United StatesAerobee RTV-A-1 United StatesHolloman LC-A United StatesUS Air Force
United StatesAeromed 3 ARDC Suborbital Biomedical 21 May Successful
Carried 2 Philippine monkeys, Pat and Mike, and 2 mice, all recovered, apogee: 26.1 kilometres (16.2 mi)[10]

June[]

June launches
Date and time (UTC) Rocket Flight number Launch site LSP
Payload Operator Orbit Function Decay (UTC) Outcome
Remarks
6 June
17:30 		United StatesViking (second model) United StatesWhite Sands LC-33 United StatesUS Navy
United StatesViking 8 NRL Suborbital Accidental launch 6 June Launch failure
Apogee: 6 kilometres (3.7 mi), accidentally launched during static fire ground test[12]
18 June
17:50 		United StatesAerobee RTV-A-1 United StatesHolloman LC-A United StatesUS Air Force
ARDC Suborbital Solar radiation 18 June Successful
Apogee: 99.8 kilometres (62.0 mi)[10]
30 June
14:32 		United StatesAerobee RTV-A-1 United StatesHolloman LC-A United StatesUS Air Force
United StatesAirglow 1 ARDC Suborbital Airglow 30 June Successful
Apogee: 101.4 kilometres (63.0 mi)[10]

August[]

August launches
Date and time (UTC) Rocket Flight number Launch site LSP
Payload Operator Orbit Function Decay (UTC) Outcome
Remarks
8 August Soviet UnionR-2 Soviet UnionKapustin Yar Soviet UnionOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test 8 August
First of fourteen test launches of mass-produced version; twelve reached their target[13][6]: 266 
August Soviet UnionR-2 Soviet UnionKapustin Yar Soviet UnionOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test Same day
Second of fourteen test launches of mass-produced version; twelve reached their target[13][6]: 266 
August Soviet UnionR-2 Soviet UnionKapustin Yar Soviet UnionOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test Same day
Third of fourteen test launches of mass-produced version; twelve reached their target[13][6]: 266 
August Soviet UnionR-2 Soviet UnionKapustin Yar Soviet UnionOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test Same day
Fourth of fourteen test launches of mass-produced version; twelve reached their target[13][6]: 266 
August Soviet UnionR-2 Soviet UnionKapustin Yar Soviet UnionOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test Same day
Fifth of fourteen test launches of mass-produced version; twelve reached their target[13][6]: 266 
August Soviet UnionR-2 Soviet UnionKapustin Yar Soviet UnionOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test Same day
Sixth of fourteen test launches of mass-produced version; twelve reached their target[13][6]: 266 
August Soviet UnionR-2 Soviet UnionKapustin Yar Soviet UnionOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test Same day
Seventh of fourteen test launches of mass-produced version; twelve reached their target[13][6]: 266 
August Soviet UnionR-2 Soviet UnionKapustin Yar Soviet UnionOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test Same day
Eighth of fourteen test launches of mass-produced version; twelve reached their target[13][6]: 266 
20 August Soviet UnionR-1 Soviet UnionKapustin Yar Soviet UnionOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test 20 August Successful[9]
21 August Soviet UnionR-1 Soviet UnionKapustin Yar Soviet UnionOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test 21 August Successful[9]
21 August
06:25 		United StatesDeacon rockoon SUI 1 United StatesUSCGC Eastwind, Arctic Ocean United StatesUS Coast Guard
University of Iowa Suborbital Ionospheric 21 August Partial failure
Maiden flight of the Deacon Rockoon, apogee: 11 kilometres (6.8 mi);[14] rocket failed to fire[3]: 17 
22 August
07:33 		Nazi GermanyV-2 United StatesWhite Sands LC-33 United StatesUS Army
US Army / NRL / ARDC / National Institutes of Health Suborbital Photography / Solar X-ray / Aeronomy 22 August Successful
Apogee: 78.2 kilometres (48.6 mi)[11]
24 August
03:34 		United StatesDeacon rockoon SUI 2 United StatesUSCGC Eastwind, Arctic Ocean United StatesUS Coast Guard
University of Iowa Suborbital Ionospheric 24 August Partial failure
Apogee: 11 kilometres (6.8 mi);[14] rocket failed to fire, but instrument package worked[3]: 17 
25 August Soviet UnionR-1 Soviet UnionKapustin Yar Soviet UnionOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test 25 August Successful[9]
26 August
18:53 		United StatesAerobee RTV-A-1a United StatesHolloman LC-A United StatesUS Air Force
United StatesIonosphere 2 ARDC / University of Utah Suborbital Ionospheric 26 August Unknown[10]
29 August
00:26 		United StatesDeacon rockoon SUI 3 United StatesUSCGC Eastwind, Arctic Ocean United StatesUS Coast Guard
University of Iowa Suborbital Ionospheric 29 August Spacecraft failure
Apogee: 61 kilometres (38 mi);[14] first successful firing of balloon-launched rocket, instruments failed to return data[3]: 18 
29 August
07:36 		United StatesDeacon rockoon SUI 4 United StatesUSCGC Eastwind, Arctic Ocean United StatesUS Coast Guard
University of Iowa Suborbital Ionospheric 29 August Successful
Apogee: 60 kilometres (37 mi);[14]
29 August
18:15 		United StatesDeacon rockoon SUI 5 United StatesUSCGC Eastwind, Arctic Ocean United StatesUS Coast Guard
University of Iowa Suborbital Ionospheric 29 August Successful
Apogee: 90 kilometres (56 mi);[14]
31 August
21:10 		United StatesDeacon rockoon SUI 6 United StatesUSCGC Eastwind, Arctic Ocean United StatesUS Coast Guard
University of Iowa Suborbital Ionospheric 31 August Successful
Apogee: 60 kilometres (37 mi);[14]

September[]

September launches
Date and time (UTC) Rocket Flight number Launch site LSP
Payload Operator Orbit Function Decay (UTC) Outcome
Remarks
September Soviet UnionR-2 Soviet UnionKapustin Yar Soviet UnionOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test Same day
Ninth of fourteen test launches of mass-produced version; twelve reached their target[13][6]: 266 
September Soviet UnionR-2 Soviet UnionKapustin Yar Soviet UnionOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test Same day
Tenth of fourteen test launches of mass-produced version; twelve reached their target[13][6]: 266 
September Soviet UnionR-2 Soviet UnionKapustin Yar Soviet UnionOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test Same day
Eleventh of fourteen test launches of mass-produced version; twelve reached their target[13][6]: 266 
September Soviet UnionR-2 Soviet UnionKapustin Yar Soviet UnionOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test Same day
Twelfth of fourteen test launches of mass-produced version; twelve reached their target[13][6]: 266 
September Soviet UnionR-2 Soviet UnionKapustin Yar Soviet UnionOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test Same day
Thirteenth of fourteen test launches of mass-produced version; twelve reached their target[13][6]: 266 
3 September
14:49 		United StatesAerobee RTV-N-10 United StatesWhite Sands LC-35 United StatesUS Navy
NRL Suborbital Solar radiation research 3 September Successful
Apogee: 99 kilometres (62 mi)[10]
4 September
09:17 		United StatesDeacon rockoon SUI 7 United StatesUSCGC Eastwind, Arctic Ocean United StatesUS Coast Guard
University of Iowa Suborbital Ionospheric 4 September Successful
Apogee: 60 kilometres (37 mi)[14]
18 September Soviet UnionR-2 Soviet UnionKapustin Yar Soviet UnionOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test 18 September
Last of fourteen test launches of mass-produced version; twelve reached their target[13][6]: 266 
19 September
15:49 		Nazi GermanyV-2 United StatesWhite Sands LC-33 United StatesUS Army
Signal Corps Engineering Lab / National Institutes of Health / University of Michigan Suborbital Aeronomy / Cosmic radiation 19 September Launch failure
Final flight of V-2, apogee: 27.1 kilometres (16.8 mi)[11]
25 September
03:50 		United StatesAerobee XASR-SC-1 United StatesWhite Sands LC-35 United StatesUS Army
United StatesGrenades USASC Suborbital Aeronomy 25 September Successful
Apogee: 117.5 kilometres (73.0 mi)[10]

October[]

October launches
Date and time (UTC) Rocket Flight number Launch site LSP
Payload Operator Orbit Function Decay (UTC) Outcome
Remarks
10 October
14:24 		United StatesAerobee RTV-A-1 United StatesHolloman LC-A United StatesUS Air Force
ARDC Suborbital Solar radiation research 10 October Successful
Apogee: 109.5 kilometres (68.0 mi)[10]
22 October
14:35 		United StatesAerobee RTV-A-1 United StatesHolloman LC-A United StatesUS Air Force
United StatesT-day ARDC Suborbital Aeronomy 22 October Successful
Apogee: 99.8 kilometres (62.0 mi)[10]
23 October
03:45 		United StatesAerobee XASR-SC-2 United StatesWhite Sands LC-35 United StatesUS Army
United StatesGrenades USASC Suborbital Aeronomy 23 October Successful
Apogee: 111.1 kilometres (69.0 mi)[10]
29 October Soviet UnionR-1 Soviet UnionKapustin Yar Soviet UnionOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test 29 October Successful[9]
30 October Soviet UnionR-1 Soviet UnionKapustin Yar Soviet UnionOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test 30 October Successful[9]
30 October Soviet UnionR-1 Soviet UnionKapustin Yar Soviet UnionOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test 30 October Successful[9]

November[]

November launches
Date and time (UTC) Rocket Flight number Launch site LSP
Payload Operator Orbit Function Decay (UTC) Outcome
Remarks
6 November
15:56 		United StatesAerobee RTV-A-1 United StatesHolloman LC-A United StatesUS Air Force
Airglow 2 ARDC Suborbital Sky brightness 6 November Successful
Apogee: 75.7 kilometres (47.0 mi)[10]
21 November Soviet UnionR-1 Soviet UnionKapustin Yar Soviet UnionOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test 21 November Successful[9]

December[]

December launches
Date and time (UTC) Rocket Flight number Launch site LSP
Payload Operator Orbit Function Decay (UTC) Outcome
Remarks
11 December
23:47 		United StatesAerobee XASR-SC-1 United StatesWhite Sands LC-35 United StatesUS Army
United StatesSphere USASC Suborbital Aeronomy 11 December Successful
Apogee: 104.6 kilometres (65.0 mi)[10]
12 December
19:38 		United StatesAerobee RTV-A-1 United StatesHolloman LC-A United StatesUS Air Force
ARDC Suborbital Solar UV 12 December Successful
Final flight of the RTV-A-1, apogee: 88.5 kilometres (55.0 mi)[10]
15 December
21:38 		United StatesViking (second model) United StatesWhite Sands LC-33 United StatesUS Navy
United StatesViking 9 NRL Suborbital Solar and cosmic radiation / Photography 15 December Successful
Apogee: 219 kilometres (136 mi)[12]

Suborbital launch summary[]

By country[]

United States: 35Soviet Union: 21Circle frame.svg
Launches by country
Country Launches Successes Failures Partial
failures 		Unknown
 United States 35 26 5 3 1
 Soviet Union 21 19 0 2 0

By rocket[]

6
12
18
24
30
V-2
Aerobee
Launches by rocket
Rocket Country Launches Successes Failures Partial
failures 		Unknown Remarks
V-2  United States 3 2 1 0 0 Retired
Viking (second model)  United States 2 1 1 0 0 Maiden flight
Aerobee RTV-N-10  United States 5 4 1 0 0
Aerobee XASR-SC-1  United States 4 4 0 0 0
Aerobee XASR-SC-2  United States 1 1 0 0 0
Aerobee RTV-A-1  United States 10 10 0 0 0 Retired
Aerobee RTV-A-1a  United States 2 0 1 0 1
Aerobee RTV-A-1c  United States 1 0 1 0 0 Maiden flight, retired
Deacon rockoon  United States 7 4 0 3 0 Maiden flight
R-1  Soviet Union 7 7 0 0 0
R-2  Soviet Union 14 12 0 2 0

See also[]

References[]

Generic references:
  • view
  • talk

RocketSunIcon.svg Spaceflight portal
  • Bergin, Chris. "NASASpaceFlight.com".
  • Clark, Stephen. "Spaceflight Now".
  • Kelso, T.S. "Satellite Catalog (SATCAT)". CelesTrak.
  • Krebs, Gunter. "Chronology of Space Launches".
  • Kyle, Ed. "Space Launch Report".
  • McDowell, Jonathan. "Jonathan's Space Report".
  • Pietrobon, Steven. "Steven Pietrobon's Space Archive".
  • Wade, Mark. "Encyclopedia Astronautica".
  • Webb, Brian. "Southwest Space Archive".
  • Zak, Anatoly. "Russian Space Web".
  • "ISS Calendar". Spaceflight 101.
  • "NSSDCA Master Catalog". NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center.
  • "Space Calendar". NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
  • "Space Information Center". JAXA.
  • "Хроника освоения космоса" [Chronicle of space exploration]. CosmoWorld (in Russian).

Footnotes[]

  1. ^ Paul Voosen (24 July 2018). "Outer space may have just gotten a bit closer". Science. doi:10.1126/science.aau8822. Retrieved 1 April 2019.
  2. ^ a b Milton W. Rosen (1955). The Viking Rocket Story. New York: Harper & Brothers. OCLC 317524549.
  3. ^ a b c d e f George Ludwig (2011). Opening Space Research. Washington D.C.: geopress. OCLC 845256256.
  4. ^ John L. Chapman (1960). Atlas The Story of a Missile. New York: Harper & Brothers. OCLC 492591218.
  5. ^ "Installation History 1950 - 1952". US Army Aviation and Missile Life Cycle Management Command. 2017. Retrieved 1 February 2021.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Boris Chertok (June 2006). Rockets and People, Volume II: Creating a Rocket Industry. Washington D.C.: NASA. OCLC 946818748.
  7. ^ a b c d Asif A. Siddiqi. Challenge to Apollo: The Soviet Union and the Space Race, 1945-1974 (PDF). Washington D.C.: NASA. OCLC 1001823253.
  8. ^ Mark Wade (7 January 2021). "R-5". Encyclopedia Astronautica.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h Mark Wade. "R-1 8A11". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Retrieved 7 January 2021.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w Mark Wade. "Aerobee". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Retrieved 4 October 2021.
  11. ^ a b c Mark Wade. "1951 Chronology". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Retrieved 3 October 2021.
  12. ^ a b Mark Wade. "Viking Sounding Rocket". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Retrieved 7 January 2021.
  13. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Mark Wade. "R-2". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Retrieved 7 October 2021.
  14. ^ a b c d e f g Mark Wade. "Deacon Rockoon". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Retrieved 7 October 2021.


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