List of Ariane launches (2020–2029)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
  (Redirected from )

Main article: List of Ariane launches
List of Ariane launches
1979–1989 · 1990–1999 · 2000–2009 · 2010–2019 · 2020–2029

This is a list of launches performed or scheduled to be performed by Ariane launch vehicles between 2020 and 2029. During this time, the Ariane 5 will be retired in favour of the Ariane 6 rocket.

Launch statistics[]

Rocket configurations[]

0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
'21
'22
'23
'27
'28
'29
  •   Ariane 5 ECA
  •   Ariane 62
  •   Ariane 64

Launch outcomes[]

0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
2020
'21
'22
'23
'24
'25
'26
'27
'28
'29
  •   Failure
  •   Partial failure
  •   Success
  •   Planned

Launch history[]

Source: Arianespace Press Kits [1]

2020[]

Flight No. Date
Time (UTC) 		Rocket type
Serial No. 		Launch site Payload Payload mass Orbit Customers Launch
outcome
VA251 16 January 2020
21:05 		Ariane 5 ECA
5110 		Kourou
ELA-3 		Eutelsat Konnect
GSAT-30 		6,976 kg GTO Eutelsat
ISRO 		Success
Eutelsat communications satellite and ISRO communications satellite.
VA252 18 February 2020
22:18 		Ariane 5 ECA
5111 		Kourou
ELA-3 		JCSAT-17
 9,236 kg GTO SKY Perfect JSAT
KARI 		Success
SKY Perfect JSAT communications satellite and KARI meteorological satellite.
VA253 15 August 2020
22:04 		Ariane 5 ECA
5112 		Kourou
ELA-3 		Galaxy 30
MEV-2
BSAT-4b 		9,703 kg GTO Intelsat
Northrop Grumman
BSAT 		Success
Flight VA253 was planned to launch in June 2020.[2] However, launch campaign activities were significantly affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. To prevent the spread in French Guiana and protect Centre Spatial Guyanais employees, all launch activities were suspended on 16 March 2020.[3][4][5] Operations for Vega flight VV16 and Ariane 5 flight VA253 could not resume until 28 April 2020.[6][7][8] VA253 activities were listed among the top priorities at the reopening of the Guiana Space Center on 11 May 2020.[9] The launch was rescheduled for end of July 2020[7][10][11] to place the satellites into a geostationary transfer orbit from which they will eventually be placed into geostationary orbit through their own propulsion. The flight was again aborted on 28 July 2020, due to a "red" warning in the system, resulting from a sensor problem related to LH2 tank on the core stage.

American satellite operator Intelsat and Japanese Broadcasting Satellite System Corporation (B-SAT) are the customers for Ariane flight VA253.[12][13]

Galaxy 30 is a communications satellite built by Northrop Grumman Innovation Systems (formerly Orbital ATK) on the GEOStar-2 platform for Intelsat. It has C-band, Ku-band, Ka-band payloads, as well as a WAAS payload for a mass of 3,325 kilograms (7,330 lb).[14] Built in satellite manufacturing facility in Dulles, Virginia, it will primarily serve video markets in North America.[15] As per Intelsat/Arianespace contract announced in January 2018,[16] Galaxy 30 would share the upper berth of the Ariane 5 ECA rocket with MEV-2, which is a Northrop Grumman second satellite servicing vehicle, identical to MEV-1. With a mass of 2,326 kilograms (5,128 lb), it would begin a five-year mission to extend the lifetime of Intelsat 10-02.[17] MEV-2 received FCC authorization on 25 March 2020.[18]

BSAT-4b is the second communications satellite of the fourth generation B-SAT, built by SSL (company) on its SSL 1300 platform. It has 24 Ku-band transponders and mass of 3,520 kilograms (7,760 lb).[19]

2021[]

Flight No. Date
Time (UTC) 		Rocket type
Serial No. 		Launch site Payload Payload mass Orbit Customers Launch
outcome
VA254 30 July 2021
21:00 		Ariane 5 ECA
5113 		Kourou
ELA-3 		Eutelsat Quantum
Star One D2 		10,515 kg GTO Eutelsat
Star One 		Success
Brazilian Satellite operator Embratel and European Eutelsat were customers on the VA254 flight.[20]

Eutelsat Quantum is a European re-programmable telecommunications satellite equipped with Ku-band payload, developed in a public-private partnership between the European Space Agency (ESA), Eutelsat and Airbus Defence and Space.[17] It had a launch mass of approximately 3,461 kilograms (7,630 lb) and a design lifetime of 15 years.[21]

Star One D2 is a telecommunications satellite equipped with C-, Ku-, Ka- and X-band payloads for high-speed telecommunications, television broadcast and fast broadband in South America, Mexico, Central America, and parts of the Atlantic Ocean.[14] It had a launch mass of approximately 6,190 kilograms (13,650 lb) and a design lifetime of 15 years.[21]

The target orbit was a geosynchronous transfer orbit with an apogee altitude of 250 kilometres (160 mi) and a perigee altitude of 35,726 kilometres (22,199 mi), at an inclination of 3°.[21]

The mission was planned to last 36 minutes and 24 seconds.[21][a]

VA255 24 October 2021
02:10 		Ariane 5 ECA
5115 		Kourou
ELA-3 		SES-17
Syracuse 4A 		10,264 kg GTO SES S.A.
DGA 		Success
SES S.A. communications satellite and Direction générale de l'armement military communications satellite.
VA256 25 December 2021
12:20 		Ariane 5 ECA
5114 		Kourou
ELA-3 		James Webb Space Telescope 6,161.4 kg Sun–Earth L2 NASA / ESA / CSA / STScI Success
James Webb Space Telescope.

Future launches[]

This section is transcluded from Ariane 5. ( | )
Date
Time (UTC) 		Rocket type
Serial No. 		Payload Orbit Customers Launch
status
February 2022 [23][24] ECA
GTO
Planned
June 2022 [25] ECA
GTO
Planned
H1 2022 [26][27] ECA Eutelsat Konnect VHTS[b][28] GTO Eutelsat Planned
H1 2022 [27] ECA
GTO
  • Eutelsat
 Planned
September 2022 [29][30] ECA
GTO Intelsat Planned
Q4 2022 [31][32] ECA MTG-I1[b][33] GTO EUMETSAT Planned
H2 2022 [27][34] ECA [b] GTO Eutelsat Planned
2022 [35] ECA Syracuse 4B (Comsat-NG 2)[b][36] GTO DGA Planned
April 2023[37] ECA Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer (JUICE) Heliocentric ESA Scheduled
2023 [38][39] ECA (H2Sat)[b][40] GTO DLR Planned
  1. ^ Statistics for flight VA254:[22]
    • 330th Arianespace launch (6th in 2021)
    • 254th Ariane launch (1st in 2021)
    • 110th Ariane 5 launch (1st in 2021)
    • 947th and 948th satellites put in orbit by Arianespace (151st and 152nd in 2021)
    • 12th Embratel satellite launched by Arianespace
    • 36th Eutelsat satellite launched by Arianespace
    • 85th consecutive rated operation of the Vulcain 2 engine
    • 110th consecutive rated operation of the EAP solid rocket boosters
    • 150th consecutive rated operation of the HM7B engine
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Future Ariane 5 GTO payloads still need to be paired
This section is transcluded from Ariane 6. ( | )
Date
Time (UTC) 		Rocket type
Serial No. 		Payload Orbit Customers Launch
status
Late 2022[41] Ariane 62 TBA LEO TBA Planned
NET 2022[42] Ariane 64 ALINA[43] TLI PTScientists Planned
NET 2022[44][45] Ariane 62 CSO 3[46] LEO CNES / DGA Planned
NET 2022[47][48] Ariane 64 ViaSat-3 EMEA [49][50] GTO ViaSat Planned
March 2023[51][52] Ariane 64 Galaxy 37 GTO Intelsat Planned
Q3 2023[53] Ariane 64 Multi-Launch Service Proof of Concept (MLS POC) rideshare mission GTO Skyloom,[54][55] TBA Planned
H2 2023[56] Ariane 64 Optus-11 GTO Optus Planned
2023[57] Ariane 6 Electra GTO SES S.A. / ESA Planned
2023[58][59][60] Ariane 62 Galileo FOC FM 29, 30 MEO ESA Planned
Q1 2024[53] Ariane 64 MLS #2 rideshare mission LEO TBA Planned
H1 2024[61][62] Ariane 64 MTG-S1[63] GTO EUMETSAT Planned
October 2024[64] Ariane 64 Hera / / Heliocentric ESA Scheduled
Q4 2024[53] Ariane 64 MLS #3 rideshare mission LEO TBA Planned
2024[60] Ariane 62 Galileo FOC FM 31, 32 MEO ESA Planned
2024[65] Ariane 6 Galileo G2 1 MEO ESA Planned
Q3 2025[53] Ariane 64 MLS #4 (GO-1) rideshare mission[66] GEO ESA Planned
Q3 2025[53] Ariane 64 MLS #5 rideshare mission SSO TBA Planned
Q4 2025[53] Ariane 64 MLS #6 "Highway to the Moon" lunar rideshare mission[67][68] TLI TBA Planned
H2 2025[61][62] Ariane 64[69] MTG-I2[70] GTO EUMETSAT Planned
2025[60] Ariane 62 Galileo FOC FM 33, 34 MEO ESA Planned
October 2026[71][72] Ariane 6 Earth Return Orbiter Areocentric ESA Planned
2026[73] Ariane 62[74] PLATO Sun–Earth L2 ESA Planned
2027[75][76] Ariane 64 Heracles EL3 TLI ESA Planned
2029[77] Ariane 62 ARIEL Sun–Earth L2 ESA Planned
2034[78] Ariane 64[79] Athena Sun–Earth L2,
Halo orbit 		ESA Planned

References[]

  • Wade, Mark. "Ariane". Encyclopedia Astronautica.
  1. ^ "Press kits Archive - Arianespace". Arianespace. Archived from the original on 1 April 2018. Retrieved 3 April 2018.
  2. ^ Forrester, March 17, 2020, "The next scheduled commercial launches include a Galaxy 30 satellite (for Intelsat) and BSAT-4b (for Japanese satellite operator BSAT) which were scheduled for launch together in June"
  3. ^ Arianespace, March 16, 2020, "Face à l'épidémie de Covid-19 et pour mettre pleinement en œuvre les mesures décidées par le gouvernement français, les campagnes de lancement en cours au Centre Spatial Guyanais (CSG) sont suspendues".
  4. ^ CNES, March 16, 2020, "Au Centre Spatial Guyanais, suspension des campagnes de lancement, mise et maintien en sécurité des moyens opérationnels de la base, des lanceurs et des satellites en attente de lancement".
  5. ^ CNES, March 23, 2020, "All launch preparations have been suspended due to the potential uncertainty and danger of the health situation at a time when great care needs to be taken to prevent the spread of the epidemic in French Guiana".
  6. ^ CNES, April 28, 2020, "Operations to ready for Vega flight VV16 and Ariane 5 flight VA253 have resumed. Teams stationed permanently in French Guiana have been working to restore the base to its operational configuration since 21 April, applying the necessary distancing and transmission reduction measures."
  7. ^ a b Arianespace, April 29, 2020, "Following the measures presented by the French government on 28 April 2020 as part of the gradual resumption of activity planned from 11 May 2020, and the announcement of a restart of operational activities at the Guiana Space Center, Arianespace confirms its following launch objectives: [...] Flight VA253 – A dual-payload Ariane 5 mission for two customers, Intelsat and B-SAT, at the end of July 2020".
  8. ^ Henry 2020, "The reopening of the Guiana Space Centre, which suspended operations in mid-March as part of France's effort to combat the COVID-19 pandemic, is expected to allow Arianespace to resume satellite launches from there by mid-June."
  9. ^ CNES, May 11, 2020, "Priority projects and operations that will be resuming on site at the Guiana Space Centre (CSG) are: the Vega VV16 and Ariane VA253 launch campaigns and the arrival of teams who will be observing a strict 14-day quarantine from 11 and 25 May respectively".
  10. ^ Forrester, May 1, 2020, "These will be launched on a single Ariane 5 rocket currently scheduled for the end of July".
  11. ^ Kanayama 2020, "VA253 is set to launch at the end of July".
  12. ^ Forrester, May 1, 2020, "The next commercial geostationary launch is for Galaxy 30 (3325 kg) for Intelsat on flight VA253 which has two important co-passengers. The first is a slightly larger satellite for Japan's BSat4B (3520 kg). But of perhaps extra importance is the second "space tug" for Northrop Grumman and its rescue craft MEV-2".
  13. ^ Kanayama 2020, "The next mission for Arianespace after VV16 is VA253 with the Ariane 5 rocket. It will carry the Galaxy-30, MEV-2, and the BSat-4B satellites".
  14. ^ a b Krebs, Galaxy 30 2020, "Intelsat awarded in January 2018 a contract to build the Galaxy 30 Ku- and Ka-band communications satellite to Orbital ATK, now Northrop Grumman Innovation Systems (NGIS). This satellite will be based on the flight-proven GEOStar-2 platform".
  15. ^ Northrop Grumman, Galaxy 30, 2020, "The satellite will be designed, built and tested at Northrop Grumman's state-of-the-art satellite manufacturing facility in Dulles, Virginia, and will primarily serve video markets in North America".
  16. ^ Arianespace, January 9, 2018, "The first launch will carry the Galaxy 30 satellite together with the Orbital ATK Mission Extension Vehicle-2 (MEV-2) as a stacked pair".
  17. ^ a b Krebs, MEV 1, 2 2020, "A second MEV was ordered for Intelsat in January 2018. MEV-2 is expected to be in service by mid-2020 on a five-year mission [...] MEV-2 will share the upper berth of an Ariane-5ECA+ rocket with Galaxy 30 [...]. The initial mission of MEV-2 is to extend the life of Intelsat 10-02".
  18. ^ FCC, MEV-2, 2020 Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  19. ^ Krebs, BSat 4a, 4b 2020, "BSAT-4a will have 24 Ku-band transponders and will expand the availability of advanced television services such as high definition and 4K/8K ultra-high definition television. BSAT-4a is based on the highly reliable SSL-1300 platform"
  20. ^ "Arianespace to launch two telecom satellites into geostationary orbit". arianespace.com. 20 July 2021. Archived from the original on 20 July 2021. Retrieved 20 July 2021.
  21. ^ a b c d "VA254 launch kit" (PDF). arianespace.com. Arianespace. November 2021. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
  22. ^ "Double success for Ariane 5: satellites Star One D2 and EUTELSAT QUANTUM placed in geostationary transfer orbit". arianespace.com. Arianespace. 30 July 2021. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
  23. ^ Kumar, Chethan (1 October 2021). "First demand-driven mission: GSAT-24 to be dedicated for Tata Sky; NSIL to launch satellite on Ariane-5". The Times of India. Retrieved 3 October 2021.
  24. ^ Clark, Stephen (10 September 2021). "Launch Schedule". Spaceflight Now. Retrieved 10 September 2021.
  25. ^ "Interim report, January–June 2021". Ovzon. 18 August 2021. Retrieved 18 August 2021. We therefore plan for a rescheduled launch at the end of the second quarter 2022, and the satellite is thus expected to be operational during the fourth quarter.
  26. ^ "Flight VV18 Launch Kit" (PDF). Arianespace. 28 April 2021. p. 3. Retrieved 28 April 2021. There are currently seven satellites to be launched on behalf of Eutelsat in the Arianespace's backlog: Quantum, KONNECT VHTS, Eutelsat 10B, as well as four additional satellites under a MultiLaunch Services Agreement (MLSA) with the operator
  27. ^ a b c "Full Year 2020-2021 Revenues" (PDF). Eutelsat. 30 July 2021. p. 37. Retrieved 18 August 2021.
  28. ^ Krebs, Gunter (19 February 2021). "Eutelsat Konnect VHTS". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 28 April 2021.
  29. ^ "Intelsat entrusts Arianespace for the launch of three C-band satellites on Ariane 5 and Ariane 6" (Press release). Arianespace. 17 September 2020. Retrieved 28 April 2021.
  30. ^ "Intelsat confie à Arianespace le lancement de trois satellites" [Intelsat entrusts Arianespace with the launch of three satellites] (in French). France Info (TV channel). 17 September 2020. Retrieved 28 April 2021.
  31. ^ "Meteosat Series - Future Satellites". EUMETSAT. 19 November 2020. Retrieved 28 April 2021.
  32. ^ Henry, Caleb (10 July 2020). "Eumetsat shifts two tardy satellites to Ariane 6". SpaceNews. Retrieved 28 April 2021.
  33. ^ Krebs, Gunter (11 July 2020). "MTG-I 1, 2, 3, 4 (Meteosat 12, 14, 15, 17)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 28 April 2020.
  34. ^ "Eutelsat entrusts Arianespace with the launch of its next-generation EUTELSAT 10B satellite" (Press release). Arianespace. 15 December 2020. Retrieved 28 April 2021.
  35. ^ Foust, Jeff (10 September 2019). "Airbus and Telespazio to sell excess capacity on Syracuse 4 satellites". SpaceNews. Retrieved 28 April 2021.
  36. ^ Krebs, Gunter (10 January 2021). "Syracuse 4B (Comsat-NG 2)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 28 April 2021.
  37. ^ Woodall, Tatyana (6 January 2022). "Jupiter's moons are about to get JUICE'd for signs of life". Popular Science. Retrieved 10 January 2022.
  38. ^ "HPS Space News - Next centrepiece of German telecommunications technology successfully tested". HPS GmbH. September 2020. Retrieved 28 April 2021.
  39. ^ "Heinrich Hertz Satellite Mission (H2SAT)". ESA eoPortal Directory. 2020. Retrieved 28 April 2021.
  40. ^ "Arianespace to launch Germany's Heinrich Hertz technology demonstrator satellite on an Ariane 5 rocket". Arianespace. 14 December 2017. Archived from the original on 18 February 2018. Retrieved 31 January 2018.
  41. ^ Berger, Eric (21 June 2021). "The Ariane 6 debut is slipping again as Europe hopes for a late 2022 launch". Ars Technica. Retrieved 21 June 2021.
  42. ^ Foust, Jeff (3 July 2019). "SpaceIL and other international ventures revise lunar lander efforts". SpaceNews. Retrieved 27 August 2019.
  43. ^ Zeringue, Maddy (2018). "Mission to the Moon" (Press release). PTScientists. Archived from the original on 23 March 2019. Retrieved 27 August 2019.
  44. ^ Clark, Stephen (26 December 2020). "French military spysat set for launch Monday". Spaceflight Now. Retrieved 28 April 2021. France's CSO 1 satellite launched on a Soyuz rocket in December 2018, and the third and final CSO satellite is scheduled to launch on Europe's new Ariane 6 rocket in 2022.
  45. ^ Mackenzie, Christina (20 December 2018). "France launches military imaging satellite. Who's involved, and what it can do?". Defense News. Retrieved 7 October 2019.
  46. ^ Krebs, Gunter. "CSO 1, 2, 3". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 24 August 2019.
  47. ^ Henry, Caleb (10 August 2020). "Coronavirus adds to ViaSat-3 delay, first launch still in 2021". SpaceNews. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
  48. ^ Henry, Caleb (9 August 2019). "Viasat starts ViaSat-4 development, mulls hybrid GEO-LEO-terrestrial connections". SpaceNews. Retrieved 22 September 2019.
  49. ^ Henry, Caleb (19 June 2019). "Supplier issue behind delays with first ViaSat-3 launch". SpaceNews. Retrieved 22 September 2019.
  50. ^ Krebs, Gunter. "ViaSat 3 Americas, Asia, EMEA". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 22 September 2019.
  51. ^ "Intelsat entrusts Arianespace for the launch of three C-band satellites on Ariane 5 and Ariane 6". Arianespace (Press release). 17 September 2020. Retrieved 28 April 2021.
  52. ^ "Intelsat confie à Arianespace le lancement de trois satellites" [Intelsat entrusts Arianespace with the launch of three satellites]. France Info (in French). 17 September 2020. Retrieved 28 April 2021.
  53. ^ a b c d e f "All flights opportunities". Arianespace. 18 June 2021. Retrieved 19 June 2021.
  54. ^ "Skyloom signs contract with Arianespace for first launch". Arianespace. 27 September 2021. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
  55. ^ Arianespace [@Arianespace] (10 September 2021). "We are proud to launch Skyloom's 1st satellite Uhura-1 aboard an Ariane 6 in 2023. This laser-coms relay node will be a game changer for the industry. Congratulations to CEO Marcos Franceschini on this huge milestone" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  56. ^ "Arianespace to launch Australian satellite Optus-11 with Ariane 6". Arianespace (Press release). 17 November 2021. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
  57. ^ "SENER designs the mechanisms for the assembly of Electra, the first European commercial satellite with electric propulsion". SENER (Press release). 10 September 2019. Retrieved 28 April 2021.
  58. ^ Rainbow, Jason (19 November 2021). "The Ariane 6 countdown: Q&A with ArianeGroup civil program manager Franck Huiban". SpaceNews. Retrieved 19 November 2021. The second launch will be for Galileo, which is not commercial.
  59. ^ Henry, Caleb (23 January 2020). "EU reserves four Ariane 6 rockets for Galileo navigation satellites". SpaceNews. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  60. ^ a b c "Arianespace to launch eight new Galileo satellites". Arianespace (Press release). 6 January 2022. Retrieved 6 January 2022.
  61. ^ a b "EUMETSAT and Arianespace confirm the launch of two Meteosat Third Generation satellites with Ariane 6". Arianespace (Press release). 23 March 2021. Retrieved 28 April 2021.
  62. ^ a b "Meteosat Series - Future Satellites". EUMETSAT. 19 November 2020. Retrieved 28 April 2021.
  63. ^ Krebs, Gunter (22 August 2020). "MTG-S 1, 2 (Meteosat 13, 16 / Sentinel 4A, 4B)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 28 April 2021.
  64. ^ "Hera — the asteroid deflection mission of ESA". eoPortal. ESA. 14 April 2021. Retrieved 28 April 2021.
  65. ^ Foust, Jeff (21 January 2021). "Airbus, Thales win second-generation Galileo satellite contracts". SpaceNews. Retrieved 28 April 2021.
  66. ^ "Arianespace's "GO-1" mission will provide small satellites with a direct flight to geostationary orbit" (Press release). Arianespace. 5 August 2019. Retrieved 5 August 2019.
  67. ^ Gilbert, Hervé (29 September 2020). "Collaborating with New Space and Non-Space" (PDF). ESA. p. 5. Retrieved 19 June 2021.
  68. ^ Henry, Caleb (22 October 2019). "Arianespace targets 2023 for lunar Ariane 6 rideshare mission". SpaceNews. Retrieved 28 April 2021.
  69. ^ "EUMETSAT to exploit ESA-developed launchers and flight operations software". EUMETSAT. 2 December 2020. Retrieved 28 April 2021.
  70. ^ Krebs, Gunter (11 July 2020). "MTG-I 1, 2, 3, 4 (Meteosat 12, 14, 15, 17)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 28 April 2021.
  71. ^ Cowart, Justin (13 August 2019). "NASA, ESA Officials Outline Latest Mars Sample Return Plans". The Planetary Society. Retrieved 28 April 2021.
  72. ^ Wall, Mike (29 July 2019). "Bringing Pieces of Mars to Earth in 2031: How NASA and Europe Plan to Do It". Space.com. Retrieved 28 April 2021.
  73. ^ "Planet-hunting eye of PLATO". ESA. 5 March 2021. Retrieved 28 April 2021.
  74. ^ "Mission Operations". ESA. 13 January 2021. Retrieved 28 April 2021.
  75. ^ "Airbus selected for ESA's Moon lander study". Airbus (Press release). 14 October 2020. Retrieved 28 April 2021.
  76. ^ "Helping Heracles EL3 to survive the long, cold, dark nights on the Moon". ESA. 6 December 2019. Retrieved 28 April 2021.
  77. ^ "ARIEL moves from blueprint to reality" (Press release). ESA. 12 November 2020. Retrieved 30 January 2021.
  78. ^ "Athena | Mission Summary". ESA. 8 November 2021. Retrieved 10 November 2021.
  79. ^ "Athena mission". Athena Community Office. Retrieved 10 November 2021.
Retrieved from ""