List of psychedelic drugs

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The following is a list of psychedelic drugs of various chemical classes, including both naturally occurring and synthetic compounds. Serotonergic psychedelics are usually considered the "classical" psychedelics[dubious – discuss], whereas the other classes are often seen as having only secondary psychedelic properties; nonetheless all of the compounds listed here are considered psychoactive and hallucinogenic in humans to some degree.

Some of these compounds may be classified differently or under more than one category due to a unique structural classification, multiple mechanisms of action, or the fact that the precise pharmacodynamic actions of the compound are not yet completely understood. Because of the vast amount of possible substitutions and chemical analogs of most psychedelic compounds, the total diversity of chemical compounds which produce psychedelic effects in humans is not fully reflected within this list, leaving room for many that have not yet been sufficiently investigated and others that have not yet been discovered.

Naturally occurring compounds are marked with a †.

Serotonergic psychedelics (serotonin 5-HT2A receptor agonists)[]

  • Indoles
    • Tryptamines (more specifically alkylated tryptamines])
      • Psilocin†, also known as '4-HO-DMT'; another active constituent of the Psilocybe genus of mushrooms; also a metabolite of psilocybin and psilacetin
      • Psilocybin†, also known as '4-PO-DMT'; the primary active constituent of the Psilocybe genus of mushrooms; its effects are partially attributed to psilocin, to which it is a prodrug via dephosphorylation
      • Bufotenin†, also known as '5-HO-DMT' and dimethylserotonin; another constituent of the skin and venom of psychoactive toads, its psychedelic activity is disputed; also a metabolite of 5-MeO-DMT
      • Baeocystin†, also known as '4-PO-NMT'; another active constituent of the Psilocybe genus of mushrooms; its psychedelic activity is disputed
      • Aeruginascin†, also known as '4-PO-N-TMT', an active constituent of the mushroom Inocybe aeruginascens
      • 5-MeO-DMT†, the primary active constituent of the skin and venom of psychoactive toads, a prodrug to bufotenin via demethylation
      • N,N-Dimethyltryptamine†, also known as 'DMT'; the primary active constituent of the Amerindian brew ayahuasca; endogenously present in various plants and animals, including humans, possibly a trace amine neurotransmitter
      • 5-Bromo-DMT†, was found in the marine invertebrates Smenospongia aurea and Smenospongia echina, as well as in Verongula rigida
      • N-Methyl-N-ethyltryptamine, also known as 'MET'
      • N-Methyl-N-isopropyltryptamine, also known as 'MiPT'
      • N-Methyl-N-propyltryptamine, also known as 'MPT'
      • N,N-Diethyltryptamine, also known as 'DET'
      • N-Ethyl-N-isopropyltryptamine, also known as 'EiPT'
      • N-Methyl-N-butyltryptamine, also known as 'MBT'
      • N-Propyl-N-isopropyltryptamine, also known as 'PiPT'
      • N,N-Dipropyltryptamine, also known as 'DPT'
      • N,N-Diisopropyltryptamine, also known as 'DiPT'
      • N,N-Diallyltryptamine, also known as 'DALT'
      • N,N-Dibutyltryptamine, also known as 'DBT'
      • N-Ethyltryptamine, also known as 'NET'
      • N-Methyltryptamine†, also known as 'NMT'; its psychedelic activity is disputed
      • Trimethyltryptamine, also known as 'TMT' (2,N,N-TMT, 5,N,N-TMT, and 7,N,N-TMT)
      • α-Methyltryptamine, also known as 'αMT' and 'AMT'; also has entactogenic properties
      • α-Ethyltryptamine, also known as 'αET' and 'AET'; also has entactogenic properties
      • α,N-DMT
      • α,N,N-Trimethyltryptamine, also known as 'α-TMT'
      • Ethocybin, also known as '4-PO-DET', 'CEY-19', and 'CEY-39'
      • 4-HO-MET, also known as 'Metocin', 'Methylcybin', and 'Colour'
      • 4-HO-DET, also known as 'Ethocin' and 'CZ-74'
      • 4-HO-MPT, also known as 'Meprocin'
      • 4-HO-MiPT, also known as 'Miprocin'
      • 4-HO-DPT, also known as 'Deprocin'
      • 4-HO-DiPT, also known as 'Iprocin'
      • , also known as 'Daltocin'
      • 4-HO-DBT
      • 4-HO-DSBT
      • 4-HO-αMT
      • 4-HO-MPMI, also known as 'Lucigenol'
      • 4-HO-1,N,N-TMT, also known as '1-Me-4-HO-DMT' and '1-methylpsilocin'
      • 4-HO-5-MeO-DMT, also known as 'Psilomethoxin'
      • 4-AcO-DMT, also known as 'psiloacetin'; its effects are partially attributed to psilocin, to which it is a prodrug via deacetylation
      • 4-AcO-MET, also known as 'Metacetin'
      • 4-AcO-MiPT
      • 4-AcO-DET, also known as 'Ethacetin'
      • , also known as 'Ethipracetin'
      • 4-AcO-DPT, also known as 'Depracetin'
      • 4-AcO-DiPT, also known as 'Ipracetin'
      • 4-AcO-DALT, also known as 'Daltacetin'
      • 4-MeO-DMT
      • 4-MeO-MiPT
      • 5-MeO-NMT†
      • 5-MeO-MET
      • 5-MeO-MiPT, also known as 'Moxy'; also has entactogenic properties
      • 5-MeO-MALT
      • 5-MeO-DET
      • 5-MeO-EiPT
      • 5-MeO-EPT
      • 5-MeO-DPT
      • 5-MeO-DiPT, also known as 'Foxy Methoxy'
      • 5-MeO-DALT
      • 5-MeO-αMT, also has entactogenic properties
      • 5-MeO-αET, also has entactogenic properties
      • 5-MeO-MPMI
      • 5-MeO-2,N,N-TMT , also known as 'Indomethacin' and 'Indapex'
      • 5-MeO-7,N,N-TMT
      • 5-MeO-a,N-DMT, also known as 'α,N,O-TMS'
      • 4-F-5-MeO-DMT
      • 5-MeS-DMT
      • 5-Me-MiPT, its psychedelic activity is disputed
      • 5-HO-DiPT
      • 2-α-DMT
      • 2-Me-DET
      • 4-Me-αMT
      • 4-Me-αET, also has entactogenic properties
      • 7-Me-αET, also has entactogenic properties
      • 4,5-DHP-AMT, also known as 'AL-37350A'
      • 4,5-DHP-DMT
      • 4,5-MDO-DMT
      • 4,5-MDO-DiPT
      • 5,6-MDO-DiPT
      • 5,6-MDO-MiPT
      • 5-Fluoro-αMT, also has entactogenic properties
      • 6-Fluoro-αMT
      • 6-Fluoro-DMT
      • N,N-Tetramethylenetryptamine, also known as 'Pyr-T'
      • 4-HO-pyr-T
      • 5-MeO-pyr-T
      • RU-28306, also known as '4,a-Methylene-N,N-DMT'
      • O-4310, also known as '6-Fluoro-1-Isopropyl-4-HO-DMT'
      • CP-132,484, also known as '4,5-DHP-1-Methyltryptamine'
    • Benzofuran derivatives (technically not tryptamines)
    • Ibogoids (can be classified as complex tryptamines)
      • Ibogaine†, the primary active constituent of iboga rootbark; also has dissociative properties
      • Voacangine†, another active constituent of iboga rootbark
    • Ergolines (more specifically lysergamides, which can be classified as complex tryptamines; also contain a phenethylamine backbone)
      • Lysergic acid diethylamide, also known as 'LSD' and 'acid'
      • Lysergic acid amide†, also known as 'LSA' and 'ergine'; the primary active constituent of morning glory and Hawaiian baby woodrose seeds
      • N1-Methyl-lysergic acid diethylamide, also known as 'MLD-41'
      • N-Acetyl-lysergic acid diethylamide, also known as 'ALD-52'
      • 1-Propionyl-lysergic acid diethylamide, also known as '1P-LSD'; its effects are partially attributed to LSD, to which it is a prodrug via hydrolyzation
      • 1‐cyclopropanoyl‐d‐lysergic acid diethylamide, also known as '1cP-LSD'
      • 6-Allyl-6-nor-lysergic acid diethylamide, also known as 'AL-LAD'
      • 6-Butyl-6-nor-lysergic acid diethylamide, also known as 'BU-LAD'
      • 6-Ethyl-6-nor-lysergic acid diethylamide, also known as 'ETH-LAD'
      • 1-Propionyl-6-Ethyl-6-nor-lysergic acid diethylamide, also known as '1P-ETH-LAD'
      • 6-Propyl-6-nor-lysergic acid diethylamide, also known as 'PRO-LAD'
      • , also known as 'CYP-LAD'
      • 6-nor-Lysergic acid diethylamide, also known as 'PARGY-LAD'
      • Lysergic acid ethylamide, also known as 'LAE-32'
      • Lysergic acid α-hydroxyethylamide†, also known as 'LSH' and 'LAH'; another active constituent of morning glory seeds; an active constituent of some species of fungi
      • Lysergic acid 2-butyl amide, also known as 'LSB'
      • Lysergic acid 3-pentyl amide, also known as 'LSP'
      • Lysergic acid methyl ester, also known as 'LSME'
      • Lysergic acid 2,4-dimethylazetidide, also known as 'LSZ' and 'LA-SS-Az'
      • Lysergic acid piperidine, also known as 'LSD-Pip'; its psychedelic activity is disputed
      • N,N-Dimethyl-lysergamide, also known as 'DAM-57'
      • Methylisopropyllysergamide, also known as 'MIPLA'
      • N,N-Diallyllysergamide, also known as 'DAL'
      • N-Pyrrolidyllysergamide, also known as 'LPD-824'
      • N-Morpholinyllysergamide, also known as 'LSM-775'
      • 1-methyl-lysergic acid butanolamide, also known as 'Methysergide'; the active constituent of Sansert and Deseril; a prodrug which has to be metabolized to methylergometrine to become psychoactive
      • Lysergic acid β-propanolamide†, also known as 'Ergonovine' and 'Ergometrine'; another active constituent of morning glory seeds, and an active constituent of ergot fungi
      • Lysergic acid 1-butanolamide†, also known as 'Methylergonovine', 'Methergine', and 'Methylergometrine'; another active constituent of morning glory seeds and of ergot fungi
  • Phenethylamines (more specifically alkoxylated phenethylamines)
    • Substituted phenethylamines
      • Mescaline†, the primary active constituent of certain cacti, such as peyote and San Pedro
      • Lophophine†, also known as 'MMDPEA'; another active constituent of certain cacti, such as peyote and San Pedro; also has entactogenic properties
      • Isomescaline
      • Cyclopropylmescaline
      • Thioisomescaline (2-TIM, 3-TIM, and 4-TIM)
      • 4-Desoxymescaline
      • Jimscaline
      • Escaline
      • Metaescaline
      • Thiometaescaline (3-TME, 4-TME, and 5-TME)
      • Trisescaline
      • Thiotrisescaline (3-T-TRIS and 4-T-TRIS)
      • Symbescaline
      • Asymbescaline
      • Thiosymbescaline (3-TSB and 4-TSB)
      • Phenescaline
      • Allylescaline, also known as 'AL'
      • Methallylescaline
      • Proscaline
      • Isoproscaline
      • Metaproscaline
      • Thioproscaline
      • Buscaline
      • Thiobuscaline
      • α-ethylmescaline, also known as 'AEM'
      • Ariadne, also known as 'α-Et-DOM', '4C-D', and 'Dimoxamine'
      • Macromerine
      • MEPEA
      • TOM (2-TOM and 5-TOM)
      • Bis-TOM
      • TOMSO, also known as '2-methoxy-4-methyl-5-methylsulfinylamphetamine'
      • TOET (2-TOET and 5-TOET)
      • BOH
      • BOM, also known as 'β-Methoxy-mescaline'
      • β-D
      • 4-D
      • DME
      • F-2
      • F-22
      • FLEA, also known as 'MDHMA'
      • MDPH
      • MDMP
      • Propynyl
      • 2C family (2,5-dimethoxy, 4-substituted phenethylamines)
        • βk-2C-B
        • 2C-B
        • 2CB-2EtO
        • 2CB-5EtO
        • 2CB-diEtO
        • 2C-B-FLY
        • 2C-B-BUTTERFLY
        • 2C-C
        • 2C-D
        • 2CD-2EtO
        • 2CD-diEtO
        • 2CD-5EtO
        • 2C-E
        • 2C-EF
        • 2C-F
        • 2C-G (2C-G-1, 2C-G-2, 2C-G-3, 2C-G-4, 2C-G-5, 2C-G-6, and 2C-G-N)
        • 2C-H
        • 2C-I
        • 2CI-2EtO
        • 2C-iP
        • 2C-N
        • 2C-O
        • 2C-O-4
        • 2C-P
        • 2C-SE
        • 2C-T
        • 2CT-5EtO
        • 2C-T-2
        • 2CT-2-2EtO
        • 2CT-2-5EtO
        • 2CT-2-diEtO
        • 2C-T-4 (2C-T-4 and Ψ-2C-T-4)
        • 2CT-4-2EtO
        • 2C-T-7
        • 2CT-7-2EtO
        • 2C-T-8
        • 2C-T-9
        • 2C-T-13
        • 2C-T-15
        • 2C-T-16
        • 2C-T-17
        • 2C-T-19,
        • 2C-T-21
        • 2C-TFM
        • 2C-YN
        • BOB, also known as 'β-Methoxy-2C-B'
        • BOD, also known as 'β-Methoxy-2C-D'
        • BOHD, also known as 'β-Hydroxy-2C-D'
        • HOT-2
        • HOT-7
        • HOT-17
        • Indane derivatives (technically not phenethylamines)
          • 2CB-Ind
        • Benzocyclobutene derivatives (technically not phenethylamines)
          • 2C-BCB, also known as 'TCB-2'
        • NBOMe derivatives
          • NBOMe-mescaline
          • , also known as '25H-NBOMe'
          • 2C-C-NBOMe, also known as '25C-NBOMe'
          • 2CBCB-NBOMe, also known as 'NBOMe-TCB-2'
          • 2CBFly-NBOMe, also known as 'Cimbi-31'
          • 2C-B-NBOMe, also known as '25B-NBOMe', 'M25B-NBOMe', 'BOM 2-CB', 'Cimbi-36', 'Nova', or 'New Nexus'
          • 2C-I-NBOMe, also known as '25I-NBOMe', 'Cimbi-5', "Solaris", or "N-Bomb"
          • 2C-TFM-NBOMe, also known as '25TFM-NBOMe'
          • 2C-D-NBOMe, also known as '25D-NBOMe'
          • , also known as '25G-NBOMe'
          • 2C-E-NBOMe, also known as '25E-NBOMe'
          • 2C-P-NBOMe, also known as '25P-NBOMe'
          • 2C-iP-NBOMe, also known as '25iP-NBOMe'
          • 2C-CN-NBOMe, also known as '25CN-NBOMe'
          • 2C-N-NBOMe, also known as '25N-NBOMe'
          • , also known as '25T2-NBOMe'
          • , also known as '25T4-NBOMe'
          • , also known as '25T7-NBOMe'
          • DMBMPP, 2-Benzylpiperidine analogue of 25B-NBOMe
        • NBOH derivatives
          • 2C-C-NBOH, also known as '25C-NBOH' and 'NBOH-2CC'
          • 2C-B-NBOH, also known as '25B-NBOH'
          • 2C-I-NBOH, also known as '25I-NBOH'
          • 2C-CN-NBOH, also known as '25CN-NBOH' and 'NBOH-2C-CN'
        • NBMD derivatives
          • 2C-I-NBMD, also known as '25I-NBMD'
        • NBF derivatives
          • 2C-C-NBF, also known as '25C-NBF'
          • 2C-B-NBF, also known as '25B-NBF'
          • 2C-I-NBF, also known as '25I-NBF'
    • Substituted amphetamines (alpha-methyl-phenethylamines)
      • 3C family (3,5-dimethoxy, 4-substituted amphetamines)
        • 3C-E
        • 3C-P
        • 3C-DFE
        • 3C-BZ
      • DOx family (2,5-dimethoxy, 4-substituted amphetamines)
        • DOAM
        • DOB
        • Meta-DOB
        • Methyl-DOB
        • DOBU
        • DOC
        • DOEF
        • DOET, also known as 'DOE'
        • DOI
        • DOM, also known as 'STP'
        • Ψ-DOM
        • DON
        • DOPR
        • DOiPR
        • DOT, also known as 'Aleph' (Aleph-2, Aleph-4, Aleph-6, and Aleph-7)
        • Meta-DOT
        • Ortho-DOT
        • DOTFM
      • Phenylcyclopropylamine derivatives (technically not amphetamines)
        • DMCPA
      • DMMDA
      • DMMDA-2
      • 2,5-dimethoxy-3,4-dimethylamphetamine, also known as 'Ganesha'; (G-3, G-4, G-5, and G-N)
      • 4-methyl-2,5-dimethoxymethamphetamine, also known as 'Beatrice', 'MDO-D', and 'MDOM'
      • 2,N-dimethyl-4,5-methylenedioxyamphetamine, also known as 'Madam-6'
      • Dimethoxyamphetamine (2,4-DMA, 2,5-DMA, and 3,4-DMA)
      • Trimethoxyamphetamine (TMA-2, TMA-6)
      • Tetramethoxyamphetamine
      • Br-DragonFLY
      • TFMFly
      • 2-Bromo-4,5-methylenedioxyamphetamine
      • 4-Bromo-3,5-dimethoxyamphetamine
      • EEE
      • EEM
      • EME
      • EMM
      • EDMA
      • EIDA
      • Ethyl-J, also known as 'EBDB'
      • Methyl-J, also known as 'MDMB'
      • Ethyl-K, also known as 'EBDP'
      • Methyl-K, also known as 'MBDP' and 'UWA-91'
      • IDNNA
      • Iris
      • MDAI
      • MDMAI
      • MDAT
      • MDMAT
      • MDAL
      • MDBU
      • MDBZ
      • MDDM
      • MDIP
      • MDMEOET
      • MDMEO
      • MDOH, also known as 'MDH'
      • MDHOET
      • MDPL
      • MDCPM
      • MDPR
      • MEDA
      • MEM
      • Methyl-DMA
      • MMDA, also known as '3-methoxy-MDA' (2T-MMDA-3a and 4T-MMDA-2)
      • MMDA-2
      • 5-Methyl-MDA
      • MEE
      • MME
      • MPM
      • DiFMDA
      • 5-APB
      • 6-APB, also known as 'Benzofury'
      • 5-APDB
      • 6-APDB
      • 5-MAPB
      • 5-MAPDB
      • 6-MAPDB, its psychedelic activity is disputed
      • 6-MAPB
      • 6-EAPB
      • 5-EAPB
      • Para-Methoxyamphetamine, also known as 'PMA' and '4-MA'
      • Paramethoxymethamphetamine, also known as 'PMMA', 'Methyl-MA', and '4-MMA'
      • 4-Ethylamphetamine, also known as '4-EA'
      • 3-Methoxy-4-methylamphetamine, also known as 'MMA'
      • 4-Methylmethamphetamine, also known as '4-MMA'
      • 4-Methylthioamphetamine, also known as '4-MTA'
      • 4-Fluoroamphetamine, also known as '4-FA', 'PAL-303', 'Flux', 'Flits', 'R2D2', and 'Miley'
      • Norfenfluramine, also known as '3-TFMA'
      • Para-Iodoamphetamine, also known as 'PIA', '4-iodoamphetamine', and '4-IA'
      • Para-Chloroamphetamine, also known as 'PCA', '4-chloroamphetamine', and '4-CA'
  • Benzoxazines (more specifically cyclopropylethynylated benzoxazines)
    • Substituted benzoxazines
      • Efavirenz, the active constituent of Sustiva, Stocrin, and Efavir

Empathogens/entactogens (serotonin (5-HT) releasing agents)[]

  • Substituted methylenedioxy-phenethylamines (MDxx)
    • MDMA, also known as 'Molly', and 'Mandy'
    • MDA, also known as 'Sass'
    • 2,3-MDA, also known as 'ORTHO-MDA'
    • 5-Methyl-MDA
    • MMDA, also known as '3-methoxy-MDA'
    • MDEA, also known as 'MDE'
    • MBDB
    • MDAL
    • MDBU
    • MDBZ
    • MDDM
    • MDIP
    • MDMEOET
    • MDMEO
    • MDOH, also known as 'MDH'
    • MDHOET
    • MDPL
    • MDCPM
    • MDPR
    • BDB, also known as 'MDB' and 'J'
    • MMDA-2
    • DiFMDA
    • EIDA
    • Ethyl-K, also known as 'EBDP'
    • Lophophine†, also known as 'MMDPEA'; an active constituent of certain cacti, such as peyote and San Pedro
  • Substituted amphetamines (exclusively; most of the substituted methylenedioxy-phenethylamines also overlap this category)
    • EDMA
    • Para-Methoxyamphetamine, also known as 'PMA'
    • Paramethoxymethamphetamine, also known as 'PMMA' and 'Methyl-MA'
    • 4-Ethylamphetamine, also known as '4-EA'
    • 3-Methoxy-4-methylamphetamine, also known as 'MMA'
    • 4-Methylmethamphetamine, also known as '4-MMA'
    • 4-Methylthioamphetamine, also known as '4-MTA'
    • 4-Fluoroamphetamine, also known as '4-FA', 'PAL-303', 'Flux', 'Flits', 'R2D2', and 'Miley'
    • Norfenfluramine, also known as '3-TFMA'
    • Para-Iodoamphetamine, also known as 'PIA', '4-iodoamphetamine', and '4-IA'
    • Para-Chloroamphetamine, also known as 'PCA', '4-chloroamphetamine', and '4-CA'
  • Substituted cathinones
    • Methylone, also known as 'bk-MDMA' and 'MDMC'
    • Ethylone, also known as 'bk-MDEA' and 'MDEC'
    • Eutylone, also known as 'bk-EBDB'
    • Butylone, also known as 'bk-MBDB'
    • Pentylone, also known as 'bk-Methyl-K' and 'bk-MBDP'
    • 4-Ethylmethcathinone, also known as '4-EMC'
    • 3-Methylmethcathinone, also known as '3-MMC'
  • Substituted benzofurans
    • 5-APB
    • 6-APB
    • 5-APDB
    • 6-APDB
    • 5-MAPB
    • 5-MAPDB
    • 6-MAPDB, its psychedelic activity is disputed
    • 6-MAPB
    • 5-EAPB
    • 6-EAPB
    • 5-MBPB
  • Substituted tetralins
    • MDAT
    • MDMAT
    • 6-CAT
    • Tetralinylaminopropane, also known as 'TAP' and '6-APT'
  • Substituted indanes
  • Substituted napthalenes
    • Naphthylaminopropane, also known as 'NAP' and 'PAL-287'
  • Substituted phenylisobutylamines (alpha-ethyl-phenethylamines)
    • 4-chlorophenylisobutylamine, also known as '4-chloro-α-ethylphenethylamine', '4-CAB', and 'AEPCA'
    • 4-Methylphenylisobutylamine, also known as '4-MAB'
    • Ariadne, also known as 'α-Et-DOM', '4C-D', and 'Dimoxamine'
  • Alpha-substituted (-alkylated) tryptamines
    • α-methyltryptamine, also known as 'αMT' and 'AMT'
    • 5-MeO-αMT
    • α-ethyltryptamine, also known as 'αET' and 'AET'
    • 4-Me-αET
    • 7-Me-αET
    • 5-MeO-αET
    • 5-MeO-MiPT

Cannabinoids (CB-1 cannabinoid receptor ligands)[]

Other[]

  • Harmaline†, harmala alkaloids†, and other beta-carbolines, active constituents of ayahuasca; powerful MAOIs (can be classified as indoles)
  • Salvinorin A†, an opioid (κ-opioid receptor agonist), the active constituent of Salvia divinorum sage
  • Salvinorin B methoxymethyl ether†, a semi-synthetic analogue of the natural product salvinorin A with longer duration and increased affinity and potency at the κ-opioid receptor
  • Salvinorin B ethoxymethyl ether†, a semi-synthetic analogue of the natural product salvinorin A with longer duration and increased affinity and potency at the κ-opioid receptor
  • Piperazines, such as pFPP and TFMPP, usually classified as stimulants
  • Myristicin† and elemicin†, the active constituents of nutmeg
  • Cryogenine (Vertine)†, the active constituent of certain Heimia species
  • Atropine†, scopolamine†, and hyoscyamine†, the active constituents of certain Solanaceae species
  • Ibotenic acid† and muscimol†, the active constituents of Amanita muscaria mushrooms

See also[]

  • List of entheogens
  • List of designer drugs
  • Psychedelic plants
  • PiHKAL
  • TiHKAL

References[]

  1. ^ Pertwee, R G (April 2006). "The pharmacology of cannabinoid receptors and their ligands: an overview". International Journal of Obesity. 30 (S1): S13–S18. doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0803272. ISSN 0307-0565. PMID 16570099.
  2. ^ Cannabis and cannabinoids : pharmacology, toxicology, and therapeutic potential. Grotenhermen, Franjo., Russo, Ethan. New York: Haworth Integrative Healing Press. 2002. ISBN 9781136614941. OCLC 606854125.CS1 maint: others (link)
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