List of Geraniales of South Africa

The Geraniales are a small order of flowering plants, in the rosid subclade of eudicots. The largest family in the order is Geraniaceae with over 800 species. In addition, the order includes the smaller Francoaceae with about 40 species. Most Geraniales are herbaceous, but there are also shrubs and small trees.

Flower morphology of the Geraniales is rather conserved. They are usually perfectly pentamerous and pentacyclic without fused organs besides the carpels of the superior gynoecium. The androecium is obdiplostemonous. Only a few genera are tetramerous (Francoa, Tetilla, Melianthus). In some genera some stamens (Pelargonium) or a complete whorl of stamens are reduced (Erodium, Melianthus). In the genera Hypseocharis and Monsonia there are 15 instead of the usual ten stamens. Most genera bear nectariferous flowers.^[1] The nectary glands are formed by the receptacle and are localised at the bases of the antesepalous stamens.^[1]^[2]

The anthophytes are a grouping of plant taxa bearing flower-like reproductive structures. They were formerly thought to be a clade comprising plants bearing flower-like structures. The group contained the angiosperms - the extant flowering plants, such as roses and grasses - as well as the Gnetales and the extinct Bennettitales.^[3]

23,420 species of vascular plant have been recorded in South Africa, making it the sixth most species-rich country in the world and the most species-rich country on the African continent. Of these, 153 species are considered to be threatened.^[4] Nine biomes have been described in South Africa: Fynbos, Succulent Karoo, desert, Nama Karoo, grassland, savanna, Albany thickets, the Indian Ocean coastal belt, and forests.^[5]

The 2018 South African National Biodiversity Institute's National Biodiversity Assessment plant checklist lists 35,130 taxa in the phyla Anthocerotophyta (hornworts (6)), Anthophyta (flowering plants (33534)), Bryophyta (mosses (685)), Cycadophyta (cycads (42)), Lycopodiophyta (Lycophytes(45)), Marchantiophyta (liverworts (376)), Pinophyta (conifers (33)), and Pteridophyta (cryptogams (408)).^[6]

Two families are represented in the literature. Listed taxa include species, subspecies, varieties, and forms as recorded, some of which have subsequently been allocated to other taxa as synonyms, in which cases the accepted taxon is appended to the listing. Multiple entries under alternative names reflect taxonomic revision over time.

Geraniaceae[]

Family: Geraniaceae,^[6]

Erodium[]

Genus Erodium^[6]

Erodium botrys (Cav.) Bertol. not indigenous, naturalised
Erodium brachycarpum (Godr.) Thell. not indigenous, naturalised
(L.) Willd. not indigenous, naturalised
Erodium cicutarium (L.) L'Her. not indigenous, naturalised
Erodium malacoides (L.) L'Her. subsp. malacoides, not indigenous, naturalised
Erodium moschatum (L.) L'Her. not indigenous, naturalised, invasive

Geraniospermum[]

Genus ^[6]

(L.) Kuntze, accepted as (L.) L'Her. subsp. carnosum, indigenous
(L'Her.) Kuntze, accepted as L'Her. subsp. dipetalum
(Cav.) Kuntze, accepted as (L.) L'Her. subsp. ferulaceum (Cav.) M.Becker & F.Albers, indigenous
(Harv.) Kuntze, accepted as L'Her. subsp. dipetalum

Geranium[]

Genus Geranium^[6]

Hilliard & B.L.Burtt, endemic
Hilliard & B.L.Burtt, endemic
Forssk. indigenous
- Geranium arabicum Forssk. subsp. arabicum, endemic
R.Knuth, endemic
N.E.Br. indigenous
Eckl. & Zeyh. endemic
L'Her. endemic
L. accepted as (L.) L'Her. subsp. carnosum, indigenous
Eckl. & Zeyh. endemic
(L'Her.) Poir. accepted as L'Her. subsp. dipetalum
Hilliard & B.L.Burtt, endemic
Geranium dissectum L. not indigenous, naturalised, invasive
Hilliard & B.L.Burtt, indigenous
Hilliard & B.L.Burtt, endemic
Cav. accepted as (L.) L'Her. subsp. ferulaceum (Cav.) M.Becker & F.Albers, indigenous
R.Knuth, indigenous
Hilliard & B.L.Burtt, endemic
Briq. endemic
Burm.f. indigenous
- Geranium incanum Burm.f. var. incanum, endemic
- Geranium incanum Burm.f. var. multifidum (Sweet) Hilliard & B.L.Burtt, endemic
R.Knuth, indigenous
Geranium molle L. not indigenous, naturalised, invasive
N.E.Br. indigenous
Hilliard & B.L.Burtt, endemic
R.Knuth, indigenous
Hilliard & B.L.Burtt, endemic
Eckl. & Zeyh. endemic
N.E.Br. endemic
Geranium purpureum Vill. not indigenous, naturalised, invasive
Kuntze, indigenous
L. not indigenous, naturalised
R.Knuth, indigenous
R.Knuth, endemic
Hilliard & B.L.Burtt, endemic
R.Knuth, indigenous

Hoarea[]

Genus ^[6]

Eckl. & Zeyh. accepted as L'Her. subsp. dipetalum

Monsonia[]

Genus Monsonia^[6]

E.Mey. ex A.Rich. indigenous
Harv. indigenous
R.Knuth, indigenous
Planch. ex Harv. indigenous
(Moffett) F.Albers, endemic
(Moffett) F.Albers, endemic
(Rehm) F.Albers, indigenous
Monsonia emarginata (L.f.) L'Her. endemic
(Rehm) F.Albers, indigenous
Schltr. ex R.Knuth, endemic
R.Knuth, indigenous
R.Knuth, endemic
(L.Bolus) F.Albers, endemic
R.Knuth, endemic
Focke & Schinz, indigenous
E.Mey. indigenous
R.Knuth, endemic
Schinz, indigenous
DC. indigenous
E.Mey. ex R.Knuth, endemic
(Moffett) F.Albers, indigenous
Guill. & Perr. indigenous
L. endemic
L'Her. endemic
R.Knuth, endemic
Harv. indigenous
(L.Bolus) F.Albers, endemic

Pelargonium[]

Genus Pelargonium^[6]

(L.f.) Jacq. endemic
(L.) L'Her. endemic
E.M.Marais, endemic
R.A.Dyer, indigenous
M.Becker & F.Albers, endemic
E.M.Marais, endemic
M.Becker, indigenous
Pelargonium album J.J.A.van der Walt, endemic
(L.) L'Her. indigenous
Eckl. & Zeyh. endemic
J.C.Wendl. indigenous
- Pelargonium alternans J.C.Wendl. subsp. alternans, endemic
- Pelargonium alternans J.C.Wendl. subsp. longicalcar M.Becker & F.Albers, endemic
- Pelargonium alternans J.C.Wendl. subsp. parviinflorescens M.Becker & F.Albers, endemic
(L.) L'Her. indigenous
(Eckl. & Zeyh.) Steud. endemic
(Thunb.) DC. accepted as Jacq. present
E.M.Marais, endemic
(Eckl. & Zeyh.) Kostel. indigenous
- Pelargonium antidysentericum (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Kostel. subsp. antidysentericum, indigenous
- Pelargonium antidysentericum (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Kostel. subsp. inerme Scheltema, endemic
- Pelargonium antidysentericum (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Kostel. subsp. zonale Scheltema, endemic
(L.f.) Willd. endemic
E.M.Marais, endemic
R.A.Dyer, indigenous
(Sweet) G.Don, endemic
(Cav.) Willd. indigenous
(Sweet) Loudon, endemic
(Cav.) Jacq. accepted as (L.) L'Her. present
Harv. endemic
(L.) Willd. indigenous
- Pelargonium auritum (L.) Willd. subsp. auritum, accepted as (L.) Willd. var. auritum, indigenous
- Pelargonium auritum (L.) Willd. subsp. carneum (Harv.) J.J.A.van der Walt, accepted as (L.) Willd. var. carneum (Harv.) E.M.Marais, indigenous
- Pelargonium auritum (L.) Willd. var. auritum, indigenous
- Pelargonium auritum (L.) Willd. var. carneum (Harv.) E.M.Marais, indigenous
Scott-Elliot, endemic
Burtt Davy var. latisectum Burtt Davy, accepted as R.Knuth, indigenous
(L.) L'Her. endemic
(Jacq.) L'Her. endemic
(Burm.f.) Willd. endemic
Harv. indigenous
N.E.Br. endemic
R.A.Dyer, endemic
(Andrews) Pers. indigenous
J.J.A.van der Walt, endemic
L.Bolus, endemic
Hellbr. endemic
Turcz. indigenous
- Pelargonium caespitosum Turcz. subsp. caespitosum, endemic
- Pelargonium caespitosum Turcz. subsp. concavum Hugo, endemic
(Eckl. & Zeyh.) Harv. endemic
L.Bolus, endemic
R.Knuth, endemic
(Eckl. & Zeyh.) Steud. endemic
Spreng. endemic
(Cav.) Willd. endemic
Pelargonium capitatum (L.) L'Her. indigenous
R.Knuth, indigenous
Jacq. endemic
(L.) L'Her. indigenous
- Pelargonium carnosum (L.) L'Her. subsp. carnosum, indigenous
- Pelargonium carnosum (L.) L'Her. subsp. ferulaceum (Cav.) M.Becker & F.Albers, indigenous
B.Nord. endemic
Jacq. indigenous
- Pelargonium caucalifolium Jacq. subsp. caucalifolium, endemic
- Pelargonium caucalifolium Jacq. subsp. convolvulifolium (Schltr. ex R.Knuth) J.J.A.van der Walt, endemic
Knuth, accepted as Jacq. present
L'Her. indigenous
Jacq. endemic
(Houtt.) DC. endemic
J.J.A.van der Walt, endemic
Jacq. endemic
E.M.Marais, endemic
E.M.Marais, endemic
J.C.Manning & A.Le Roux, endemic
Pelargonium cordifolium (Cav.) Curtis, endemic
Pelargonium coronopifolium Jacq. endemic
L'Her. indigenous
Harv. endemic
Harv. accepted as (Andrews) Pers. present
Pelargonium crispum (P.J.Bergius) L'Her. endemic
Sm. indigenous
Pelargonium cucullatum (L.) L'Her. indigenous
- Pelargonium cucullatum (L.) L'Her. subsp. cucullatum, endemic
- Pelargonium cucullatum (L.) L'Her. subsp. strigifolium Volschenk, endemic
- Pelargonium cucullatum (L.) L'Her. subsp. tabulare Volschenk, endemic
E.M.Marais, endemic
E.Mey. ex R.Knuth, endemic
Jacq. endemic
Vorster, endemic
DC. endemic
L'Her. indigenous
- Pelargonium dipetalum L'Her. subsp. dipetalum, endemic
- Pelargonium dipetalum L'Her. subsp. stenosiphon J.C.Manning & M.M.le Roux, endemic
N.E.Br. endemic
Vorster, endemic
R.Knuth, indigenous
Curtis, endemic
E.M.Marais ex J.C.Manning & Goldblatt, indigenous
Pelargonium elegans (Andrews) Willd. endemic
E.M.Marais, endemic
(Cav.) Salisb. endemic
R.Knuth, endemic
(Thunb.) DC. accepted as (L.) Willd. var. carneum (Harv.) E.M.Marais, present
(Eckl. & Zeyh.) Steud. endemic
Vorster, endemic
Pelargonium exstipulatum (Cav.) L'Her. endemic
E.M.Marais, endemic
L.Bolus, endemic
(Andrews) Pers. endemic
E.M.Marais, endemic
R.A.Dyer, endemic
(Cav.) Willd. endemic
(L.) L'Her. endemic
R.Knuth, indigenous
(L.) L'Her. endemic
Schltr. ex R.Knuth, endemic
E.M.Marais, endemic
E.M.Marais, endemic
(Jacq.) L'Her. endemic
(Eckl. & Zeyh.) Steud. endemic
R.Knuth, endemic
Fourc. endemic
R.Knuth, indigenous
(Andrews) Willd. endemic
Pelargonium graveolens L'Her. indigenous
(Andrews) Harv. endemic
J.J.A.van der Walt, endemic
R.Knuth, endemic
Pelargonium grossularioides (L.) L'Her. indigenous
R.Knuth, endemic
Hutch. & C.A.Sm. endemic
(P.J.Bergius) Jacq. endemic
Jacq. endemic
E.M.Marais, endemic
(Burm.f.) Jacq. endemic
(L.f.) Willd. endemic
Turcz. endemic
Harv. endemic
(L'Her.) Moench, endemic
(Andrews) Sims, indigenous
Pelargonium inquinans (L.) L'Her. endemic
(Eckl. & Zeyh.) Steud. endemic
(Eckl. & Zeyh.) Steud. endemic
Compton & P.E.Barnes, endemic
M.Becker & F.Albers, endemic
R.Knuth, indigenous
R.Knuth, endemic
R.Knuth, endemic
(L.f.) Willd. indigenous
- Pelargonium laevigatum (L.f.) Willd. subsp. diversifolium (J.C.Wendl.) Schonken, endemic
- Pelargonium laevigatum (L.f.) Willd. subsp. laevigatum, endemic
- Pelargonium laevigatum (L.f.) Willd. subsp. oxyphyllum (DC.) Schonken, endemic
(Cav.) J.Kern, endemic
Pelargonium laxum (Sweet) G.Don, indigenous
- Pelargonium laxum (Sweet) G.Don subsp. karooicum M.Becker & F.Albers, endemic
- Pelargonium laxum (Sweet) G.Don subsp. laxum, endemic
R.Knuth, endemic
L.Bolus, endemic
Turcz. endemic
(Burm.f.) L'Her. endemic
Jacq. indigenous
- Pelargonium longicaule Jacq. var. angustipetalum C.Boucher, endemic
- Pelargonium longicaule Jacq. var. longicaule, endemic
Jacq. endemic
(Burm.f.) Jacq. endemic
Pelargonium luridum (Andrews) Sweet, indigenous
N.E.Br. endemic
(Andrews) G.Don, endemic
J.J.A.van der Walt, endemic
(Cav.) Willd. indigenous
Fourc. endemic
Harv. endemic
Jacq. indigenous
- Pelargonium multicaule Jacq. subsp. multicaule, indigenous
- Pelargonium multicaule Jacq. subsp. subherbaceum (R.Knuth) J.J.A.van der Walt, endemic
J.C.Wendl. endemic
Vorster, endemic
(L.) L'Her. indigenous
- Pelargonium myrrhifolium (L.) L'Her. var. coriandrifolium (L.) Harv. endemic
- Pelargonium myrrhifolium (L.) L'Her. var. myrrhifolium, endemic
R.Knuth, accepted as (Andrews) Pers. present
L'Her. indigenous
Burtt Davy, endemic
E.M.Marais, endemic
Jacq. endemic
Harv. accepted as L'Her. subsp. dipetalum, present
Salisb. endemic
Harv. endemic
J.J.A.van der Walt, endemic
Harv. endemic
Pelargonium odoratissimum (L.) L'Her. indigenous
(L.f.) Jacq. endemic
Schltr. endemic
R.Knuth, indigenous
(Burm.f.) L'Her. indigenous
- Pelargonium ovale (Burm.f.) L'Her. subsp. hyalinum Hugo, endemic
- Pelargonium ovale (Burm.f.) L'Her. subsp. ovale, endemic
- Pelargonium ovale (Burm.f.) L'Her. subsp. veronicifolium (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Hugo, endemic
(Burm.f.) Willd. endemic
J.P.Roux, endemic
E.M.Marais, endemic
Eckl. & Zeyh. endemic
Jacq. indigenous
(L.) L'Her. endemic
E.M.Marais, endemic
R.A.Dyer, endemic
Jacq. endemic
- Pelargonium patulum Jacq. var. grandiflorum N.van Wyk, endemic
- Pelargonium patulum Jacq. var. patulum, endemic
- Pelargonium patulum Jacq. var. tenuilobum (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Harv. endemic
Pelargonium peltatum (L.) L'Her. endemic
G.Don, endemic
Salter, endemic
(Eckl. & Zeyh.) Steud. endemic
(Andrews) Pers. accepted as G.Don, present
(L.) L'Her. endemic
Salter, endemic
(E.Mey. ex Harv.) R.Knuth, indigenous
(Andrews) F.Dietr. indigenous
- Pelargonium praemorsum (Andrews) F.Dietr. subsp. praemorsum, endemic
- Pelargonium praemorsum (Andrews) F.Dietr. subsp. speciosum Scheltema, indigenous
(Burm.f.) Steud. endemic
R.Knuth, indigenous
R.Knuth, endemic
E.M.Marais, endemic
Pelargonium pulchellum Sims, endemic
F.M.Leight. accepted as (Andrews) Pers. present
Colvill ex Sweet, endemic
(Andrews) Willd. endemic
Meve & E.M.Marais, endemic
Pelargonium quercifolium (L.f.) L'Her. endemic
Pelargonium radens H.E.Moore, endemic
(Andrews) Pers. endemic
Vent. endemic
(Eckl. & Zeyh.) Steud. endemic
(Cav.) Willd. endemic
(Eckl. & Zeyh.) Baker, indigenous
(L.) L'Her. endemic
Vorster, indigenous
E.M.Marais, endemic
(Andrews) Pers. endemic
Szyszyl. accepted as Pelargonium luridum (Andrews) Sweet, present
Curtis, indigenous
- Pelargonium reniforme Curtis subsp. reniforme, endemic
- Pelargonium reniforme Curtis subsp. velutinum (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Dreyer, endemic
(Sweet) DC. accepted as (L.) Willd. var. carneum (Harv.) E.M.Marais, present
(Andrews) Pers. accepted as (Houtt.) DC. present
Jacq. endemic
Knuth, endemic
E.M.Marais, endemic
R.Knuth, endemic
E.M.Marais, endemic
R.A.Dyer, endemic
J.C.Manning & Goldblatt, endemic
R.Knuth, endemic
(Burm.f.) L'Her. endemic
Sweet, endemic
R.Knuth, indigenous
Jacq. endemic
L'Her. endemic
J.J.A.van der Walt, endemic
R.Knuth, endemic
(Sweet) DC. endemic
Turcz. endemic
Harv. indigenous
Pelargonium sidoides DC. indigenous
(Andrews) Pers. accepted as Jacq. present
Willd. indigenous
R.Knuth, accepted as Vent. present
(L.f.) Willd. indigenous
- Pelargonium stipulaceum (L.f.) Willd. subsp. ovato-stipulatum (R.Knuth) Vorster, endemic
- Pelargonium stipulaceum (L.f.) Willd. subsp. stipulaceum, endemic
R.Knuth, endemic
Clifford ex C.Boucher, indigenous
- Pelargonium suburbanum Clifford ex D.A.Boucher subsp. bipinnatifidum Clifford ex D.A.Boucher, endemic
- Pelargonium suburbanum Clifford ex D.A.Boucher subsp. suburbanum, endemic
R.Knuth, accepted as E.M.Marais, present
(Burm.f.) L'Her. endemic
(Andrews) G.Don, endemic
R.Knuth, indigenous
(L.f.) Jacq. endemic
Vorster, endemic
(L.f.) L'Her. endemic
(Eckl. & Zeyh.) Steud. endemic
Pelargonium tomentosum Jacq. endemic
Vorster, endemic
E.M.Marais, endemic
Burch. indigenous
R.Knuth, endemic
E.M.Marais, endemic
Curtis, endemic
Jacq. endemic
Harv. accepted as Vorster, present
(Eckl. & Zeyh.) E.M.Marais, endemic
E.M.Marais, endemic
Jacq. endemic
Pelargonium triste (L.) L'Her. endemic
Szyszyl. accepted as (Burm.f.) Steud. present
J.C.Manning & Euston-Brown, indigenous
(Andrews) Pers. endemic
DC. endemic
E.M.Marais, indigenous
(Sweet) DC. endemic
Pelargonium vitifolium (L.) L'Her. endemic
E.M.Marais, endemic
R.Knuth, endemic
R.Knuth, endemic
Schltr. ex R.Knuth, indigenous
Harv. accepted as Pelargonium luridum (Andrews) Sweet, present
Pelargonium zonale (L.) L'Her. endemic

Sarcocaulon[]

Genus Sarcocaulon^[6]

Moffett, accepted as (Moffett) F.Albers, endemic
Moffett, accepted as (Moffett) F.Albers, indigenous
Rehm, accepted as (Rehm) F.Albers, indigenous
Rehm, accepted as (Rehm) F.Albers, indigenous
L.Bolus, accepted as (L.Bolus) F.Albers, endemic
Rehm, accepted as (Rehm) F.Albers
Sweet, accepted as L'Her. indigenous
Engl. accepted as (Engl.) F.Albers
(Welw. ex Oliv.) Hiern, accepted as Welw. ex Oliv.
E.Mey. ex R.Knuth, accepted as E.Mey. indigenous
(DC.) G.Don, accepted as DC. indigenous
Moffett, accepted as (Moffett) F.Albers
Moffett, accepted as (Moffett) F.Albers, indigenous
L.Bolus, accepted as (L.Bolus) F.Albers, endemic

Seymouria[]

Genus ^[6]

Sweet, accepted as L'Her. subsp. dipetalum

Melianthaceae[]

Family: Melianthaceae,^[6]

Bersama[]

Genus Bersama^[6]

(Hochst.) Szyszyl. indigenous
E.Phillips, accepted as Oliv. present
E.Phillips, endemic
Turrill, accepted as Oliv. present
Oliv. indigenous

Greyia[]

Genus Greyia^[6]

Greyia flanaganii Bolus, endemic
Greyia radlkoferi Szyszyl. indigenous
Greyia sutherlandii Hook. & Harv. indigenous

Melianthus[]

Genus Melianthus^[6]

Melianthus comosus Vahl, indigenous
Sond. indigenous
- Melianthus dregeanus Sond. subsp. dregeanus, endemic
- Melianthus dregeanus Sond. subsp. insignis (Kuntze) S.A.Tansley, endemic
Wijnands, endemic
Melianthus major L. endemic
L. accepted as Wijnands, present
Harv. indigenous
- Melianthus pectinatus Harv. subsp. gariepinus (Merxm. & Roessler) S.A.Tansley, indigenous
- Melianthus pectinatus Harv. subsp. pectinatus, indigenous
Bolus, indigenous

References[]

^ ^a ^b Jeiter, Julius; Weigend, Maximilian; Hilger, Hartmut H. (2017-02-01). "Geraniales flowers revisited: evolutionary trends in floral nectaries". Annals of Botany. 119 (3): 395–408. doi:10.1093/aob/mcw230. ISSN 0305-7364. PMC 5314648. PMID 28025289.
^ Jeiter, Julius; Hilger, Hartmut H; Smets, Erik F; Weigend, Maximilian (2017-11-10). "The relationship between nectaries and floral architecture: a case study in Geraniaceae and Hypseocharitaceae". Annals of Botany. 120 (5): 791–803. doi:10.1093/aob/mcx101. ISSN 0305-7364. PMC 5691401. PMID 28961907.
^ Doyle, J. A.; Donoghue, M. J. (1986). "Seed plant phylogeny and the origin of the angiosperms - an experimental cladistic approach". Botanical Review. 52 (4): 321–431. doi:10.1007/bf02861082.
^ Butler, Rhett A. (1 July 2019). "Total number of plant species by country". Mongabay. Retrieved 21 July 2019.
^ "Vegetation of South Africa". PlantZAfrica.com. SA National Biodiversity Institute. Retrieved 24 July 2019.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ "species_checklist_20180710.csv". South African National Biodiversity Institute. Retrieved 27 September 2020.

[:0-1] Jeiter, Julius; Weigend, Maximilian; Hilger, Hartmut H. (2017-02-01). "Geraniales flowers revisited: evolutionary trends in floral nectaries". Annals of Botany. 119 (3): 395–408. doi:10.1093/aob/mcw230. ISSN 0305-7364. PMC 5314648. PMID 28025289.

[2] Jeiter, Julius; Hilger, Hartmut H; Smets, Erik F; Weigend, Maximilian (2017-11-10). "The relationship between nectaries and floral architecture: a case study in Geraniaceae and Hypseocharitaceae". Annals of Botany. 120 (5): 791–803. doi:10.1093/aob/mcx101. ISSN 0305-7364. PMC 5691401. PMID 28961907.

[Doyle_and_Donoghue_1986-3] Doyle, J. A.; Donoghue, M. J. (1986). "Seed plant phylogeny and the origin of the angiosperms - an experimental cladistic approach". Botanical Review. 52 (4): 321–431. doi:10.1007/bf02861082.

[Butler_2019-4] Butler, Rhett A. (1 July 2019). "Total number of plant species by country". Mongabay. Retrieved 21 July 2019.

[PlantZAfrica-5] "Vegetation of South Africa". PlantZAfrica.com. SA National Biodiversity Institute. Retrieved 24 July 2019.

[Plants_2018-6] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ "species_checklist_20180710.csv". South African National Biodiversity Institute. Retrieved 27 September 2020.

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