Bucharest Metro

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Bucharest Metro
Metrorex logo.svg
Trains at Piata Victoriei.jpg
Metro trains at Piața Victoriei in 2009
Overview
Native nameMetroul București
LocaleBucharest, Romania
Transit typeRapid transit
Number of lines5
Line numberM1, M2, M3, M4, M5
Number of stations62[1]
(1 under construction)[2]
(38 planned M2,M4,M5,M6)[3]
Daily ridership720,000 weekday passengers (2017)[4]
Annual ridership179,703,000 passengers (2018)[3]
Operation
Began operation16 November 1979[5]
Operator(s)Metrorex S.A.
Number of vehicles594 cars (2018)[3]
Train length6 car trains
Technical
System length78 km (48.5 mi) [3]
1.6 km (1.0 mi) under construction[2]
Track gauge1,432 mm (4 ft 8+3⁄8 in)[1]
ElectrificationThird rail 750 V DC
Average speed36 km/h (22 mph)
Top speed85 km/h (53 mph)

The Bucharest Metro (Romanian: Metroul București) is an underground rapid transit system that serves Bucharest, the capital of Romania. It first opened for service on 16 November 1979.[5] The network is run by Metrorex. One of two parts of the larger Bucharest public transport network, Metrorex has an average of approximately 720,000 passenger trips per weekday (as of 2018),[4] compared to the 1,180,000 daily riders on Bucharest's STB transit system.[6] In total, the Metrorex system is 78 kilometres (48.5 mi) long and has 62 stations.[1][3]

Transport in Romania
Companies
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History[]

Titan metro station on M1 Line
Grozăvești metro station

The first proposals for a metro system in Bucharest were made in the early part of the 20th century, by the Romanian engineers Dimitrie Leonida and Elie Radu.[7]

The earliest plans for a Bucharest Metro were drafted in the late 1930s, alongside the general plans for urban modernization of the city.[8] The outbreak of World War II, followed by periods of political tensions culminating with the installation of communism, put an end to the plans.[9]

By 1970, the public transport system (ITB) was no longer adequate due to the fast pace of urban development, although the system was the fourth-largest in Europe. A commission was set up, and its conclusion pointed to the necessity of an underground transit system that would become the Bucharest Metro. The plan for the first line was approved on 25 November 1974 as part of the next five-year plan and the construction on the new metro system started on 20 September 1975.[10]

The network was not built in the same style as other Eastern European systems.[7] Firstly, the design of the stations on the initial lines was simple, clean-cut modern, without excessive additions such as mosaics, awkward lighting sources or excessive decoration. The main function of the stations was speed of transit and practicality. Secondly, the trainsets themselves were all constructed in Romania and did not follow the Eastern European style of construction.[11] Each station usually followed a colour theme (generally white – in Unirii 2, Victoriei 1, Lujerului; but also light blue – in Obor, Universitate, and Gara de Nord; orange – in Tineretului; green - in Grozăvești), and an open plan. No station was made to look exactly like any other. Despite this, many stations are rather dark, due to the policies of energy economy in the late 1980s, with later modernisations doing little to fix this problem. Bucharest being one of the largest cities in the region, the network is larger than those of Prague or Budapest. When the planned new line-extensions are finished, they will increase the system length to more than 100 km, with about 80 stations.

The first line, M1, opened on 19 November 1979, running from Semănătoarea (now Petrache Poenaru) to Timpuri Noi.[5] It had a length of 8.1 kilometres (5.0 mi) with 6 stations.[5] Following this, more lines and several extensions were opened:[11][12]

  • 28 December 1981: M1 Timpuri Noi – Republica; 9.2 kilometres (5.7 mi), 6 stations
  • 19 August 1983: M1 (now M3) Branch line Eroilor – Industriilor (now Preciziei) ; 8.2 kilometres (5.1 mi), 4 stations (Gorjului added later)
  • 22 December 1984: M1 Semănătoarea (Petrache Poenaru) – Crângași; 0.97 kilometres (0.60 mi), 1 station
  • 24 January 1986: M2 Piața Unirii – Depoul IMGB (now Berceni) ; 9.96 kilometres (6.19 mi), 6 stations (Tineretului and Constantin Brâncoveanu added later)
  • 6 April 1986: M2 Tineretului; 1 infill station
  • 24 October 1987: M2 Piața Unirii – Pipera; 8.72 kilometres (5.42 mi), 5 stations (Piața Romană added later)
  • 24 December 1987: M1 Crângași – Gara de Nord 1; 2.83 kilometres (1.76 mi), 1 station (Basarab added later)
  • 28 November 1988: M2 Piața Romană; 1 infill station
  • 5 December 1988: M2 Constantin Brâncoveanu; 1 infill station
  • 17 August 1989: M3 (now M1) Gara de Nord 1 – Dristor 2; 7.8 kilometres (4.8 mi), 6 stations
  • May 1991: M1 Republica – Pantelimon; 1.43 kilometres (0.89 mi), 1 station (single track, operational on a special schedule)
  • 26 August 1992: M1 Basarab; 1 infill station
  • 31 August 1994: M3 Gorjului; 1 infill station (westbound platform only; eastbound platform opened in 1998)
  • 1 March 2000: M4 Gara de Nord 2 – 1 Mai; 3.6 kilometres (2.2 mi), 4 stations
  • 20 November 2008: M3 branch Nicolae Grigorescu 2 – Linia de Centură (now Anghel Saligny), 4.75 kilometres (2.95 mi), 4 stations
  • 1 July 2011: M4 1 Mai – Parc Bazilescu, 2.62 kilometres (1.63 mi), 2 stations
  • 31 March 2017: M4 Parc Bazilescu – Străulești, 1.89 kilometres (1.17 mi), 2 stations[13]
  • 15 September 2020: M5 Raul Doamnei / Valea Ialomitei – Eroilor 2, 6.87 kilometres (4.27 mi), 10 stations[14]

Lines M1 and M3 have been sharing the section between Eroilor and Nicolae Grigorescu.

Large stations which connect with other lines, such as Piața Victoriei, have two terminals, and each terminal goes by a different name (Victoriei 1 and Victoriei 2). On the official network map, they are shown as two stations with a connection in between, even though, in fact - and for trip planners - they are a single station with platforms at different levels. There is one exception: Gara de Nord 1 and Gara de Nord 2 are separate stations (although linked through a subterranean passage, the traveller is required to exit the station proper and pay for a new fare at the other station, thus leaving the system), passengers being required to change trains at Basarab.

Generally, the underground stations feature large interiors.[10] The largest one, Piata Unirii, is cathedral-like, with vast interior spaces, hosting retail outlets and fast-food restaurants and has an intricate network of underground corridors and passageways.

Metrorex[]

Network Map

Metrorex is the Romanian company which runs the Bucharest Metro. It is fully owned by the Romanian Government through the Ministry of Transportation. There were plans to merge the underground and overground transportation systems into one authority subordinated to the City of Bucharest, however these plans did not come to fruition.

Infrastructure and network[]

See also: List of Bucharest metro stations

Starting in 2018, the entire network runs underground, except for a short stretch between Dimitrie Leonida and Berceni stations on the southern end of the M2 line. The network is served by six depots, two being located above ground (IMGB and Industriilor) and four underground (Ciurel, Străulești, Pantelimon and Valea Ialomitei) and smaller additional works at Gara de Nord and Eroilor stations.

There are two connections between the Metro network and the Romanian Railways network, one at Berceni (connecting to the Bucharest Belt Ring), the other at Ciurel (connecting via an underground passage to the Cotroceni-Militari industrial railway). However, the latter connection is unused and mothballed. The metro network and the national rail network share the same track gauge (1,435 mm / 4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) and loading gauge but not the same electrification system (the metro uses 750 V DC whereas the Romanian Railways use 25,000 V 50 Hz AC) making it possible for new metro cars to be transported cross country as unpowered railway cars.

The network is powered by a bottom-contact third rail system except in works, depots and some tunnels, where a catenary system is employed instead.

Lines[]

There are 5 metro lines in operation and another 1 in the planning phase:

Line Opened Last
expansion 		Track length[3][15] Headway[1]
operational under construction planned off-peak rush hour
M1 November
1979		 August
1992		 31.01 km — — 7–9 minutes
(4 minutes between Eroilor and Nicolae Grigorescu)		 3–6 minutes
(3–3.5 minutes between Eroilor and Nicolae Grigorescu)
M2 January
1986		 October
1987		 18.68 km 1.6 km 1.6 km 4–7 minutes (weekdays off peak hours)
7–9 minutes (weekends, late nights)		 1–3 minutes
M3 August
1983		 November
2008		 13.53 km
+ 8.67 km (M1)		 — — 7–9 minutes
(4 minutes between Eroilor and Nicolae Grigorescu)		 3–6 minutes
(3–3.5 minutes between Eroilor and Nicolae Grigorescu)
M4 March
2000		 March
2017		 7.44 km — 10.6 km 8–10 minutes 7 minutes
M5 September
2020		 — 6.87 km — 9.2 km 18 minutes (on each branch)
9 minutes (between Eroilor and Romancierilor)		 12 minutes (on each branch)
6 minutes (between Eroilor and Romancierilor)
M6 2025-2030 — — — 14.2 km N/A
Total 77.53 km 1.6 km 35.6 km

Signalling system[]

There are multiple signalling systems used. Line 2, the first one that has been modernized, uses Bombardier's CITYFLO 350 Automatic Train Control system. It ensures the protection (Automatic Train Protection) and operation (Automatic train operation) of the new Bombardier Movia trains.

The system uses an IPU (Interlocking processing unit), TI21-M track circuits and EbiScreen workstations. Signals have been kept only in areas where points are present, meaning that the route has been assigned and the driver can use cab signalling. Trains are usually operated automatically, with the driver only opening and closing the doors and supervising the operation. Other features include auto turnback and a balise system, called PSM (precision stop marker). This ensures that the train can stop at the platform automatically.

On line 3, the ATC system has been merged with the Indusi system. Signals are present in point areas and platform ends. Along with the three red-yellow-green lights, the white ATP light has been added. Optical routes can be assigned, meaning that a train gets a green light (permission to pass the signal) only after the next signal has been passed by the train ahead, or a yellow light, meaning that the signal can be passed at low speed. Automatic Block signals have been removed.

Line 4 uses Siemens's (formally Invensys Rail Group) TBS 100 FB Automatic Train Control system.

Line 5 will use Alstom's Urbalis 400 Communications-based train control system.

Hours of operation[]

Trains run from 5 AM to 11 PM every day. The last trains on M1, M2 and M3 wait for the transfer of the passengers between lines to complete, before leaving Piața Unirii station.[17]

Headway[]

At rush hour, trains run at 4–6-minute intervals on lines 1 and 3, at 1-3 minute intervals on line 2, and at 7–8-minute on line 4; during the rest of the day, trains run at 8-minute intervals on lines 1 and 3, at 7-9 minute intervals on line 2 and at 10-minute intervals on line 4.[1]

Fares and tickets[]

Metrorex ticket

Public transport in Bucharest is heavily subsidized, and the subsidies will increase, as the City Council wants to reduce traffic jams, pollution and parking problems and promote public transport.[citation needed] Like the STB, the metro can get crowded during morning and evening rush hours. The network uses magnetic stripe cards, that are not valid for use on trams, buses or trolleys . Payment by contactless credit cards is available directly at the turnstiles. One tap will take 3 RON, the equivalent of one trip. For multiple validations with the same card, tap the plus button.

Magnetic stripe cards[]

Older style metro cards can be purchased at any metro station, except discounted passes, which can only be purchased at a limited number of stations. Prices :[18]

  • 1 trip Integrated Metro and STB (Bus, tram, trolleybus) ticket; valid for 120 minutes after first use - 5 RON
  • 24 hour ticket Integrated Metro and STB (Bus, tram, trolleybus); 14 RON
  • 72 hour ticket Integrated Metro and STB (Bus, tram, trolleybus); 35 RON
  • 1-trip card – 3 RON (Metro only)
  • 2-trip card – 6 RON (€1.22; Metro Only)
  • 1-day card – 8 RON (€1.80; Metro Only)
  • 72 hour card - 20 RON (Metro Only)
  • 10-trip card – 25 RON (Metro Only)
  • Unlimited weekly pass (full price) – 30 RON (Metro Only)
  • Unlimited monthly pass (full price) – 80 RON (Metro Only)
  • Unlimited six months pass - 400 RON (Metro Only)
  • Unlimited yearly pass - 700 RON (Metro Only)
  • Unlimited student monthly pass (available for students in Romanian universities) – 35 RON (€7.91) (Metro Only)
  • Free for senior citizens over 70 years of age

Integrated Metro and STB Passes

  • 7 day pass - 50 RON
  • Monthly pass - 140 RON
  • Six month pass - 700 RON
  • Yearly pass - 1200 RON

Older-style metro cards are not linked with personal data or usage data in a central database and thus they guarantee anonymity of the travel. Because of that, however, if a metro card is lost or damaged, the traveler cannot be reimbursed for the unused trips.

Future service[]

Under construction[]

Planned[]

Other proposals[]

Metrorex is also planning the following new lines, routes and stations:

  • ; it is supposed to run 25 kilometres (16 mi) from Bragadiru to Voluntari.[22]
  • Line M8, the south half ring. Its route has not been fully planned yet, but it will run through Piața Sudului and end at Crângași and Dristor stations.[23]
  • An extension of the Line M3 is also planned for 2030.[24]
  • Two more stations are planned and may be constructed on existing lines, both on M1. However, given the complexity of work required, and the limited benefits these stations would have it is unlikely that construction will begin in the near future:

Rolling stock[]

The Bucharest Metro uses three types of trainsets:[1][25]

  • Astra IVA – 31 trainsets (186 cars), built between 1976 and 1992, of which 15 trainsets (90 cars) modernised by Metrorex and Alstom Transport România in 2011-2013,[3] used on M3 and M4;
  • Bombardier Movia 346 – 44 trainsets (264 cars), built between 2002 and 2008, used on M1, M2, M3 and M5;
  • CAF - 24 trainsets (144 cars), built between 2013 and 2016, used on M2.
Vehicle Type and description Interior
Astra Iva train.jpg The Romanian designed Astra IVA trains, built in Arad, are made up of various trainsets (rame) connected together. Each trainset is made up of two permanently connected train-cars (B'B'-B'B' formation) that can only be run together. The Astra IVA rolling stock is approaching the end of its service life, so it is gradually being phased out. They are used on the Bucharest Metro Lines M3 and M4. Interior de vagon de metrou tip IVA.jpg
3 Bucuresti Nord metro 130916.jpg The Bombardier Movia 346 trains are made up of six permanently connected cars, forming an open corridor for the entire length of the train (2'2'+Bo'Bo'+Bo'Bo'+Bo'Bo'+Bo'Bo'+2'2' formation). Bombardier trains are used on all lines, except line M4. These trains we're build in two series. The first 18 trains (BM2) and the last 26 trains (BM21). BM21 trains have some improvements compared to BM2 trains. These trains have electronic displays at the end of the rail cars and more grab bars. RO B Bombardier train inside.jpg
Caf train on tests.jpg In November 2011, Metrorex signed a €97 million contract with CAF for 16 metro trains (96 cars), with options for a further 8 sets (48 cars).[26] The 114m-long six-car trains will be assembled in Romania. They each accommodate up to 1,200 passengers and are made up of four powered and two trailer vehicles. As of November 2014, all trains have been delivered and all 16 of them entered in service. As the CAF trains enter service, all of the Bombardier stock will be moved for use on line M3, according to Metrorex's plans to replace all of the old Astra IVA stock on the entire network.

In November 2014, Metrorex signed an additional €47 million contract with CAF for 8 metro trains. As of 2018, 24 CAF trains are in use, exclusively on line M2.

Interior CAF.jpg

The subway livery for Bucharest is either white with two yellow or red horizontal stripes below the window for the Astra trains, stainless steel with black and white for the Bombardier trains, or stainless steel with blue and white for the CAF trains.

All trains run on a 750 V DC third rail, or an overhead wire (in maintenance areas where a third rail would not be safe). Maximum speed on the system is 80 km/h (50 mph), although plans are to increase it to 100 km/h (60 mph) on M5, a new line that opened its first phase on the 15th September 2020. [27] New trains from Alstom (Metropolis) have been ordered and are due to arrive in 2023. [28]

Incidents[]

In its more than 40 years of operations, there never have been very grave accidents, however, there have been various incidents, either during construction or operation. Accidents are investigated by the Railway Investigation Authority (Agenția de Investigare Feroviară Română (AGIFER)).

  • 1983: Due to works on M2, the Piața Unirii 1 station was flooded by the Dâmbovița.
  • 1986, April or May: Whilst digging for a connection service tunnel for the M1-M2 lines, the foundations and altar of the Slobozia Church were cracked, leading to the subsequent closure of the construction site of the tunnel, which was filled with sand. Thus, trains for the M2 were disconnected from the rest of the network up to 1987 (trains were sent through the Bucharest Freight Railway Bypass), when another link tunnel was created at Piața Victoriei.
  • 1987, 1 May: During reconstruction work at Piața Unirii, the Dâmbovița was breached again, this time flooding both stations and forcing train circulation to cease for the next 5 days as a result. The flooding took place during a heavy rainstorm and during work on the (which was opened on 6 June 1987, after a record 34 days of work), when an excavator damaged a collecting canal of the Dâmbovița, flooding the underpass construction site, and subsequently, the M1 station. The M2 metro station was flooded due to an improperly sealed tube, designed for electric installations. At its peak, the flooding was 30 centimeters over the platforms, but further damages to the electrical transformers were avoided.
  • 1987, 2 May: During recovery from the flooding at Piața Unirii the previous day, the tunnel between Timpuri Noi and Mihai Bravu was found fully submerged by the Dâmbovița, possibly in relation to the previous incident. Signalling and other electrical cables were damaged, which further prolonged the repair efforts for the previous incident.
  • 1996, 4 March: The metro workers began a strike, demanding a 48% pay increase to offset inflation and better working conditions. It continued for at least 2 days, and was condemned by the Văcăroiu government as illegal.[29]
  • 2010, 17 November: An IVA train derailed between Timpuri Noi and Piața Unirii.
  • 2015, 14 January: Due to a broken pipe, a fire started out at Tineretului station, leading to its closure for the rest of the day.
  • 2016, 14 June: Piața Victoriei was closed after huge amounts of smoke originated from the third rail.
  • 2017, 20 January: A fire, originating from electrical contactors, led to the evacuation of the Universitate station, subsequently leading to the closure of one of the tracks towards Piața Unirii.
  • 2018, 16 August: A train in Piața Unirii had to be evacuated, after someone began pepper-spraying the consist stopped in the station.
  • 2019, 26 January: A newly-purchased CAF unit crashed in the Berceni depot. The train, which was stabled outside, was being shunted into the depot to prevent icing, however, due to software failure, it could not stop on time and crashed past the buffers. It is likely that the train could be scrapped since there is no way to remove it.
  • 2021, 26 March: A sudden strike, launched by the union of the metro employees began at 5 AM, effectively blocking the circulation of all trains. The dispute is related to the activity of commercial spaces within metro stations.[30]

Aside from these incidents, there have been other disruptions, especially in the last 3 years, due to suicides at the metro. A recent one on 25 June 2019, lead to the disruption of metro traffic at rush hour between Piața Unirii and Eroilor (the suicide took place at Izvor). Aside from that, in 2017, one woman was arrested for pushing a person in front of a train. These incidents led to criticism of METROREX, and suggestions to install platform screen doors or to increase security. Additionally, railfans reported harassment from security guards, being told "not to photograph in the stations", despite there being no official rule prohibiting photography in the metro network.

Facts[]

Bucharest Metro was the only one in the world that operated with passengers during testing.[31]

In the 1980s, the speed of building the network (4 kilometers / year) placed the Bucharest Metro on the second place in the world, after Mexico City Metro.[32]

The shortest distance between two adjacent stations is between Gara de Nord 2 (M4) and Basarab 2 (M4) and is 430 meters.

Network map[]

Wikimedia | © OpenStreetMap

See also[]

References[]

  1. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "Metrorex - Network features". Metrorex. Retrieved 9 August 2019.
  2. ^ Jump up to: a b c "Lucrări începute la stația supraterană pe magistrala de metrou M2 în Berceni". 18 January 2021.
  3. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h "Reţeaua de metrou în funcţiune (2018). Detalii M1, M2, M3, M4 la pg.6 și M5 la pg.46" (PDF). Metrorex.ro. Retrieved 17 September 2020.
  4. ^ Jump up to: a b Timpul de aşteptare la metrou, neschimbat de cinci ani
  5. ^ Jump up to: a b c d "Metrorex - Metrorex history". Metrorex. Retrieved 8 May 2014.
  6. ^ Cand se va circula la standarde europene
  7. ^ Jump up to: a b "30 de ani de exploatare a metroului bucurestean" (in Romanian). agir.ro. August 2009.
  8. ^ "Metroul bucureștean, 10 lucruri pe care ar trebui să le cunoști" (in Romanian). historia.ro. Archived from the original on 9 August 2014. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
  9. ^ "Bucureștiul mileniului trei imaginat în 1930" (in Romanian). cotidianul.ro. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
  10. ^ Jump up to: a b "Ce nu știați despre metroul bucureștean: De la planurile din 1909, la Magistrala 7" (in Romanian). 19 November 2012. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
  11. ^ Jump up to: a b Bucharest Metro at urbanrail.net
  12. ^ "Istoric Metroul bucureștean" (in Romanian). metroubucuresti.webs.com. Archived from the original on 9 August 2014. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
  13. ^ "Metrorex a deschis circulatia in statiile de metrou Laminorului si Straulesti" [Metrorex opened circulation in the Laminorului and Straulesti metro stations] (Press release) (in Romanian). Metrorex S.A. 31 March 2017. Retrieved 30 January 2021.
  14. ^ "Linia de Metrou Magistrala 5" [Metro Line M5]. www.metrorexm5.ro (in Romanian). Metrorex S.A. Retrieved 30 January 2021.
  15. ^ "Magistrala 5: Secțiunea Râul Doamnei – Eroilor (PS Opera) inclusiv Valea Ialomiței (6,871 Km)". Metrorex S.A. Retrieved 16 September 2020.
  16. ^ "Metroul din Drumul Taberei. Magistrala M5 se deschide marţi, 15 septembrie. Se va inaugura cea mai modernă linie de metrou din Bucureşti". Mediafax.ro (in Romanian). Retrieved 13 February 2021.
  17. ^ "Metrorex - Schedule". Metrorex. Retrieved 7 May 2014.
  18. ^ "Metrorex - Fees". Metrorex. Retrieved 7 May 2014.
  19. ^ "MT va solicita finantare UE pentru Magistrala Berceni-Pipera". 17 May 2018.
  20. ^ "Companies tendered for prefeseability studies for M4 extension". 1 September 2017.
  21. ^ In ce stadiu este proiectul metroului pana la Pantelimon si cand ar putea fi gata? (in Romanian)
  22. ^ "Bucuresti metro expansion tendering". Railway Gazette. 22 February 2011. Retrieved 27 February 2011.
  23. ^ Olteanu, Anca (6 June 2019). "Planurile unui metrou pentru nepotii nepotilor: Magistrala M8 Crangasi - Dristor" [Plans for a subway for grandchildren's grandchildren: Line M8 Crangasi - Dristor]. www.wall-street.ro (in Romanian). InternetCorp SRL. Retrieved 13 February 2021.
  24. ^ Ignat, Vlad. "Păianjenul Metrorex schimbă harta Capitalei. Bucureștenii se mută în subteran, din 2030" [Metrorex's Web Project changes the map of Bucharest. Bucharest moves underground by 2030]. Adevărul (in Romanian). Retrieved 7 May 2014.
  25. ^ În cele mai noi stații de metrou vor circula cele mai vechi trenuri Metrorex (in Romanian)
  26. ^ CAF Info cars
  27. ^ "Bucharest metro Line 5 inaugurated by the Romanian President". Railway PRO. 15 September 2020. Retrieved 13 February 2021.
  28. ^ "Alstom to provide new Metropolis trains for Bucharest Metro Line 5". Alstom. Retrieved 13 February 2021.
  29. ^ "Bucharest Metro Workers Continue Strike".
  30. ^ "Grevă spontană la metrou. Nu se circulă pe nicio magistrală". 26 March 2021.
  31. ^ "Metroul din București, singurul din lume care a funcționat cu călători în perioada de probe | Bucurestii Vechi si Noi". www.bucurestiivechisinoi.ro (in Romanian). 24 November 2014. Retrieved 7 July 2018.
  32. ^ Juncu, Diana. "10 lucruri pe care nu le știai despre metroul bucureștean". OBSERVATOR.TV. Retrieved 7 July 2018.

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