List of former national anthems
Below is a list of various national anthems which, at some point in time, were the de jure or de facto anthems of various contemporary or historical states.
 | This list of songs or music-related items is incomplete; you can help by . (October 2021) |
| State | National anthem title in local language(s) |
English translation of title | Period | Lyrics writer(s) | Music composer(s) | Audio | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Afghanistan
|
"Soroud-e-Melli" | "National Anthem" | 1926–1943 | None (instrumental) | Unknown | — | |
 Afghanistan
|
"Schahe ghajur-o-mehrabane ma" | "Our Brave And Noble King" | 1943–1973 | [1] | |||
 Afghanistan
|
"Soroud-e-Melli"[trans 1] | "National Anthem" | 1973–1978 | Abdul Rauf Benawa | Abdul Ghafoor Breshna | [1] | |
 Afghanistan
|
"Soroud-e-Melli"[trans 1] | "National Anthem" | 1978–1992 | Suleiman Laeq | [note 1] | ||
 Afghanistan
|
"Soroud-e-Melli"[trans 1] | "National Anthem"[2] | 1992–1999 2002–2006 |
Ustad Qasim | [note 2] | ||
 Armenia
|
"Haykakan SSH orhnerg"[trans 2] | "Anthem of the Armenian SSR" | 1944–1991 | Sarmen | Aram Khachaturian | — | |
 Austria
|
"Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser" | "God Save Emperor Francis" | 1797–1835 1848–1854 |
Lorenz Leopold Haschka | Joseph Haydn | [note 3] | |
| Austria
|
"Segen Öst'reichs hohem Sohne" | "Blessings to Austria's high son" | 1835–1848 | Joseph Christian von Zedlitz | Joseph Haydn | [note 4] | |
| Austria
|
"Volkshymne" | "Anthem of the People" (literally "People's Hymn") | 1854–1867 | Johann Gabriel Seidl | Joseph Haydn | [note 5] | |
 Austria-Hungary
|
"Volkshymne" | "Anthem of the People" | 1867–1918 | Johann Gabriel Seidl | Joseph Haydn | [note 6] | |
 Austria
|
"Deutschösterreich, du herrliches Land" | "German Austria, you wonderful country" | 1920–1929 (de facto) |
Karl Renner | Wilhelm Kienzl | — | — |
| Austria
|
"Sei gesegnet ohne Ende" | "Be Blessed Without End" | 1929–1938 | Joseph Haydn | [note 7] | ||
 Azerbaijan
|
"Azərbaycan Sovet Sosialist Respublikasının Himni" | "Anthem of the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic" | 1945–1991 | Suleyman Rustam Samad Vurgun |
Uzeyir Hajibeyov | — | |
 Azerbaijan
|
"Azərbaycan Sovet Sosialist Respublikasının Himni" | "Anthem of the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic" | 1991–1992 | Suleyman Rustam Samad Vurgun |
Uzeyir Hajibeyov | — | |
 Grand Duchy of Baden
|
"Badnerlied" | "Song of Baden" | 1865–1871 | Unknown | Unknown | — | [note 8] |
 Bavaria
|
"Bayernhymne" | "Hymn of Bavaria" | 1806–1871 | [note 8] | |||
 Biafra
|
"Land of the Rising Sun" | 1967–1970 | Unknown | Jean Sibelius | — | ||
 Bophuthatswana (Bantustan) |
"Lefatshe leno la bo-rrarona" | "This Land of Our Forefathers" | 1976–1994 | J. J. Loots |
— | ||
 Bosnia and Herzegovina
|
"Jedna si jedina" | "You are the One and Only" | 1992–1999 | Edin Dervišhalidović | Unknown, arranged by Edin Dervišhalidović | — | |
 Brazil
|
"Hino da Independência" | "Hymn of Independence" | 1822–1831 | Evaristo da Veiga | Pedro I of Brazil | — | |
| Brazil
|
"Hino Nacional Brasileiro" | "Brazilian National Anthem" | 1831–1889 | Joaquim Osório Duque Estrada | Francisco Manuel da Silva | [note 9] | |
 Bulgaria
|
"Shumi Maritsa"[trans 3] | "Maritsa Rushes" | 1886–1944 | Nikola Zhivkov | Ivan Vazov | — | [note 10] |
 Bulgaria
|
"Republiko nasha, zdravey!"[trans 5] | "Hail to our Republic!" | 1944–1950 | Krum Penev | Georgi Dimitrov | — | — |
| Bulgaria
|
"Balgariyo mila"[trans 6] | "Dear Bulgaria" | 1950–1964 | Georgi Dimitrov |
— | — | |
 Byelorussian SSR
|
"Dzyarzhauny himn BSSR"[trans 7] | "State Hymn of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic" | 1952–1991 | Nestar Sakalowski | Mihas' Klimovich | — | |
 Cambodia
|
"Damnoer Satharonarodth Khmer"[trans 8] | "March of the Khmer Republic" | 1970–1975 | Khieu Chum | Khieu Chum | — | — |
 Cambodia
|
"Dap Prampi Mesa Chokchey"[trans 9] | "Glorious Seventeenth of April" | 1976–1993 | Unknown | Unknown | — | |
 Cape Verde
|
"Esta É a Nossa Pátria Bem Amada" | "This Is Our Beloved Country" | 1975–1996 | Amílcar Cabral | Amílcar Cabral | [note 11] | |
 Federal Republic of Central America
|
"La Granadera" | "The Grenadier" | 1823–1839 | Unknown | — | ||
 China
|
"Li Zhong Tan Yue"[trans 10] | "Tune of Li Zhongtang" | 1896–1906 | Li Hongzhang | Li Hongzhang | — | — |
| China
|
"Song Long Qi"[trans 11] | "Praise the Dragon Flag" | 1906–1911 | "Collective" | "Collective" | — | — |
| China
|
"Gong Jin'ou"[trans 12] | "Cup of Solid Gold" | 1911–1912 | Yan Fu | — | ||
 China
|
"Zhōngguó xióng lì yǔzhòujiān"[trans 13] | "China Heroically Stands in the Universe" | 1915–1921 | Yin Chang | Wang Lu | — | |
| China
|
"Qing yun gē"[trans 14] | "The Song to the Auspicious Cloud" | 1913–1915 1921–1928 |
Zhang Taiyan | Xiao Youmei | — | |
 China
|
"Guómín gémìng gē"[trans 15] | "Revolution of the Citizens" | 1926–1928 | Liao Qianwu | Traditional | — | — |
| China
|
"Zhōnghuá Mínguó guógē"[trans 16] | "National Anthem of the Republic of China" | 1928–1949 | Yat-sen Sun | Maoyun Cheng | [note 12] | |
 Chinese Soviet Republic
|
"Guójìgē"[trans 17] | "The Internationale" | 1931–1937 | Qu Qiubai | Pierre De Geyter | [4] | |
 Ciskei(Bantustan) |
"Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika" | "Lord Bless Africa" | 1976–1994 | Enoch Sontonga | Enoch Sontonga and Joseph Parry | — | |
 Colombia
|
"" | "Liberating March" | 1819–1830 | Unknown | Unknown | — | — |
 Comoros
|
"" | "We have the Freedom" | 1975–1978 | Unknown | Unknown | — | — |
 Confederate States
|
"God Save the South" | 1861–1865 (de facto) |
George Henry Miles | — | [note 13] | ||
 People's Republic of Congo
|
"Les Trois Glorieuses" | "The Three Glorious Days" | 1969–1991 | Henri Lopès | — | — | |
 Corsica
|
"Dio vi Salvi Regina" | "God Save Our Queen" | 1755–1769 (de facto) |
Francis de Geronimo | Francis de Geronimo | — | — |
| Anglo-Corsica
|
"Dio vi Salvi Regina" | "God Save Our Queen" | 1794–1796 | Francis de Geronimo | Francis de Geronimo | — | — |
 Czechoslovakia
|
"Kde domov můj" "Nad Tatrou sa blýska" |
"Where is my home?" and "Lightning over the Tatras" | 1918–1939 1945–1993 |
Josef Kajetán Tyl Janko Matúška |
František Škroup Unknown |
— | [note 14] |
 Danzig
|
"Für Danzig" | "For Danzig [Gdańsk]" | 1920–1939 | — | |||
 Don Republic
|
"Гимн донских казаков" | "Anthem of the Don Cossacks]" | 1919–1921 | — | — | ||
 Egypt
|
"Eslami ya Misr"[trans 18] | "Be Safe Oh Egypt" | 1923–1936 | Mostafa Saadeq Al-Rafe'ie | — | [7] | |
 Egypt
|
"Salam Affandina"[8] | "Peace be upon you" | 1871–1922 1936–1958 |
Giuseppe Pugioli | [9] | ||
 Egypt
|
"Yssalam Aljumhuriu Almisri"[10] | "Egyptian Republican Anthem" | 1953–1958 | Giuseppe Pugioli | [9] | ||
 Egypt
|
"Walla Zaman Ya Selahy"[trans 19] | "Oh For Ages! My Weapon!" | 1971–1979 | Salah Jahin | Kamal Al Taweel | — | |
 Estonian SSR
|
"Eesti Nõukogude Sotsialistliku Vabariigi hümn" | "Anthem of the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic" | 1945–1990 | Johannes Semper | Gustav Ernesaks | — | |
 Ethiopia
|
"Ityopp'ya Hoy Dess Yibelish"[trans 20] | "Ethiopia Be Happy" | 1930–1975 | "Collective" | — | ||
 Ethiopia
|
"Ityopp'ya, Ityopp'ya, Ityopp'ya qida mi"[trans 21] | "Ethiopia, Ethiopia, Ethiopia Be First" | 1975–1992 | Assefa Gebre-Mariam Tessama | Daniel Yohannes Haggos | — | |
 France
|
"Marche Henri IV / Vive Henri IV" | "Henry IV March / Long Live Henry IV" | 1590–1792 1814–1830 |
Thoinot Arbeau | — | — | |
 France
|
"Chant du départ" | "Song of the Departure" | 1799–1815 | Marie-Joseph Chénier | Étienne Nicolas Méhul | [note 15] | |
 France
|
"Le Retour des Princes français à Paris" | "The Return of the French Princes to Paris" | 1814–1815 1815–1830 |
Unknown | François-Henri Castil-Blaze | — | — |
| France
|
"La Parisienne" | "The Parisian" | 1830–1848 | Casimir Delavigne | Daniel Auber | — | — |
| France
|
"Le Chant des Girondins" | "The Song of Girondists" | 1848–1852 | Alexandre Dumas Auguste Maquet Claude-Joseph Rouget de Lisle |
Alphonse Varney | — | — |
| France
|
"Partant pour la Syrie" | "Departing for Syria" | 1852–1870 | Alexandre de Laborde | Hortense de Beauharnais | — | — |
 Georgia
|
"Sakartvelos sabch'ota socialist'uri resp'ublikas sakhelmts'ipo himni"[trans 22] | "State Anthem of the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic" | 1946–1990 | Grigol Abashidze Alexander Abasheli |
Otar Taktakishvili | — | |
 Georgia
|
"Dideba"[trans 23] | "Praise" | 1918–1920 1990–2004 |
— | |||
 Germany
|
"Heil dir im Siegerkranz" | "Hail to Thee in Victor's Crown" | 1871–1918 | Heinrich Harries | Unknown | — | |
 Germany
|
"Das Lied der Deutschen" | "The Song of the Germans" | 1922–1933 | August Heinrich Hoffmann von Fallersleben | Joseph Haydn | [note 16] | |
 Germany
|
"Das Lied der Deutschen" | "The Song of the Germans" | 1933–1945 | August Heinrich Hoffmann von Fallersleben | Joseph Haydn | [note 17] | |
 West Germany
|
"Ich hab' mich ergeben" | "I have given myself" | 1949–1952 | Hans Ferdinand Maßmann | August Daniel von Binzer | [note 18] | |
| West Germany
|
"Das Lied der Deutschen" | "The Song of the Germans" | 1952–1990 | August Heinrich Hoffmann von Fallersleben | Joseph Haydn | [note 19] | |
| East Germany
|
"Auferstanden aus Ruinen" | "Arisen from Ruins" | 1949–1990 | Johannes R. Becher | Hanns Eisler | — | |
 Guatemala
|
"La Granadera" | "The Grenadier" | 1847–1879 | Unknown | — | ||
| Guatemala
|
"Himno Popular de Guatemala" | "People's Anthem of Guatemala" | 1879–1896 | Rafael Álvarez Ovalle | — | — | |
 Grenada
|
"Grenada National State Anthem" | 1967–1974 | " Rolstan Percival Jawahir Adams" | "John George Fletcher" | — | — | |
 Haiti
|
"Quand nos Aïeux brisèrent leurs entraves" | "When our ancestors broke their chains" | 1893–1904 | Oswald Durand | Unknown | — | — |
 Hawaii
|
"God Save the King" | 1810–1860 | Unknown | Unknown | — | ||
| Hawaii
|
"E Ola Ke Alii Ke Akua" | "God Save the King" | 1860–1866 | Lunalilo | Unknown | — | — |
| Hawaii
|
"He Mele Lahui Hawaii" | "The Song of the Hawaiian Nation" | 1866–1876 | Liliuokalani | Unknown | — | — |
| Hawaii
|
"Hawaiʻi Ponoʻī" | "Hawaii's Own True Sons" | 1876–1893 | Kalakaua | Henri Berger | — | — |
 Hong Kong
|
"Tin Jau Neoi Wong"[trans 24] | "God Save the Queen" | 1841-1941 1945-1997 |
Unknown | Unknown | — | |
 Honduras
|
"La Granadera" | "The Grenadier" | ca. 1838–1915 | Unknown | — | ||
| Honduras
|
"Dios Salve a Honduras" | "God Save Honduras" | ca. 1890-1915 | None (instrumental) | "Laurcano Campos" | — | — |
 Hungary
|
"Internacionálé" | "The Internationale" | 1919 | Eugène Pottier (translation) |
Pierre De Geyter | — | — |
 Persia
|
"Salām-e Shāh"[trans 25] | "Royal Salute" | 1873–1909 | None (instrumental) | Alfred Jean Baptiste Lemaire | — | |
| Persia
|
""[trans 26] | "Salute of Sublime State of Persia" | 1909–1933 | Unknown | — | ||
| Iran
|
"Sorude Melli"[trans 27] | "National Anthem" | 1933–1979 | [note 20] | |||
 Iran
|
"Ey Iran"[trans 28] | "Oh Iran" | 1979–1980 | Hossein Gol-e-Golab | Ruhollah Khaleghi | — | |
 Iran
|
"Payandeh Bada Iran"[trans 29] | "A Lasting Iran" | 1980–1990 | — | — | ||
 Iraq
|
"As-Salam al-Malaki" | "Peace to the King" | 1924–1958 | None (instrumental) | [note 21] | ||
 Iraq
|
"Walla Zaman Ya Selahy"[11] | "Oh For Ages! My Weapon!"[12] | 1965–1981[12] | Salah Jahin | Kamal Al Taweel[12] | [note 22] | |
 Iraq
|
"Mawtini"[12] | "My Country"[12] | 1958–1965, 2003–2004[12] | None (instrumental)[13] | [12] | [note 23] | |
 Iraq
|
"Ardulfurataini"[trans 30] | "The Land of the Euphrates" | 1981–2003 | Walid Georges Gholmieh | — | ||
 Ireland
|
"Let Erin Remember"[14] | 1924–1926 | Unknown | Unknown | — | [note 24] | |
 Italy
|
"Marcia Reale d'Ordinanza" | "Royal March of Ordinance" | 1861–1946 | Unknown | — | ||
 Italian Social Republic
|
"Giovinezza" | "Giovinezza" | 1943–1945 | Nino Oxilia | Salvatore Gotta | — | |
 Katanga
|
"La Katangaise" | "The Katangan" | 1960–1963 | Unknown | Joseph Kiwele | — | |
 Kazakh SSR
|
"Qazaq Sovettik Socïalïstik Respwblïkasınıñ memlekettik änuranı"[trans 31] | "Anthem of the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic" | 1945–1992 | Abdilda Tazhibaev Gabit Musirepov |
Yevgeny Brusilovsky | [note 25] | |
 Kazakhstan
|
"Qazaqstan Respwblïkasınıñ memlekettik änuranı"[trans 32] | "Anthem of the Republic of Kazakhstan" | 1992–2006 | Yevgeny Brusilovsky | — | ||
 Kirghiz SSR
|
"Kyrgyz SSR Mamlekettik Gimni"[trans 33] | "Anthem of the Kirghiz SSR" | 1936–1991 | K. Malikov T. Sydykbekov M. Tokobaev A. Tokombaev. |
Vladimir Vlasov Abdylas Maldybaev Vladimir Fere |
— | |
 Korea
|
"Daehan jeguk aegukga"[trans 34] | "Patriotic song of the Great Korean Empire" | 1902–1910 | Unknown | Franz Eckert | — | — |
 Korea
|
"Kimigayo" | "His Imperial Majesty's Reign" | 1910–1945 | Unknown | Franz Eckert | — | |
 South Korea
|
"Aegukga" | "Patriotic Song" | 1945–1948 | Unknown | Unknown | [note 26] | |
 Kuwait
|
"As-salām al-amīrī"[trans 35] | "Amiri Salute" | 1951–1978 | None (instrumental) | — | [note 27] | |
 Laos
|
"Pheng Xat Lao"[trans 36] | "Anthem of the Lao people" | 1951–1975 | — | [note 28] | ||
 Latvian SSR
|
"Latvijas Padomju Sociālistiskās Republikas himna" | "Anthem of the Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic" | 1945–1990 | Fricis Rokpelnis Jūlijs Vanags |
Anatols Liepiņš | — | |
 Libya
|
"Lībīya, Lībīya, Lībīya"[trans 37] | "Libya, Libya, Libya" | 1951–1969 | Mohammed Abdel Wahab | — | [note 29] | |
 Libya
|
"Allahu Akbar"[trans 38] | "God is Greatest" | 1977–2011 | — | |||
 Lithuanian SSR
|
"Lietuvos Tarybų Socialistinės Respublikos himnas" | "Anthem of the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic" | 1950–1988 | Antanas Venclova | Balys Dvarionas Jonas Švedas |
— | |
 Macau
|
"A Portuguesa" | "The Portuguese" | 1910–1999 | Henrique Lopes de Mendonça | Alfredo Keil | [note 30] | |
 Mahabad
|
"Ey Reqîb" | "Oh Enemy" | 1945–1947 | Dildar | Unknown | — | [note 31] |
 Mali Federation
|
"Hymne du Mali" | "National Anthem of Mali" | 1960 | Léopold Sédar Senghor | Banzumana Sissoko | — | — |
 Marshall Islands
|
"Ij Io̧kwe Ļo̧k Aelōn̄ Eo Aō" | "I Love the Islands" | 1986–1991 | Unknown | — | — | |
 Mauritania
|
"Nashid Wataniin Muritaniin" | "National Chant of Mauritania" | 1960–2017 | Tolia Nikiprowetzky | — | ||
 Micronesia
|
"Preamble" | 1989–1991 | Unknown | Unknown | — | — | |
 Moldavian Democratic Republic
|
"Deșteaptă-te, române!" | "Awaken thee, Romanian!" | 1917–1918 | Andrei Mureșanu | Anton Pann | — | |
 Moldavian SSR
|
"Imnul de Stat al RSS Moldovenești" | "State Anthem of the Moldavian SSR" | 1945–1991 | Emilian Bukov Ivan Bodarev |
Ștefan Neaga Eduard Lazarev |
— | |
 Moldova
|
"Deșteaptă-te, române!" | "Awaken thee, Romanian!" | 1991–1994 | Andrei Mureșanu | Anton Pann | — | |
 Montenegro
|
"Ubavoj nam Crnoj Gori"[trans 39] | "Our Beautiful Montenegro" | 1910–1918 | Jovan Sundečić | Jovo Ivanišević | — | |
 Mozambique
|
"Viva, Viva a FRELIMO" | "Long Live FRELIMO" | 1975–2002 | — | |||
 Namibia
|
"Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika" | "Lord Bless Africa" | 1990–1991 | Enoch Sontonga | Enoch Sontonga and Joseph Parry | — | |
 Nepal
|
"Rastriya Gaan"[trans 40] | "May Glory Crown Our Illustrious Sovereign" | 1899–2007 | Chakrapani Chalise | — | ||
 Netherlands
|
"Wien Neêrlands Bloed" | "Those in whom Dutch blood" | 1815–1932 | Hendrik Tollens | Johann Wilhelm Wilms | — | |
 Netherlands East Indies (Indonesia)
|
"Het Wilhelmus"[trans 41] | "The William / William of Nassau" | 1932–1943 | Philips of Marnix, or Dirck Coornhert or Petrus Dathenus | Adrianus Valerius | — | |
 Netherlands Antilles
|
Anthem without a title | 2000–2010 | — | — | |||
 Newfoundland
|
"Ode to Newfoundland" | 1907–1949 | Cavendish Boyle | Hubert Parry | — | [note 32] | |
 Nicaragua
|
"Nicaragua" | 1876–1889 | F. Alvarez | J. del Carmen Vega | — | [16] | |
 Nicaragua
|
"Marcha Roberto Sacasa" | "March of Roberto Sacasa" | 1889–1893 | None (instrumental) | — | [16] | |
 Nicaragua
|
"Hermosa Soberana" | "Beautiful and Sovereign" | 1893–1910 | Unknown | — | [16] | |
 Nigeria
|
"Nigeria We Hail Thee" | 1960–1978 | — | — | |||
 Norway
|
"Norges Skaal" | "Toast to Norway" | 1771–1819 | Johan Nordahl Brun | Unknown | — | — |
 Norway
|
"Sønner av Norge" | "Sons of Norway" | 1820–c.1905 | Henrik Anker Bjerregaard | Christian Blom | — | — |
 Oldenburg
|
"" | "Hail to thee, o Oldenburg" | 1844–1871 | Cecilia, Grand Duchess of Oldenburg | — | [note 8] | |
 Orange Free State
|
"Heft, Burgers, 't lied der vrijheid" | "Sing, Citizens, the song of Freedom" | 1854–1902 | H. A. L. Hamelberg | W. F. G. Nicolai | [17] | |
| Ottoman Empire | "Mahmudiye Marşı" | "March of Mahmud" | 1829–1839 1918–1922 |
None (instrumental) | Giuseppe Donizetti | [note 33] | |
 Ottoman Empire
|
"Mecidiye Marşı" | "March of Abdülmecid" | 1839–1861 | None (instrumental) | Giuseppe Donizetti | — | |
| Ottoman Empire
|
"Aziziye Marşı" | "March of Abdülaziz" | 1861–1876 | None (instrumental) | — | — | |
| Ottoman Empire
|
"Hamidiye Marşı" | "March of Abdulhamid" | 1876–1909 | — | |||
| Ottoman Empire
|
"Reşadiye Marşı" | "March of Mehmed Reşad" | 1909–1918 | Unknown | Italo Selvelli | — | |
 Pakistan
|
"Tarana-e-Pakistan" | "Anthem of Pakistan" | 1947–1950 | Jagannath Azad | Jagan Nath Azad | — | — |
| Pakistan (East)
|
"Pakistan Zindabad (Tarana-i-Pakistan)" | "Long Live Pakistan (Tarana of Pakistan)" | 1956–1971 | Golam Mostofa | Nazir Ahmed | — | — |
 Palestine
|
"Mawtini" | "My Homeland" | 1988–1996 | Ibrahim Tuqan | Mohammed Flayfel | — | |
 Papal States
|
"Noi vogliam Dio, Vergine Maria" | "Virgin Mary, We Desire God" | 1800–1857 | Unknown | Unknown | — | — |
| Papal States
|
"Marcia trionfale" | "Triumphal March" | 1857–1869 | None (instrumental) | Viktorin Hallmayer | [note 34] | |
 Philippines
|
"Marangal na Dalit ng Katagalugan" | "Noble Hymn of the Tagalogs" | 1895–1899 | Juan Nakpil | Juan Nakpil | — | — |
 Poland
|
"Bogurodzica" | "Mother of God" | AD 977–1795 | Adalbert of Prague | Adalbert of Prague | [note 35] | |
 Portugal
|
"Hymno Patriótico" | "Patriotic Hymn" | 1809–1834 | Unknown | Marcos António Portugal | — | |
 Portugal
|
"Hino da Carta" | "Hymn to the Charter" | 1834–1910 | Pedro IV of Portugal | Pedro IV of Portugal | — | |
 Prussia
|
"Prussia" | 1820–1830 | Gaspare Spontini | — | — | ||
| Prussia
|
"Preußenlied" | "Song of Prussia" | 1830–1840 | — | — | ||
 Rhodesia and Nyasaland
|
"God Save The Queen" | 1953–1963 | Unknown | Unknown | — | ||
 Rhodesia
|
"God Save the Queen" | 1965–1970 | Unknown | Unknown | [note 36][18] | ||
 Rhodesia
|
"Rise, O Voices of Rhodesia" | 1974–1979 | Mary Bloom | Ludwig van Beethoven | [note 36][18] | ||
 Romania
|
"Marș triumfal" | "Triumphant March" | 1862–1884 | None (instrumental) | — | [19] | |
 Romania
|
"Trăiască Regele" | "Long live the King" | 1884–1948 | Vasile Alecsandri | — | [20] | |
 Romania
|
"Zdrobite cătușe" | "Broken Handcuffs" | 1948–1953 | Aurel Baranga | Matei Socor | [20] | |
 Romania
|
"Te slăvim, Românie" | "We glorify thee, Romania" | 1953–1975 | Eugen Frunză Dan Deșliu |
Matei Socor | [20] | |
| Romania
|
"E scris pe tricolor Unire" | "Unity is written on our flag" | 1975–1977 | Ciprian Porumbescu | [21] | ||
| Romania
|
"Trei culori" | "Three Colours" | 1977–1990 | Unknown; adapted from the original "Cântecul tricolorului" | Ciprian Porumbescu | [20] | |
 Russia
|
"Molitva russkikh"[trans 42] | "The Prayer of Russians" | 1816–1833 | Vasily Zhukovsky | Unknown (same tune as "God Save the Queen") | — | |
| Russia
|
"Bozhe, Tsarya khrani!"[trans 43] | "God Save the Tsar!" | 1833–1917 | Vasily Zhukovsky | Alexei Lvov | — | |
| Russia
|
"Rabochaya Marselyeza"[trans 44] | "Worker's Marseillaise" | 1917 | Pyotr Lavrov | Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle | — | |
 Russia
|
"Rabochaya Marselyeza"[trans 44] | "Worker's Marseillaise" | 1917–1918 | Pyotr Lavrov | Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle | [note 37] | |
 Russia
|
"Internatsional"[trans 45] | "The Internationale" | 1917–1922 | Eugène Pottier | Pierre De Geyter | [note 38] | |
 Russia
|
"Patrioticheskaya Pesnya"'[trans 46] | "The Patriotic Song" | 1990–2000 | Unknown | Mikhail Glinka | [22] | |
 Rwanda
|
"Rwanda Rwacu" | "Our Rwanda" | 1962–2002 | Abanyuramatwi |
Abanyuramatwi |
— | |
 San Marino
|
"Giubilanti d'amore fraterno" | "Praise of Brotherly Love" | ?–1896 | — | — | ||
 Sarawak
|
"Gone Forth Beyond the Sea" | ?–1946 | Margaret Brooke | Unknown | — | — | |
 Sarawak
|
"Fair Land Sarawak" | 1946–1973 | George Freeth | — | |||
 Sardinia
|
"S'hymnu sardu nationale" | "The Sardinian National Anthem" | 1842–1861 | — | |||
 Saxony
|
"" | "Hymn of Saxony" | 1806–1871 | — | [note 8] | ||
 Saudi Arabia
|
"السلام الملكي السعودي" | "Long live our King" | 1953–1984 | — | |||
 Serbia and Montenegro
|
"Hej, Sloveni" | "Hey, Slavs" | 1992–2006 | Samuel Tomášik | Michał Kleofas Ogiński | [note 39] | |
 Seychelles
|
"En Avant" | "Forward" | 1976–1978 | Unknown | Unknown | — | — |
 Seychelles
|
"Fyer Seselwa" | "Be Proud Seychellois" | 1978–1996 | Unknown | Pierre Dastros-Géze | — | — |
 Siam
|
"Chom Rat Chong Charoen" | "Long live the Great King" | 1852–1871 | Phraya Srisunthonwohan (Noi Āchāryānkura) | Unknown | — | |
 Siam
|
"Phleng Sansoen Phra Barami"[trans 47] | "Glorify His prestige" | 1888–1932 | Unknown | [note 40] | ||
 Slovakia
|
"Hej, Slováci" | "Hey, Slovaks" | 1939–1945 | Samuel Tomášik | Unknown | — | |
 Slovenia
|
"Naprej, zastava slave" | "Forward, Flag of Glory" | 1860–1989 | Simon Jenko | Davorin Jenko | [note 41] | |
 Somalia
|
"Heesta qaranqa Soomaaliya" | "National anthem of Somalia" | 1960–2000 | None (instrumental) | — | ||
| Somalia
|
"Soomaaliyeey toosoo" | "Somalia, Wake Up" | 2000–2012 | [note 42] | |||
 South Africa
|
"God bewaar ons Koningin" | "God Save the Queen" | 1910–1957 | Unknown | Unknown | [note 43] | |
 South Africa
|
"Die Stem van Suid-Afrika" | "The Call of South Africa" | 1938–1997 | Cornelis Jacobus Langenhoven | [note 44] | ||
 South Africa
|
"Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika" | "Lord Bless Africa" | 1994–1997 | Enoch Sontonga | Enoch Sontonga and Joseph Parry | [note 45][26] | |
 Soviet Union
|
"Internatsional"[trans 45] | "The Internationale" | 1922–1944 | Eugène Pottier | Pierre De Geyter | — | |
 Soviet Union
|
"Gosudarstvenniy Gimn SSSR"[trans 48] | "State anthem of the Soviet Union" | 1944–1991 | Sergey Mikhalkov | Alexander Alexandrov | — | |
 Spain
|
"Himno de Riego" | "Anthem of Riego" | 1931–1939 | José Melchor Gomis | José Melchor Gomis | [27] | |
 Spain
|
"Marcha Granadera" | "Grenadier March" | 1936–1975 | José María Pemán | [note 46] | ||
 Switzerland
|
"Rufst du, mein Vaterland" | "When you call, my fatherland" | c. 1850–1961 | Johann Rudolf Wyss |
Unknown (same tune as "God Save the Queen") | [28] | |
 Tajik SSR
|
"Gimni Respublikai Sovetii Sotsialistii Tojikiston"[trans 49] | "State Anthem of the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic" | 1946–1994 | Abolqasem Lahouti | Suleiman Yudakov | — | |
 Transkei(Bantustan) |
"Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika" | "Lord Bless Africa" | 1976–1994 | Enoch Sontonga | Enoch Sontonga and Joseph Parry | — | |
 Transvaal
|
"Volkslied van Transvaal" | "People's Song of the Transvaal" | 1875–1902 | Catharina van Rees | Catharina van Rees | [29] | |
 Tunisia
|
"Salam al-Bey"[trans 50] | "Beylical Salute" | 1846–1958 | Unknown | Unknown | — | — |
 Tunisia
|
"Ala Khallidi"[trans 51] | "Immortal and Precious" | 1958–1987 | Salah El Mahdi | — | — | |
 Turkey
|
"İstiklâl Marşı" | "Independence March" | 1924–1930 | Mehmet Akif Ersoy | Osman Zeki Üngör | — | |
 Turkmenistan
|
"Türkmenistan Sowet Socialistik Respublikasy Döwlet Gimni" | "State Anthem of the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic" | 1991–1996 | — | Veli Mukhatov | [note 47] | |
 Two Sicilies
|
"Inno al Re" | "Hymn to the King" | 1816–1861 | Unknown | Giovanni Paisiello | — | |
 United Arab Republic
|
"Walla Zaman Ya Selahy"[trans 19] | "Oh My Weapon" | 1960–1971 | Salah Jahin | Kamal Al Taweel | — | |
 United States
|
"Hail, Columbia" | 1789–1931 |
Joseph Hopkinson |
Philip Phile | — | ||
 United States
|
"My Country, 'Tis of Thee" | c. 1831–1931 (de facto) |
Samuel Francis Smith | Unknown (same tune as "God Save the Queen") | [note 48] | ||
 Upper Volta
|
"Hymne National Voltaïque" | "Voltaique National Anthem" | 1960–1984 | Robert Ouedraogo | Robert Ouedraogo | — | — |
 Uzbek SSR
|
"O'zbekiston Sovet Sotsialist Respublikasining davlat madhiyasi" | "State Anthem of the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic" | 1947–1992 | Turab Tula |
Mutal Burkhanov | — | |
 Vatican City
|
"Marcia trionfale" | "Triumphal March" | 1869–1950 | None (instrumental) | Viktorin Hallmayer | [note 34] | |
 Venda(Bantustan) |
"Pfano na vhuthihi" | "Peace and Togetherness" | 1979–1994 | Unknown | Unknown | — | |
 Vietnam
|
"Đăng đàn cung" | "The Emperor Mounts His Throne" | 1802–1945 | J.B. Chaigneau | — | — | |
 South Vietnam
|
"Tiếng Gọi Công Dân" | "Call to the Citizens" | 1955–1975 | Luu Huu Phuoc | Luu Huu Phuoc | [note 49] | |
 South Vietnam
|
"Giải phóng miền Nam" | "Liberate the South" | 1975–1976 | Luu Huu Phuoc | Luu Huu Phuoc | — | — |
 West Papua
|
"Hai Tanahku Papua" | "Oh My Land Papua" | 1961–1963 | — | |||
 Württemberg
|
"Württemberger Hymne" | "Hymn of Württemberg" | 1806–1871 | Unknown | Peter Josef von Lindpaintner | — | [note 8] |
 North Yemen
|
"al Watani" | "Peace To The Land" | 1962-1978 | Collective | Unknown | — | — |
| "A Nation's Will" | 1978–1990 | Ahmed Al Amari | Ali Al Ansi | — | |||
 South Yemen
|
"al-Jumhūrīyah al-Muttaḥidâh" | "United Republic" | 1979–1989 | Ayoob Tarish | — | ||
 Yugoslavia
|
"Himna Kraljevine Jugoslavije" | "Hymn of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia" | 1918–1941 | Jovan Đorđević Antun Mihanović Simon Jenko |
Davorin Jenko Josif Runjanin |
[note 50] | |
 Yugoslavia
|
"Hej, Sloveni" | "Hey, Slavs" | 1977–1992 | Samuel Tomášik | Michał Kleofas Ogiński | [32] | |
 Zaire
|
"La Zaïroise" | "The Zairian" | 1972–1997 | Joseph Lutumba | — | ||
 Zambia
|
"Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika" | "Lord Bless Africa" | 1964–1973 | Enoch Sontonga | Enoch Sontonga and Joseph Parry | — | |
 Zimbabwe
|
"Ishe Komborera Africa" | "God Bless Africa" | 1980–1994 | Enoch Sontonga | Enoch Sontonga and Joseph Parry | [note 51] | |
See also[]
- Historical Chinese anthems
- List of national anthems
- List of anthems of non-sovereign countries, regions and territories
Notes[]
- ^ Also known by the title of "Garam shah lā garam shah" (English: "Be ardent, be more ardent").
- ^ Also known by the title of "Qal’a-ye Islam, qalb-e Asiya" (English: "Fortress of Islam, heart of Asia"); its incipit.
- ^ The same tune was used for numerous Austrian and Austro-Hungarian national anthems; only the lyrics changed. Although the official lyrics were in German, versions of the anthems used during the imperial period (until 1918) existed in several other languages from throughout the empire: Croatian, Czech, Hungarian, Italian, Polish and Slovene.[3]
- ^ The same tune was used for numerous Austrian and Austro-Hungarian national anthems; only the lyrics changed. Although the official lyrics were in German, versions of the anthems used during the imperial period existed in several other languages from throughout the empire: Czech, Croatian, Hungarian, Italian, Polish and Slovene.[3]
- ^ The same tune was used for numerous Austrian and Austro-Hungarian national anthems; only the lyrics changed. Although the official lyrics were in German, versions of the anthems used during the imperial period existed in several other languages from throughout the empire: Czech, Croatian, Hungarian, Italian, Polish and Slovene.[3]
- ^ The same tune was used for numerous Austrian and Austro-Hungarian national anthems; only the lyrics changed. Although the official lyrics were in German, versions of the anthems used during the imperial period existed in several other languages from throughout the empire: Czech, Croatian, Hungarian, Italian, Polish and Slovene.[3]
- ^ The same tune was used for numerous Austrian and Austro-Hungarian national anthems; only the lyrics changed. Although the official lyrics were in German, versions of the anthems used during the imperial period existed in several other languages from throughout the empire: Czech, Croatian, Hungarian, Italian, Polish and Slovene.[3]
- ^ a b c d e The anthems of the previously independent German kingdoms and duchies continued to be used as regional anthems until the fall of the German Empire in 1918.
- ^ Brazil became a republic in 1888, but retained "Hino Nacional Brasileiro" as its national anthem.
- ^ From 1908 a royal anthem, "Anthem of His Majesty the Tsar",[trans 4] was adopted and played immediately after the anthem whenever the monarch was present.
- ^ "Esta É a Nossa Pátria Bem Amada" was adopted in 1975 by both Cape Verde and Guinea-Bissau on their respective independence from Portugal. Cape Verde introduced a unique anthem in 1996, but it remains the national anthem of Guinea-Bissau.
- ^ Currently used as the national anthem of Taiwan.
- ^ The Confederate States never adopted an official national anthem. The Civil War Trust firmly states that the "honor rightly belongs to" "God Save the South", the first piece of music published in the Confederacy, "because of its stirring poetry and its outstanding musical setting". Commonly cited alternatives include the popular song "Dixie" and "The Bonnie Blue Flag", a marching song.[5][6]
- ^ Only the first verses of each anthem were sung during the union of the Czech lands with Slovakia.
- ^ Although it is the first to appear on this list, "Chant du départ" was not the original national anthem of France; "La Marseillaise", the modern national anthem, was originally used from 1795 to 1799. It was readopted in 1870.
- ^ During Germany's Weimar period, all three verses of "Das Lied der Deutschen" were sung, whereas today only the third verse is sung.
- ^ During Germany's Nazi period, only the first verse of "Das Lied der Deutschen" was sung, and followed by "Horst-Wessel-Lied", the SA song written by Horst Wessel.
- ^ Unofficial, de facto. Shares the same tune as the current Micronesian national anthem.
- ^ Although officially all three verses were designated as the West German national anthem, in practice only the third verse was actually performed in public.
- ^ Tune same as that used in the royal anthem and flag anthem of Iran at the time.
- ^ Title also given as "The Royal Salute" (Arabic: السلام الملكي)
- ^ Title in Arabic: والله زمان يا سلاحي
- ^ Not to be confused with the current Iraqi national anthem, which shares the same name.[12]
- ^ De facto, never officially adopted.
- ^ The same melody was used for the Kazakhstan national anthem in the early years of independence, before it was replaced with the current anthem, "Meniñ Qazaqstanım".
- ^ Lyrics same as those used in the current South Korean national anthem.
- ^ The modern national anthem of Kuwait, adopted in 1978, retains "Amiri Salute" in its entirety as an opening fanfare.[15]
- ^ After the founding of the present Lao People's Democratic Republic, "Pheng Xat Lao" had its words, but not its music, changed.
- ^ "Lībīya, Lībīya, Lībīya" was relinquished in 1969, was but re-adopted as the national anthem of Libya after the victory of the National Transitional Council over the Gaddafi regime in 2011, the only difference being the omission of a verse glorifying King Idris.
- ^ From 1802 until 1911 the anthem of Macau was "Hymno Patriótico" followed by "Hino da Carta", the same as that of Portugal.
- ^ The song "Ey Reqîb" is still used as the regional anthem of Iraqi Kurdistan, and as the anthem of the Kurdish people in general.
- ^ When Newfoundland joined the Canadian Confederation in 1949, "Ode to Newfoundland" lost its status as a national anthem. The Canadian province of Newfoundland became the first to adopt a provincial anthem in 1980 when the song was readopted.
- ^ The last Ottoman sultan, Mehmed VI, decided not to have a special march for himself, but used the first Ottoman anthem, "Mahmudiye".
- ^ a b The Papal States became part of Italy in 1869, but the anthem was retained as the Vatican City's first anthem until 1950.
- ^ Bogurodzica was created somewhere between the 10th and 13th centuries. Adalbert of Prague is believed to be the creator of the Polish hymn by most scholars; he lived between 956 and 997. Bogurodzica was used as the national anthem of the Kingdom of Poland from its creation until 1795 with the end of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland
- ^ a b Rhodesia's 1965 Unilateral Declaration of Independence (UDI) went unrecognised by the United Kingdom and the United Nations, both of which continued to consider Rhodesia to be the British colony of Southern Rhodesia. Despite declaring independence, the "de facto" Rhodesian government still maintained loyalty to Elizabeth II and so retained Britain's national anthem, "God Save the Queen", until it declared Rhodesia a republic in 1970. A replacement state anthem was not adopted until 1974, when "Rise, O Voices of Rhodesia" came into use. As its independence was illegal, "God Save the Queen" remained Rhodesia's "de jure" national anthem throughout the UDI period of 1965 to 1979.
- ^ The "Worker's Marseillaise" was briefly used alongside "The Internationale" by the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic from 1917 to 1918.
- ^ Subsequently adopted by the Soviet Union in 1922 and used until 1944; the "Worker's Marseillaise" was briefly used alongside "The Internationale" by Russia from 1917 to 1918.
- ^ Serbia and Montenegro was called the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia until 4 February 2003.[23]
- ^ Although replaced as national anthem in 1932, "Sansoen Phra Barami" was retained as Siam's (and, following the country's change of name in 1939, Thailand's) royal anthem.
- ^ "Naprej, zastava slave" is still used by the Slovenian Armed Forces as its official song.
- ^ Served as Somalia's national anthem until 2012, when it was replaced with "Qolobaa Calankeed".
- ^ Was the sole de jure national anthem from 1910 to 1938.[24] From 1938 to 1957, it officially shared co-national anthem status with "Die Stem van Suid-Afrika", upon which the latter became the sole national anthem.[24] It remained the royal anthem until 1961.
- ^ From 1938 to 1957, it served as a co-national anthem with equal status with "God Save the Queen and "God Save the King".[24] It had served as a sort of de facto co-national anthem since the 1920s. From 1957 to 1994, it was the sole national anthem. "The Call of South Africa" and "God Bless Africa" became co-national anthems of South Africa in 1994. The modern South African national anthem, adopted in 1997, uses elements from each as separate segments in a single composition.[25][26]
- ^ "The Call of South Africa" and "God Bless Africa" became co-national anthems of South Africa in 1994. The modern South African national anthem, adopted in 1997, uses elements from each in separate segments.[26]
- ^ Remains the national anthem of Spain, however the lyrics have since been removed and it is now referred to under its title of "Marcha Real".
- ^ Previously, with lyrics, used as the regional anthem of the Soviet Union's Turkmen SSR until 1991.
- ^ "My Country, 'Tis of Thee" is generally considered to have been the "de facto" national anthem of the United States prior to 1931, but not universally. Alternatives included "Hail, Columbia", and the modern anthem, "The Star-Spangled Banner".[30][31]
- ^ The song was originally called "Thanh Niên Hành Khúc" (English: "March of the Youths"); the title and words were altered significantly when it became national anthem, though the music remained the same. Luu Huu Phuoc was still officially credited for both the music and the lyrics.
- ^ It was a medley of "Bože pravde", "Lijepa naša domovino" and "Naprej, zastava slave", used by Serbia, Croatia and Slovenia respectively.
- ^ "Ishe Komborera Africa" is a translation of "Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika" from Xhosa into Shona and Ndebele.
Translations and transliterations[]
- ^ a b c Persian: سرود ملی
- ^ Armenian: "Հայկական ՍՍՀ օրհներգ"
- ^ Bulgarian: "Шуми Марица"
- ^ Bulgarian: "Химн на Негово Величество Царя"; transliterated as "Himn na Negovo Velichestvo Tsarya"
- ^ Bulgarian: "Републико наша, здравей!"
- ^ Bulgarian: "Бъларио мила"
- ^ Belarusian: "Дзяржаўны гімн БССР"
- ^ Khmer: ដំណើរសាធារណរដ្ឋខ្មែរ
- ^ Khmer: ដប់ប្រាំពីរមេសាមហាជោគជ័យ
- ^ Chinese: 李中堂乐
- ^ Chinese: 颂龙旗
- ^ Chinese: 鞏金甌
- ^ Chinese: 中國雄立宇宙間
- ^ Chinese: 卿云歌
- ^ Chinese: 國民革命歌
- ^ Chinese: 中華民國國歌
- ^ Chinese: 国际歌
- ^ Egyptian Arabic: اسلمى يا مصر
- ^ a b Egyptian Arabic: والله زمان يا سلاحي
- ^ Amharic: ኢትዮጵያ ሆይ ደስ ይበልሽ
- ^ Amharic: ኢትዮጵያ, ኢትዮጵያ, ኢትዮጵያ ቅደሚ
- ^ Georgian: "საქართველოს საბჭოთა სოციალისტური რესპუბლიკის სახელმწიფო ჰიმნი"
- ^ Georgian: "დიდება"
- ^ Chinese: 天佑女王
- ^ Persian: سلام شاه
- ^ Persian: سلامتی دولت علیهٔ ایران
- ^ Persian: سرود ملی
- ^ Persian: ای ایران
- ^ Persian: پاینده بادا ایران
- ^ Iraqi Arabic: أرض الفراتين
- ^ Kazakh: "Қазақ Советтiк Социалистік Республикасының мемлекеттік әнұраны"
- ^ Kazakh: "Қазақстан Республикасының Мемлекеттік Әнұраны"
- ^ Kirghiz: "Кыргыз ССР Мамлекеттик Гимни"
- ^ Korean: 대한제국 애국가
- ^ Arabic: السلام الأميري
- ^ Lao: ເພງຊາດລາວ
- ^ Libyan Arabic: لیبیا، لیبیا، لیبیا
- ^ Libyan Arabic: الله أكبر
- ^ Serbian Cyrillic: "Убавој нам Црној Гори"
- ^ Nepali: राष्ट्रिय गान्
- ^ Melayu:"Willem dari Nassou"
- ^ Russian: "Молитва русских"
- ^ Russian: "Боже, Царя храни!"
- ^ a b Russian: "Рабочая Марсельеза"
- ^ a b Russian: "Интернационал"
- ^ Russian: "Патриотическая песня"
- ^ Thai: เพลงสรรเสริญพระบารมี
- ^ Russian: "Государственный гимн СССР"
- ^ Tajik: "Гимни Республикаи Советии Сотсиалистии Тоҷикистон"
- ^ Arabic: سلام الباي
- ^ Arabic: ألا خلّدي
References[]
- General
- Bristow, Michael Jamieson (2006-10-28). National Anthems of the World. Cassell. ISBN 0-304-36826-1.
- Bristow, Michael Jamieson. "History of anthems". Retrieved 2011-06-20.
- Hang, Xing (2003-09-28). Encyclopedia of National Anthems. The Scarecrow Press. ISBN 0-8108-4847-3.
- Leonard, Hal (1996-01-01). National Anthems from Around the World. Hal Leonard Corporation. ISBN 0-7935-6079-9.
- Sousa, John Philip (1890). National, patriotic and typical airs of all lands: with copious notes. H. Coleman.
- "nationalanthems.info". Archived from the original on 2013-01-21. Retrieved 2012-12-19.
- Specific
- ^ a b Bristow. "Afghanistan National Anthem (1943-1973)". Retrieved 2011-06-21.
- ^ Language Context (21 August 2016). "National anthems - Islamic State of Afghanistan (1992-2006) - Lyrics + Translation in Subtitles". Archived from the original on 2021-12-21 – via YouTube.
- ^ a b c d e Jones, David Wyn (2009). Oxford Composer Companions: Haydn. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 120.
- ^ "History of Chinese national anthems in a hundred years". People's Daily (in Chinese). Communist Party of China. Retrieved 2011-07-15.
- ^ "Civil War Music: God Save the South". Washington, D.C.: Civil War Trust. Archived from the original on 2010-10-26. Retrieved 2011-07-22.
- ^ Sacks, Howard L.; Sacks, Judith (1993). Way up North in Dixie: A Black Family's Claim to the Confederate Anthem. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. p. 4. ISBN 0-252-07160-3.
- ^ "The social and cultural conception of Mustafa Sadiq Alrafii". Asian and African Studies. Jerusalem Academic Press. 13: 101–129. 1979. ISSN 0066-8281.
- ^ Arabic: سلام أفندينا
- ^ a b "Egypt (to 1958)". nationalanthems.info. Retrieved 26 October 2018.
- ^ Arabic: يسسالام الجمهوري المصري
- ^ "Iraq (1965-1981)". www.nationalanthems.info.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Schaffer, Edward; Scotland, Jan; Popp, Reinhard (2017). "Iraq (1958-1965, 2003-2004)". NationalAnthems.info. Archived from the original on December 1, 2017. Retrieved November 30, 2017.CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
- ^ Wetzel, Dan (August 24, 2004). "One last chance". Yahoo! Sports. Yahoo!. Retrieved December 4, 2017.
The song is 'My Country.' It is relatively short, contains no words and was composed by a man named Lewis Zanbaka...
- ^ "History Ireland". historyireland.com. Retrieved 2018-04-12.
- ^ "National anthem". Kuwait Info. Government of Kuwait. Retrieved 2011-07-18.
- ^ a b c Historia de los himnos nacionales (Video) (in Spanish). Nicaragua Educa. 2016-09-12. Archived from the original on 2021-12-21. Retrieved 2021-09-20.
- ^ Sousa 1890, p. 180
- ^ a b Bristow. "Rhodesia". Retrieved 2011-06-20.
- ^ Chelaru, Carmen (2018). "Romanian national anthems, historical, stylistic and aesthetic considerations". Artes. Journal of Musicology. 18 (1): 207–229. doi:10.2478/ajm-2018-0013. ISSN 2558-8532.
- ^ a b c d Bristow. "Romania". Retrieved 2011-06-20.
- ^ Petru Bălan, Cristian (2008). Imnurile de stat ale ţărilor din Uniunea Europeană (in Romanian). p. 112. ISBN 978-9737400949.
- ^ Bristow. "Russian Federation". Retrieved 2011-06-21.
- ^ "Timeline: after Milosevic". BBC News. London. 2006-06-06. Retrieved 2011-06-21.
- ^ a b c "South Africa Will Play Two Anthems Hereafter". The New York Times. New York. 3 June 1938. p. 10. Retrieved 31 October 2018.
- ^ "National anthem". Government of South Africa. Retrieved 2011-06-21.
- ^ a b c Bristow. "South Africa". Retrieved 2011-06-20.
- ^ "The 10... most preposterous opening ceremonies". The Observer. London: Guardian News and Media. 2004-01-18. Retrieved 2011-06-20.
- ^ Kreis, Georg (1991). Der Mythos von 1291. Zur Entstehung des schweizerischen Nationalfeiertages. Basel: F. Reinhardt. pp. 67–69.
- ^ Sousa 1890, p. 253
- ^ Snyder, Lois Leo (1990). Encyclopedia of Nationalism. Paragon House. p. 13. ISBN 1-55778-167-2.
- ^ Barton, Laura (2009-01-23). "Hail, Hail, Rock'n'Roll". The Guardian. London: Guardian News and Media. Retrieved 2011-06-21.
- ^ Bristow. "Yugoslavia". Retrieved 2011-06-20.
External links[]
Categories:
- Lists of patriotic songs
- Historical national anthems
- Lists of anthems