List of conflicts by duration
The following list ranks wars and times of war by their duration, including both historical and ongoing battles.
Conflicts[]
War | Start date | End date | Duration |
---|---|---|---|
Three Hundred and Thirty Five Years' War | 1651 | 1986 | 335 years[1] |
Arauco War | 1536 | 1818 or 1825 | 282 years or 289 years[2] |
Russo-Circassian War | 1763 | 1864 | 101 years, 4 months, 2 weeks and 6 days |
Series of wars and conflicts[]
War or conflicts | Start date | End date | Duration |
---|---|---|---|
Reconquista | 711 | 1492 | 781 years[3] |
Roman–Persian Wars | 54 BC | 628 | 681 years[citation needed] |
Byzantine–Bulgarian wars | 680 | 1355 | 675 years |
Crusades | 1096 | 1699 | 602 years, 5 months, 1 week and 4 days |
Arab–Byzantine wars | 629 | 1050 | 421 years |
Byzantine–Arab wars | 780 | 1180 | 400 years |
Yaqui Wars | 1533 | 1929 | 396 years |
Yemeni–Ottoman conflicts | 1538 | 1911 | 373 years |
Moroccan–Portuguese conflicts | 1415 | 1769 | 354 years |
Russo-Turkish wars | 1568 | 1918 | 350 years |
Arauco War | 1536 | 1883 | 347 years |
Dutch-Scilly Islands wars | 30 March 1651 | 17 April 1986 | 335 years, 2 weeks and 4 days |
Spanish–Moro conflict | 1565 | 1898 | 333 years |
Apache–Mexico Wars | 1600 | 1915 | 315 years |
American Indian Wars | 1609 | 1924 | 315 years[citation needed] |
Ottoman–Persian Wars | 1514 | 1823 | 309 years |
Navajo Wars | 1600 | 1866 | 266 years |
Ottoman–Habsburg wars | 1526 | 1791 | 265 years |
Byzantine–Seljuk wars | 1048 | 1308 | 260 years[citation needed] |
Chechen–Russian conflict | 1785 | 2017 | 232 years |
Warring States period | 453 BC | 223 BC | 230 years |
Byzantine–Ottoman wars | 1265 | 1479 | 214 years[citation needed] |
Polish–Teutonic War | 1308 | 1521 | 213 years |
Franco-Moroccan conflicts | 1765 | 1958 | 193 years |
Cossack uprisings | 1591 | 1775 | 184 years |
Russo-Persian Wars | 1651 | 1828 | 177 years |
Spanish conquest of Chiapas | 1523 | 1695 | 172 years |
Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars | 1368 | 1537 | 169 years |
Russian conquest of Siberia | 1580 | 1747 | 167 years |
Ottoman–Hungarian wars | 1366 | 1526 | 160 years |
Polish–Swedish wars | 1563 | 1721 | 158 years |
Anglo-Dutch Wars | 1652 | 1810 | 158 years |
Sengoku period | 1467 | 1615 | 148 years |
Australian frontier wars | 1788 | 1934 | 146 years |
Spanish conquest of Guatemala | 1521 | 1667 | 146 years |
Hook and Cod wars | 1350 | 1490 | 140 years |
Mongol invasions and conquests | 1206 | 1337 | 131 years |
Early Muslim conquests | 622 | 750 | 128 years |
Second Hundred Years' War | 1689 | 1815 | 126 years |
Mughal-Sikh Wars | 1635 | 1753 | 118 years |
Hundred Years' War | 1337 | 1453 | 116 years[4] |
Russo-Kazan Wars | 1438 | 1552 | 114 years |
Norwegian civil wars | 1130 | 1240 | 110 years |
Jin–Song Wars | 1125 | 1234 | 109 years |
Seleucid–Parthian Wars | 238 BC | 129 BC | 109 years |
Georgian–Seljuk wars | 1099 | 1203 | 104 years |
Russo-Circassian War | 1763 | 1864 | 101 years |
Xhosa Wars | 1779 | 1889 | 110 years |
Tuareg rebellions | 1916 | Ongoing | 105 years |
Hephthalite–Sasanian Wars | 459 | 562 | 103 years |
Kurdish separatism in Iran | 1918 | Ongoing | 103 years |
Kurdish rebellions in Turkey | 6 March 1921 | Ongoing | 100 years, 6 months, 1 week and 4 days |
Beaver Wars | 1609 | 1701 | 92 years |
Afghan–Sikh Wars | 1751 | 1837 | 86 years |
Iraqi–Kurdish conflict | 1918 | 2003 | 85 years |
Dagohoy rebellion | 24 January 1744 | 31 August 1829 | 85 years, 7 months and 1 week |
Anglo-Afghan War | 1839 | 1919 | 80 years |
Eighty Years' War | 1568 | 1648 | 80 years[5] |
Spanish conquest of Petén | 1618 | 1697 | 79 years |
Muslim conquest of Transoxiana | 673 | 751 | 78 years |
Anglo-Ashanti wars | 1823 | 1900 | 77 years |
Umayyad conquest of Hispania | 711 | 788 | 77 years |
Muslim conquest of Sicily | June 827 | August 902 | 75 years and 2 months |
Apache Wars | 1849 | 1924 | 75 years |
Korean conflict | 15 August 1945 | Ongoing | 76 years, 1 month and 2 days |
Jewish–Roman wars | 66 | 136 | 70 years |
Dzungar–Qing Wars | 1687 | 1758 | 71 years |
Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts | 22 October 1947 | Ongoing | 73 years, 10 months, 3 weeks and 5 days |
Rohingya insurgency | 1947 | Ongoing | 74 years |
Internal conflict in Myanmar | 2 April 1948 | Ongoing | 73 years, 5 months, 2 weeks and 1 day |
Israeli–Palestinian conflict | 1948 | Ongoing | 73 years |
Israeli–Lebanese conflict | 14 May 1948 | Ongoing | 73 years, 4 months and 3 days |
Arab–Israeli conflict | 15 May 1948 | Ongoing | 73 years, 4 months and 2 days |
Insurgency in Balochistan | 1948 | Ongoing | 73 years |
Pacification of Algeria | 1835 | 1903 | 68 years |
Kashmir conflict | 22 October 1948 | Ongoing | 72 years, 10 months, 3 weeks and 5 days |
Afghanistan–Pakistan skirmishes | 1949 | Ongoing | 72 years |
Karen conflict | 1949 | Ongoing | 72 years[6] |
Argentine Civil Wars | 1814 | 1880 | 66 years |
Italian Wars | 1494 | 1559 | 65 years |
Ethnic conflict in Nagaland | 1954 | Ongoing | 67 years |
Xinjiang conflict | 1954 | Ongoing | 67 years |
Sudanese Civil Wars | 18 August 1955 | Ongoing | 66 years, 4 weeks and 2 days |
Darfurs Civil War | 1722 | 1786 | 64 years |
Muslim conquest of the Maghreb | 647 | 709 | 62 years |
Sixty Years' War | 1754 | 1814 | 60 years |
Dutch–Portuguese War | 1601 | 1661 | 60 years |
Lelantine War | 710 BC | 650 BC | 60 years |
Italian unification | 1815 | 1871 | 56 years |
South Thailand insurgency | 1960 | Ongoing | 61 years |
Texas–Indian wars | 1820 | 1875 | 55 years |
Papua conflict | 1962 | Ongoing | 59 years |
Cross border attacks in Sabah | 1962 | Ongoing | 59 years |
Insurgency in Northeast India | 1963 | Ongoing | 58 years |
Colombian conflict | 1964 | Ongoing | 57 years |
Insurgency in Manipur | 24 November 1964 | Ongoing | 56 years, 9 months, 3 weeks and 3 days |
Basque conflict | 31 July 1959 | 20 October 2011 | 52 years, 2 months, 2 weeks and 6 days |
Bulgarian–Ottoman wars | 1344 | 1396 | 52 years |
Galicia–Volhynia Wars | 1340 | 1392 | 52 years |
Communist insurgency in Burma | 1939 | 1989 | 50 years |
Byzantine conquest of Bulgaria | 968 | 1018 | 50 years |
Greco-Persian Wars | 499 BC | 449 BC | 50 years[7] |
Naxalite–Maoist insurgency | 18 May 1967 | Ongoing | 54 years, 3 months, 4 weeks and 2 days |
Comanche–Mexico Wars | 1821 | 1870 | 49 years |
Bulgarian-Ottoman conflicts | 1345 | 1393 | 48 years and 6 months |
Wars of the Diadochi | 322 BC | 275 BC | 47 years[8] |
Civil conflict in the Philippines | 29 March 1969 | Ongoing | 52 years, 5 months, 2 weeks and 5 days |
Communist rebellion in the Philippines | 29 March 1969 | Ongoing | 52 years, 5 months, 2 weeks and 5 days |
Moro conflict | 29 March 1969 | Ongoing | 52 years, 5 months, 2 weeks and 5 days |
Caucasian War | 1817 | 1864 | 47 years |
Western Sahara conflict | 1970 | Ongoing | 51 years |
Chadian Civil Wars | 1965 | 2010 | 45 years |
Cold War (Indirect War) | 1947 | 1991 | 44 years |
Kongo Civil War | 1665 | 1709 | 44 years |
Afghanistan conflict | 27 April 1978 | Ongoing | 43 years, 4 months and 3 weeks[citation needed] |
Sino-Dutch conflicts | 1620 | 1662 | 42 years |
Thirty-Eight Years' War | 770 | 811 | 41 years[citation needed] |
Cabinda War | 8 November 1975 | Ongoing | 45 years, 10 months, 1 week and 2 days |
Insurgency in Laos | 3 December 1975 | Ongoing | 45 years, 9 months and 2 weeks |
Bab al-Tabbaneh–Jabal Mohsen conflict | 1976 | Ongoing | 45 years |
Polish–Czechoslovak border conflicts | 1918 | 1958 | 40 years |
Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire | 1532 | 1572 | 40 years |
Chichimeca War | 1550 | 1590 | 40 years |
Umayyad invasion of Gaul | 719 | 759 | 40 years |
Comanche Wars | 1836 | 1875 | 39 years |
Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present) | 27 November 1978 | Ongoing | 42 years, 9 months and 3 weeks |
Assam separatist movements | 1979 | Ongoing | 42 years |
Internal conflict in Peru | 17 May 1980 | Ongoing | 41 years and 4 months |
Maoist insurgency in Turkey | 12 September 1980 | Ongoing | 41 years and 5 days |
Guatemalan Civil War | 13 November 1960 | 29 December 1996 | 36 years, 1 month, 2 weeks and 2 days[9] |
French Wars of Religion | 1562 | 1598 | 36 years |
Banana Wars | 1898 | 1934 | 36 years |
Anglo-Powhatan Wars | 1610 | 1646 | 36 years |
Holy Man's Rebellion | 1901 | 1936 | 35 years |
Ayutthaya-Lan Na War | 1441 | 1474 | 33 years |
Wars of the Roses | 1455 | 1487 | 32 years[10] |
First War of Scottish Independence | 1296 | 1328 | 32 years[11] |
Casamance conflict | 1982 | 2014 | 32 years |
Anglo-Mysore Wars | 1767 | 1799 | 32 years |
Libyan resistance movement | 1911 | 1943 | 32 years |
Second Viking Invasion of the British Isles | 980 | 1012 | 32 years |
Aceh War | 1873 | 1904 | 31 years[12] |
Āfāqī Khoja Holy War | 1826 | 1857 | 31 years |
The Troubles | 1968 | 1998 | 30 years |
French conquest of Algeria | 1827 | 1857 | 30 years |
Thirty Years' War | 1618 | 1648 | 30 years[13] |
Eritrean War of Independence | 1 September 1961 | 29 May 1991 | 29 years, 8 months, 3 weeks and 2 days |
Murid War | 1830 | 1859 | 29 years |
Lord's Resistance Army insurgency | 1987 | Ongoing | 34 years |
Portuguese Restoration War | 1640 | 1668 | 28 years[14] |
Nagorno-Karabakh conflict | 20 February 1988 | Ongoing | 33 years, 6 months and 4 weeks |
Insurgency in Aceh | 4 December 1976 | 15 August 2005 | 28 years, 8 months, 1 week and 4 days |
Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine | 1 March 1920 | 15 May 1948 | 28 years, 2 months and 2 weeks |
Nicaraguan Revolution | 1962 | 1990 | 28 years |
FULRO insurgency against Vietnam | 20 September 1964 | October 1992 | 28 years |
Communist insurgency in Sarawak | December 1962 | 3 November 1990 | 27 years, 11 months and 2 days |
Peloponnesian War | 431 BC | 404 BC | 27 years[15] |
New Zealand Wars | 1845 | 1872 | 27 years |
Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir | 1989 | Ongoing | 32 years |
Abkhaz–Georgian conflict | 1989 | Ongoing | 32 years |
Georgian–Ossetian conflict | 1989 | Ongoing | 32 years |
Sectarianism in Pakistan | 1989 | Ongoing | 32 years |
Internal conflict in Bangladesh | 1989 | Ongoing | 32 years |
Norman Conquest of Sicily | May 1061 | February 1091 | 29 years and 9 months |
Angolan Civil War | 1975 | 2002 | 27 years[16] |
Russo-Finnish wars | 27 January 1918 | 19 September 1944 | 26 years, 7 months, 3 weeks and 2 days |
DHKP/C insurgency in Turkey | 1 April 1990 | Ongoing | 31 years, 5 months, 2 weeks and 2 days |
Mughal–Maratha Wars | September 1681 | May 1707 | 25 years and 8 months |
Livonian War | 1558 | 1583 | 25 years[17] |
Somali Civil War | May 1991[nb 1] | Ongoing | 30 years and 4 months |
Sri Lankan Civil War | 23 July 1983 | 18 May 2009 | 25 years, 9 months, 3 weeks and 4 days |
Spanish American wars of independence | 1808 | 1833 | 25 years |
Oromo conflict | 1992 | Ongoing | 29 years |
Insurgency in Meghalaya | 1996 | Ongoing | 25 years |
Indonesian occupation of East Timor | 7 December 1975 | 31 October 1999 | 23 years, 10 months, 3 weeks and 3 days |
South African Border war | 26 August 1966 | 21 March 1990 | 24 years |
First Punic War | 264 BC | 241 BC | 23 years |
Silesian Wars | 1740 | 1763 | 23 years |
Laotian Civil War | 9 November 1953 | 2 December 1975 | 22 years, 3 weeks and 2 days |
Second Sudanese Civil War | 1983 | 2005 | 22 years |
Occupation of Araucanía | 1861 | 1883 | 22 years |
Chiapas conflict | 1994 | Ongoing | 27 years |
Insurgency in Ogaden | 1994 | Ongoing | 27 years |
Norman conquest of England | 1066 | 1088 | 22 years |
Kandyan Wars | 1796 | 1818 | 22 years |
Little War in Hungary | 1530 | 1552 | 22 years |
Communist insurgency in Malaysia (1968–1989) | 17 June 1968 | 2 December 1989 | 21 years, 5 months, 2 weeks and 1 day |
Second Afar insurgency | 1995 | Ongoing | 26 years |
United States occupation of Nicaragua | 1912 | 1933 | 21 years |
Lazic War | 541 | 562 | 21 years |
Great Northern War | 1700 | 1721 | 21 years[25] |
Ottoman conquest of Habesh | 1557 | 1578 | 21 years |
Muslim conquest of Persia | 633 | 654 | 21 years |
Allied Democratic Forces insurgency | 1996 | Ongoing | 25 years |
Eumerella Wars | 1840 | 1860 | 20 years |
War of the Sicilian Vespers | 1282 | 1302 | 20 years |
Somaliland Campaign | 1900 | 1920 | 20 years |
Chittagong Hill Tracts conflict | 1977 | 2 December 1997 | 20 years |
War in Afghanistan (2001–2021) | 7 October 2001 | 15 August 2021 | 19 years, 10 months, 1 week and 1 day |
Taliban insurgency | 2002 | Ongoing | 19 years |
Vietnam War | 1 November 1955 | 30 April 1975 | 19 years, 5 months, 4 weeks and 1 day[26] |
Byzantine–Sasanian War of 572–591 | 572 | 591 | 19 years |
United States occupation of Haiti | 28 July 1915 | 1 August 1934 | 19 years and 4 days |
Miao Rebellion (1854–1873) | 1854 | 1873 | 19 years |
Gothic War | 535 | 554 | 19 years[citation needed] |
Al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen | 1998 | Ongoing | 23 years |
Communal conflicts in Nigeria | 1998 | Ongoing | 23 years |
Jeroboam's Revolt | 931 BC | 913 BC | 18 years |
Communist insurgency in Thailand | 1965 | 1983 | 18 years |
Basmachi movement | 1916 | 1934 | 18 years |
Mahdist War | 1881 | 1899 | 18 years |
Second Punic War | 218 BC | 201 BC | 17 years |
Ethiopian Civil War | 12 September 1974 | 4 June 1991 | 16 years, 8 months, 3 weeks and 2 days |
First Sudanese Civil War | 18 August 1955 | 27 March 1972 | 16 years, 7 months, 1 week and 2 days |
Bolivian War of Independence | 1809 | 1825 | 16 years |
Chilean War of Independence | 1810 | 1821 or 1826 | 11–16 years |
Polish–Ottoman War (1683–1699) | 1683 | 1699 | 16 years |
Western Sahara War | 30 October 1975 | 6 September 1991 | 15 years, 10 months and 1 week |
Great Turkish War | 14 July 1683 | 26 January 1699 | 15 years, 6 months, 1 week and 5 days |
Lebanese Civil War | 13 April 1975 | 13 October 1990 | 15 years and 6 months |
Rhodesian Bush War | 4 July 1964 | 12 December 1979 | 15 years, 5 months, 1 week and 1 day |
Morean War | 1684 | 1699 | 15 years |
Roman conquest of the Iberian Peninsula | 218 BC | 19 BC | 199 years |
Long Turkish War | 1591 | 1606 | 15 years |
Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present) | 11 April 2002 | Ongoing | 19 years, 5 months and 6 days |
Cambodian–Vietnamese War | 30 April 1977 | 23 October 1991 | 14 years, 5 months, 3 weeks and 2 days |
Jewish–Babylonian War | 601 BC | 586 BC | 15 years |
Third Indochina War | 1978 | 1992 | 14 years |
Dhofar Rebellion | 1962 | 1976 | 14 years |
Years of Lead (Italy) | 1968 | 1982 | 14 years |
Taiping Rebellion | 1850 | 1864 | 14 years |
Russo-Turkish War (1686–1700) | 1686 | 1700 | 14 years |
Abyssinian–Adal war | 1529 | 1543 | 14 years |
Marcomannic Wars | 166 | 180 | 14 years |
Second Sino-Japanese War | 18 September 1931 | 9 September 1945 | 13 years, 11 months, 3 weeks and 1 day |
War in Darfur | 26 February 2003 | Ongoing | 18 years, 6 months, 3 weeks and 1 day |
Portuguese Colonial War | 4 February 1961 | 25 April 1974 | 13 years, 2 months and 3 weeks |
Angolan War of Independence | 4 February 1961 | 25 April 1974 | 13 years, 2 months and 3 weeks |
Darul Islam Rebellion | August 1949 | September 1962 | 13 years, 3 weeks and 5 days |
War of the Spanish Succession | 9 July 1702 | 11 July 1715 | 13 years and 2 days |
Conflict in the Niger Delta | 2003 | Ongoing | 18 years |
Peruvian War of Independence | 1811 | 1824 | 13 years |
Venezuelan War of Independence | 1810 | 1823 | 13 years |
Wars of Alexander the Great | 336 BC | 323 BC | 13 years |
War in North-West Pakistan | 16 March 2004 | Ongoing | 17 years, 6 months and 1 day |
Iran–PJAK conflict | 1 April 2004 | Ongoing | 17 years, 5 months, 2 weeks and 2 days |
Napoleonic Wars | 18 May 1803 | 20 November 1815 | 12 years, 6 months and 2 days[27] |
Burundian Civil War | 21 October 1993 | 15 April 2006 | 12 years, 5 months, 3 weeks and 4 days |
Haitian Revolution | 21 August 1791 | 1 January 1804 | 12 years, 4 months, 1 week and 4 days |
Salvadoran Civil War | 15 October 1979 | 16 January 1992 | 12 years, 3 months and 1 day |
Malayan Emergency | 16 June 1948 | 12 July 1960 | 12 years, 3 weeks and 5 days |
Kivu conflict | 2004 | Ongoing | 17 years |
Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency | 2004 | Ongoing | 17 years |
Iraqi no-fly zones conflict | 1991 | 2003 | 12 years |
Wars of the Three Kingdoms | 1639 | 1651 | 12 years |
Cimbrian War | 113 BC | 101 BC | 12 years |
Guinea-Bissau War of Independence | 23 January 1963 | 10 September 1974 | 11 years, 7 months, 2 weeks and 4 days |
Paraguayan People's Army insurgency | 27 August 2005 | Ongoing | 16 years and 3 weeks |
War on Terror | 11 September 2001 | Ongoing[28] | 20 years and 6 days |
Mexican War of Independence | 16 September 1810 | 27 September 1821 | 11 years, 1 week and 4 days |
Dano-Swedish War (1501–1512) | 1501 | 1512 | 11 years |
Pool Department insurgency | 1997 | 2008 | 11 years |
Insurgency in Punjab | 1984 | 1995 | 11 years |
Sino-Vietnamese conflicts 1979–1990 | 1979 | 1990 | 11 years |
Queen Anne's War | 1702 | 1713 | 11 years |
Sierra Leone Civil War | 23 March 1991 | 18 January 2002 | 10 years, 9 months, 3 weeks and 5 days |
Nepalese Civil War | 13 February 1996 | 21 November 2006 | 10 years, 9 months, 1 week and 1 day |
Houthi insurgency in Yemen | 18 June 2004 | 6 February 2015 | 10 years, 7 months, 2 weeks and 5 days |
Yugoslav Wars | 31 March 1991 | 12 November 2001 | 10 years, 7 months, 1 week and 5 days |
Syrian Civil War | 15 March 2011 | Ongoing | 10 years, 6 months and 2 days |
Algerian Civil War | 26 December 1991 | 8 February 2002 | 10 years, 1 month, 1 week and 6 days |
Soviet-Afghan War | 24 December 1979 | 15 February 1989 | 9 years, 1 month, 3 weeks and 1 day |
Iran – Iraq War | 22 September 1980 | 20 August 1988 | 7 years, 10 months, 4 weeks and 1 day |
Yemeni Civil War (2014–present) | 16 September 2014 | Ongoing | 7 years and 1 day |
World War II | 1 September 1939 | 2 September 1945 | 6 years and 1 day |
World War I | 28 July 1914 | 11 November 1918 | 4 years, 3 months and 2 weeks |
Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 | 3 December 1971 | 16 December 1971 | 1 week and 6 days |
Anglo-Zanzibar war | 09:02 27 August 1896 | 09:40 27 August 1896 | 38 minutes |
See also[]
Notes[]
- ^ Various start dates have been offered for when the civil war in Somalia began. The Central Bank of Somalia,[18] the United Nations,[19][20] the US Office of the Secretary of Defense,[21] and Necrometrics all assert that the conflict started in 1991, after the ouster of the Siad Barre administration.[22] Political scientist James Fearon argues that the start of the conflict could be dated to 1981, when armed Isaaq clan militias began to launch small-scale attacks against the Barre regime and its Isaaq members, to the razing of the Isaaq majority town of Hargeisa in 1988 by state forces, or to 1991, following the collapse of the Barre administration and the commencement of interclan warfare. For analytical purposes, he settles on 1991 for the start date of a new civil war, on the grounds that the fighting had begun previously, but that a major party to the conflict was defeated.[23] Robinson writes that the "civil war had effectively begun by 1987", referring to Compagnon.[24]
References[]
- ^ Bowley, R. L. (2001). Scilly at war. St Mary's: Bowley Publ. ISBN 0900184345.
- ^ Cruz, Eduardo Agustin (2010). The grand Araucanian wars (1541–1883) in the kingdom of Chile. [S.l.]: Xlibris. ISBN 978-1450055284.[self-published source]
- ^ McKitterick, Rosamond; Collins, R. (1990). The New Cambridge Medieval. History 1. Cambridge University Press. p. 289. ISBN 9780521362924. Retrieved 26 July 2012.
- ^ Corrigan, Gordon (2014). Great and glorious adventure : a history of the hundred years war and the birth of renaissance... [S.l.]: Pegasus Books. ISBN 978-1605985794.
- ^ Hart, Marjolein 't (2011). Dutch wars of independence : the eighty years struggle, 1566–1648. [S.l.]: Longman. ISBN 978-0582209671.
- ^ Charney, Michael W. (2009). A history of modern Burma (1. publ.3. print. ed.). New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521617581.
- ^ Green, Peter (1996). The Greco-Persian wars ([Repr.]. ed.). Berkeley, Calif.: Univ. of California Press. ISBN 0520205731.
- ^ Romm, James (2012). Ghost on the throne : the death of Alexander the Great and the war for crown and empire (1st ed.). New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 978-0307271648.
- ^ Chauche, Victor Perera; photographs by Daniel (1995). Unfinished conquest : the Guatemalan tragedy. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0520203496.
- ^ Jones, Dan (2014). Wars of the roses : the fall of the plantagenets and the rise of the tudors. [S.l.]: Viking. ISBN 978-0670026678.
- ^ Traquair, Peter (1998). Freedoms̓ sword. London: HarperCollins. ISBN 0004720792.
- ^ Martinkus, John (2004). Indonesia's secret war in Aceh (1. publ. ed.). Milsons Point, N.S.W.: Random House. ISBN 174051209X.
- ^ Wilson, Peter H. (2011). The Thirty Years War : Europe's tragedy (1st Harvard University Press pbk. ed.). Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0674062313.
- ^ Birmingham, David (2003). A concise history of Portugal (2. ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521536863.
- ^ Kagan, Donald (2004). The Peloponnesian War. New York: Penguin Books. ISBN 0142004375.
- ^ III, W. Martin James (2011). A political history of the civil war in Angola, 1974–1990 (Pbk. ed.). New Brunswick, [N.J.], U.S.A.: Transaction Publishers. ISBN 978-1412815062.
- ^ Stevens, Carol B. (2007). Russia's wars of emergence : 1460–1730. Harlo [u.a.]: Pearson Longman. ISBN 978-0582218918.
- ^ "Board of Directors". Central Bank of Somalia. Retrieved 3 May 2015.
- ^ "UN senior official calls for widespread support for Somali Government reform efforts" (PDF). United Nations. Retrieved 3 May 2015.
- ^ "Somalia - UNOSOM II: Background". United Nations. Retrieved 3 May 2015.
- ^ "Richard B. Cheney - George H.W. Bush Administration". US Office of the Secretary of Defense. Retrieved 3 May 2015.
- ^ "Twentieth Century Atlas – Death Tolls and Casualty Statistics for Wars, Dictatorships and Genocides". Users.erols.com. Retrieved 20 April 2011.
- ^ Fearon, James D. (2004). "Why Do Some Civil Wars Last So Much Longer Than Others?". Journal of Peace Research. 41 (3): 275–301. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.19.3818. doi:10.1177/0022343304043770. S2CID 7158376.
- ^ Robinson, Colin (2016). "Revisiting the rise and fall of the Somali Armed Forces, 1960–2012". Defense & Security Analysis. 32 (3): 237–252. doi:10.1080/14751798.2016.1199122. S2CID 156874430.
- ^ Frost, Robert I. (2000). The northern wars : war, state, and society in northeastern Europe, 1558 – 1721 ([Nachdr.] ed.). Harlow [u.a.]: Longman. ISBN 0582064295.
- ^ Karnow, Stanley (1997). Vietnam, a history (2nd rev. and updated ed.). New York, N.Y.: Penguin Books. ISBN 0140265473.
- ^ Rothenberg, Gunther E. (2006). The Napoleonic Wars. [Washington, D.C.]: Smithsonian Books. ISBN 006085121X.
- ^ "Will the 'War on Terror' ever end?". BBC news. Retrieved 12 September 2021.
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